Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle
Open accessAbstract
The regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB activity occurs at several levels including controlled cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling and modulation of its transcriptional activity. A critical component in NF-kappaB regulation is the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered questions regarding the regulation and function of NF-kappaB and IKK.
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In the NF-κB system, NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB; pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS and IL-1 act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to activation of IKK; IKK phosphorylates IκB causing its release and degradation, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus where it can activate a
“In the NF-κB system (e.g. [2020-2024]) (Fig 8), NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB (often IκBα). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS [2025-2030] and IL-1 [2031] act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to the activation of a particular kinase, IκB kinase or IKK. This kinase phosphorylates the”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2020]
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NF-κB signaling in inflammation
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BackgroundInfluentialIKKε and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway
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Self-citationIKKβ Links Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Cancer
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IKK-β links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance
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BackgroundThe IKK NF-κB system: a treasure trove for drug development
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Self-citationNF-κB in the liver—linking injury, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
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The molecular understanding of osteoclast differentiation
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NF-κB and STAT3 – key players in liver inflammation and cancer
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“Molecular associations that were not recapitulated here might be: (1) too transient or of too low affinity, (2) dependent on stimuli other than TNF-α, (3) prevented by steric interference of the tag, (4) due to low protein expression levels and tissue specificity or (5) experimentally unreproducible.”
BackgroundInflammation, a Key Event in Cancer Development
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“The knockout of IKKh in epithelial cells leads to the decrease of tumor incidence more often, but no effect on tumor sizes, which indicates that the lack of NF-nB pathway in epithelial cells increases epithelial apoptosis during very early tumor promotion (158).”
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- Authors
- Ghosh, S., & Karin, M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Sankar
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- S81-S96
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976382352
- Cited by
- 3,638
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 144 · 2012: 189
- FWCI
- 19.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- NF-κB, IκB kinase complex, transcription factor regulation, transcriptional activity, IκB, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Catalytic Domain, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, I-kappa B Kinase
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