Structure–function of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
Open accessAbstract
Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) is a ubiquitous mediator of Ca2+-linked signalling that phosphorylates a wide range of substrates to co-ordinate and regulate Ca2+-mediated alterations in cellular function. The transmission of information by the kinase from extracellular stimuli and the intracellular Ca2+ rise is not passive. Rather, its multimeric structure and autoregulation enable this enzyme to participate actively in the sensitivity, timing and location of its action. CaMKII can: (i) be activated in a Ca2+-spike frequency-dependent manner; (ii) become independent of its initial Ca2+/CaM activators; and (iii) undergo a 'molecular switch-like' behaviour, which is crucial for certain forms of learning and memory. CaMKII is derived from a family of four homologous but distinct genes, with over 30 alternatively spliced isoforms described at present. These isoforms possess diverse developmental and anatomical expression patterns, as well as subcellular localization. Six independent catalytic/autoregulatory domains are connected by a narrow stalk-like appendage to each hexameric ring within the dodecameric structure. Ca2+/CaM binding activates the enzyme by disinhibiting the autoregulatory domain; this process initiates an intra-holoenzyme autophosphorylation reaction that induces complex changes in the enzyme's sensitivity to Ca2+/CaM, including the generation of Ca2+/CaM-independent (autonomous) activity and marked increase in affinity for CaM. The role of CaMKII in Ca2+ signal transduction is shaped by its autoregulation, isoenzymic type and subcellular localization. The molecular determinants and mechanisms producing these processes are discussed as they relate to the structure-function of this multifunctional protein kinase.
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CaMKII is a dodecameric holoenzyme containing two hexagonal sets of six kinase domains.
“CaMKII has 12 kinase domains (6 on one side, 6 on the other), normally folded tightly in an inactive state to an association domain.”
From Cytoskeletal signaling: is memory encoded in microtubule lattices by CaMKII phosphorylation? (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- HUDMON, A., & SCHULMAN, H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2002-06-15
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 593-611
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- PMC
- PMC1222606
- OpenAlex
- W2033844584
- Cited by
- 615
- References
- 213
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 1.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- National Institutes of Health (2r01gm040600-10)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM40600, GM 30179)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, structure functions, autophosphorylation, autoregulation, CaMKII isoforms, alternative splicing, learning and memory, subcellular localization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Physiological Phenomena, Homeostasis, Humans, Learning, Memory, Phosphorylation, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Calcium Signaling, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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