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Cited by 66Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersNutrition and Health in Aging

Improving muscle mass: Response of muscle metabolism to exercise, nutrition and anabolic agents

Open access
Tipton, Kevin D., Ferrando, Arny A.·2008·Essays in Biochemistry
DOI 10.1042/bse0440085
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Abstract

Muscle mass is critical for athletic performance and, perhaps more importantly for most, health and survival. The metabolic basis for a change in muscle mass is an increase in net muscle protein balance (termed NBAL). NBAL is the difference between MPS (muscle protein synthesis) and MPB (muscle protein breakdown). Thus an increase in MPS and/or a decrease in MPB are necessary for NBAL to increase, leading to accretion of muscle proteins. In particular, accretion of myofibrillar proteins is necessary. NBAL responds to exercise, feeding and other factors. In healthy, weight-stable adults, muscle mass remains constant because periods of positive balance following feeding are countered by periods of negative balance during fasting. A combination of resistance exercise and nutrition is a potent anabolic stimulus through stimulation of MPS from amino acids and attenuation of MPB by carbohydrates. Increased muscle mass results from the accumulation of small amounts of protein in response to each bout of exercise combined with nutrient intake. The magnitude of the response may be influenced by factors other than just the amount of a nutrient ingested. Timing of ingestion, co-ingestion of nutrients and the type of protein may all influence protein accretion. Testosterone is a potent anabolic stimulus primarily through improvement in re-utilization of amino acids from MPB. There is a general lack of efficacy in studies assessing the potential for growth hormone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrostenedione to increase muscle mass. Creatine supplementation is clearly an effective means to increase muscle mass, especially in combination with resistance exercise, however the mechanisms remain unclear. Results from acute metabolic studies provide useful information for estimation of the efficacy of anabolic agents.

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  • The true biological bottleneck is not simply activating Pol I once, but sustaining activation across multiple microcycles to permit slow accumulation of mature 80S ribosomes within the expanding sarcoplasm.

    “The true biological bottleneck is not simply activating Pol I once, but sustaining this activation across multiple microcycles to permit the slow, steady accumulation of mature 80S ribosomes within the expanding sarcoplasm [91,92].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [91]

    The Feeding and exercise section says small amounts of muscle protein are deposited after each exercise bout and gradually accumulate over training. It does not identify sustained Pol I activation as the bottleneck or discuss microcycles, mature 80S ribosomes, or their accumulation in the sarcoplasm. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The transient spike in 45S pre-rRNA represents initiation of new assembly lines, which alone is insufficient to drive macroscopic growth if the stimulus is not repeatedly applied.

    “The transient spike in 45S pre-rRNA merely represents the initiation of new assembly lines, which alone is insufficient to drive macroscopic growth if the stimulus is not repeatedly applied [91].”

    From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [91]

    The Feeding and exercise section says that small amounts of muscle protein deposited after individual exercise bouts accumulate over training, supporting the need for repeated stimulation to produce measurable growth. It does not discuss 45S pre-rRNA or identify a transient spike as the initiation of new assembly lines. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Tipton, K. D., & Ferrando, A. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
  • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
ORCID
Venue
Essays in Biochemistry
Publisher
Portland Press Ltd.
Published
2008-02-01
Volume
44
Pages
85-98
ISSN
  • 0071-1365 (ISSN-L)
  • 1744-1358
DOI
10.1042/bse0440085
OpenAlex
W2136796849
Cited by
66
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI
0.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Essays in Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Keywords
muscle mass, muscle protein balance, muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein degradation, resistance training, nutrition, anabolic agents, testosterone, growth hormone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, creatine supplementation
MeSH terms
Food, Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Anabolic Agents

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