Testosterone action on skeletal muscle

Herbst, Karen L; Bhasin, Shalender

doi:10.1097/00075197-200405000-00006

Cited by 457Hormonal and reproductive studiesMuscle Physiology and DisordersMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Testosterone action on skeletal muscle

Herbst, Karen L, Bhasin, Shalender·2004·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

DOI 10.1097/00075197-200405000-00006

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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight recent data demonstrating direct anabolic effects of androgens on the mammalian skeletal muscle and review the mechanisms by which testosterone regulates body composition. RECENT FINDINGS: Testosterone increases lean body mass and decreases fat mass in young men; the magnitude of the changes induced by testosterone in lean and fat mass are correlated with testosterone dose and the prevalent testosterone concentrations. Older men are as responsive to the anabolic effects of testosterone on the muscle as young men, but have increased frequency of adverse events with higher testosterone doses. This reciprocal change in lean and fat mass induced by androgens is best explained by the hypothesis that androgens promote the commitment of mesenchymal pluripotent cells into myogenic lineage and inhibit adipogenesis through an androgen receptor mediated pathway. Resident muscle satellite cells increase in number with testosterone administration forming myoblasts leading to greater numbers of myonuclei in larger myofibers. Testosterone administration is associated with increased size of motor neurons. The roles of 5-alpha reduction and aromatization of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, respectively, in mediating testosterone effects on body composition are poorly understood. SUMMARY: Testosterone induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy by multiple mechanisms, including its effects in modulating the commitment of pluripotent mesenchymal cells. These changes in skeletal muscle lead to improved muscle strength and leg power; however, further studies are needed to determine the effects of testosterone on physical function and health-related outcomes in sarcopenia associated with aging and chronic illness.

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Testosterone has a disproportionately greater effect on muscle strength than on muscle mass.
“These studies did not report muscle strength, but other studies of testosterone dose-response relationships for muscle mass and strength show consistently positively correlation (65, 93, 117, 119), although with disproportionately greater effect on muscle strength than on muscle mass.”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [93]
Testosterone dose-response relationships for muscle mass and strength show a consistent positive correlation.
“These studies did not report muscle strength, but other studies of testosterone dose-response relationships for muscle mass and strength show consistently positively correlation (65, 93, 117, 119), although with disproportionately greater effect on muscle strength than on muscle mass.”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [93]

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“that is also involved in the control of the penis) that show much greater sensitivity to the anabolic actions of testosterone than typical muscles (Herbst and Bhasin, 2004).”
Hypogonadism, Quadriceps Weakness, and Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
van Vliet, M., Spruit, M. A., Verleden, G. M., Kasran, A., Herck, E. V., Pitta, F. D. O., Bouillon, R., & Decramer, M. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200501-114oc · Cited by 141
Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study
van Geel, T. A. C. M., Geusens, P., Winkens, B., Sels, J.-P. J. E., & Dinant, G. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-08-0702 · Cited by 142
Sex differences in human performance
Hunter, S. K., & Senefeld, J. W. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284198 · Cited by 168
“The downstream physiological effects of these changes in gene expression include increases in: (1) skeletal muscle fibre numbers and size (hypertrophy), (2) the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells, (3) myonuclei number, and (4) the size of motor neurons (Herbst & Bhasin, 2004).”
Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training
Landen, S., Hiam, D., Voisin, S., Jacques, M., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp279499 · Cited by 137
“In males, it may also inhibit muscle protein degradation pathways (Zhao et al. 2008a, 2008b) and promote the recruitment of mesenchymal pluripotent stem cells into the myogenic lineage (Herbst & Bhasin, 2004).”
Background
Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation by Androgens: Cross Talk between Androgen Receptor/ β-Catenin and Follistatin/Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathways
Singh, R., Bhasin, S., Braga, M., Artaza, J. N., Pervin, S., Taylor, W. E., Krishnan, V., Sinha, S. K., Rajavashisth, T. B., & Jasuja, R. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0858 · Cited by 131
Sarcopenia in Menopausal Women: Current Perspectives
Buckinx, F., & Aubertin‐Leheudre, M. (2022) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s340537 · Cited by 153
“In addition, literature highlights direct anabolic effects of androgens onmammalian skeletal muscle.(52)Most testosterone circulates tightly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)”
Background
Human skeletal muscle-specific atrophy with aging: a comprehensive review
Naruse, M., Trappe, S. W., & Trappe, T. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2022 · Cited by 142
Obesity and male hypogonadism: Tales of a vicious cycle
Carrageta, D. F., Oliveira, P. F., Alves, M. G., & Monteiro, M. P. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12863 · Cited by 130
“Indeed, testosterone is linked with the commitment of multipotent mesenchymal cells into the myogenic lineage.(57,58) As myogenic cells share the same developmental origin with adipogenic cells, testosterone was hypothesized to inhibit differentiation of adipocytes while enhancing myocytes expansion.”
Background
Frailty
Morley, J. E., Haren, M. T., Rolland, Y., & Kim, M. J. (2006) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2006.05.019 · Cited by 129
Psychiatric side effects induced by supraphysiological doses of combinations of anabolic steroids correlate to the severity of abuse
Pagonis, T. A., Angelopoulos, N. V., KOUKOULIS, G. N., & Hadjichristodoulou, C. S. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.09.001 · Cited by 127
“Illegally, AAS are easily acquired “over the counter” or in the black market and are used by body-building, professional and amateur athletes [6,39] as a means to enhance recovery [1,32,55], increase muscle size [7,11,57,58], reduce body fat tissue [8,9,28] and/or enhance athletic performance [34].”
Background
Ovariectomy prevents the recovery of atrophied gastrocnemius skeletal muscle mass
Sitnick, M., Foley, A. M., Brown, M., & Spangenburg, E. E. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00869.2005 · Cited by 131
“At this time, a few studies have demonstrated the importance of circulating testosterone in muscle growth (23); however, no studies have critically examined the importance of ovarian hormones in muscle growth.”
Background
Continuous testosterone administration prevents skeletal muscle atrophy and enhances resistance to fatigue in orchidectomized male mice
Axell, A.-M., MacLean, H. E., Plant, D. R., Harcourt, L. J., Davis, J. A., Jimenez, M., Handelsman, D. J., Lynch, G. S., & Zajac, J. D. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2006 · Cited by 125
“3 Introduction Recent well-controlled, double-blinded studies have demonstrated unequivocally that androgens regulate muscle mass in humans (29), however, the effect of androgens on subsequent muscle strength is less clear.”
Background
The Role of Testosterone in the Elderly: What Do We Know?
Barone, B., Napolitano, L., Abate, M., Cirillo, L., Reccia, P., Passaro, F., Turco, C., Morra, S., Mastrangelo, F., Scarpato, A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073535 · Cited by 130
“The role of testosterone on muscle mass has been thoroughly evaluated with its effects which are correlated to testosterone serum levels [45].”
Background
Genetics of the Musculoskeletal System: A Pleiotropic Approach
Karasik, D., & Kiel, D. P. (2008) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.080218 · Cited by 117
“The length of the trinucleotide repeat (CAGn) in exon 1 is inversely associated with transactivation activity because of reduced binding of AR co-activators and can modulate physiological androgen effects, such as prostate size, sperm concentration, concentrations of lipids, insulin, and leptin, and BMD.(128) Polymorp…”
BackgroundInfluential
Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: Results of a meta-analysis
Hamilton-Reeves, J. M., Vazquez, G., Duval, S. J., Phipps, W. R., Kurzer, M. S., & Messina, M. J. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.038 · Cited by 115
Muscle Androgen Receptor Content but Not Systemic Hormones Is Associated With Resistance Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy, Young Men
Morton, R. W., Sato, K., Gallaugher, M. P. B., Oikawa, S. Y., McNicholas, P. D., Fujita, S., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01373 · Cited by 123
“In regards to our interpretation, it is naïve to suggest that androgen signaling is exclusively operational via its tendency to bind to an androgen receptor [reviewed elsewhere (Herbst and Bhasin, 2004; Dubois et al., 2012)].”
Background
Characterization and Regulation of Mechanical Loading‐Induced Compensatory Muscle Hypertrophy
Adams, G. R., & Bamman, M. M. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110066 · Cited by 122
“that satellite cells participate via the provision of additional myonuclei (213).”
Engineered reproductive tissues
Gargus, E. S., Rogers, H. B., McKinnon, K. E., Edmonds, M. E., & Woodruff, T. K. (2020) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-020-0525-x · Cited by 113
Growth hormone–STAT5 regulation of growth, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver metabolism
Baik, M., Yu, J. H., & Hennighausen, L. G. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06100.x · Cited by 111
Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids
Eriksson, A., Kadi, F., Malm, C., & Thornell, L. (2005) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-005-0029-5 · Cited by 110
“The dramatic hypertrophic effect on muscle fibers in subjects supplementing with AS is in accordance with the current conception on the effects of testosterone and anabolic steroids, for review see (Herbst and Bhasin 2004).”
Background
Obesity and prostate cancer: A narrative review
Wilson, R. L., Taaffe, D. R., Newton, R. U., Hart, N. H., Lyons‐Wall, P., & Galvao, D. A. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103543 · Cited by 117
Relating endocrinology, physiology and behaviour using species with alternative mating strategies
Miles, D. B., Sinervo, B., Hazard, L. C., SVENSSON, E. I., & da Costa, D. P. (2007) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01304.x · Cited by 109
“A recent review concluded that elevated levels of testosterone are associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy and an increase in the size of motor neurons, which may be critical in performing complex displays for an extended duration (Herbst & Bhasin 2004).”
Background
Evidence for pleiotropic factors in genetics of the musculoskeletal system
Karasik, D., & Kiel, D. P. (2010) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.382 · Cited by 109
“Polymorphisms in the AR [64], two estrogen receptors, ESR1 and ESR2 [58,151,152], as well as in the aromatase gene CYP19 [53,84] have been extensively studied.”
Background
Sex Differences in Inflammation and Muscle Wasting in Aging and Disease
Peruta, C. D., Lozanoska‐Ochser, B., Renzini, A., Moresi, V., Riera, C. S., Bouché, M., & Coletti, D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054651 · Cited by 118
Estrogen receptor beta is involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by the phytoecdysteroid ecdysterone.
Parr, M. K., Zhao, P., Haupt, O., Ngueu, S. T., Hengevoss, J., Fritzemeier, K. H., Piechotta, M., Schlörer, N., Muhn, P., Zheng, W., et al. (2014) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300806 · Cited by 106
Sex hormones and skeletal muscle weakness
Sipilä, S., Narici, M., Kjaer, M., Pöllänen, E., Atkinson, R. A., Hansen, M., & Kovanen, V. (2013) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9425-8 · Cited by 106
“In addition, testosterone may promote commitment of mesenchymal pluripotent cells into the myogenic lineage (Herbst and Bhasin 2004) and increase satellite cell number (Sinha-Hikim et al.”
Chronic high fat feeding attenuates load‐induced hypertrophy in mice
Sitnick, M., Bodine, S. C., & Rutledge, J. C. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.180174 · Cited by 104
“Both of these hormones are known to influence skeletal mass and function, and their deficiencies can potentially lead to muscle weakness and size loss (2, 15, 23 , 44, 46).”
BackgroundInfluential
Satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Adams, G. R. (2006) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h06-053 · Cited by 109
“Similarly, the results from studies using hormonal interventions, such as testosterone treatment, which induce hypertrophy also indicate that satellite cells participate via the provision of additional myonuclei (Herbst and Bhasin 2004).”
Result
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Alexander, S. E., Pollock, A. C., & Lamon, S. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1921854 · Cited by 106
“This primarily occurs through an increase in protein synthesis via the activation of the mTOR/ Akt pathway, an increase in the number of activated satellite cells and via the recruitment of mesenchymal pluripotent stem cells into the myogenic lineage (Herbst & Bhasin, 2004).”
Background
Sex influences DNA methylation and gene expression in human skeletal muscle myoblasts and myotubes
Davegårdh, C., Hall, E., Broholm, C., Henriksen, T. I., Pedersen, M., Pedersen, B. K., Schéele, C., & Ling, C. (2019) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-018-1118-4 · Cited by 92
Androgen Receptor (AR) Pathophysiological Roles in Androgen Related Diseases in Skin, Metabolism Syndrome, Bone/Muscle and Neuron/Immune Systems: Lessons Learned from Mice Lacking AR in Specific Cells
Chang, C., Yeh, S., Lee, S. O., & Chang, T. (2013) · Nuclear Receptor Signaling · doi:10.1621/nrs.11001 · Cited by 92
“Herbst and Bhasin proposed that androgens promote the commitment of mesenchymal pluripotent cells into myogenic lineage and inhibit adipogenesis through an AR-mediated pathway [Herbst and Bhasin, 2004].”
Background
Skeletal myopathy in patients with chronic heart failure: significance of anabolic‐androgenic hormones
Josiak, K., Jankowska, E. A., Piepoli, M. F., Banasiak, W., & Ponikowski, P. P. (2014) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0152-z · Cited by 93
“Testosterone influences androgen receptors and induces the hypertrophy of type I and II muscular fibres; it also increases the number of active satellite cells in skeletal muscles, as well as promotes the differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells towards muscle cellular lines, simultaneously hampering adipogene…”
Background
Sex-specific effects of yolk-androgens on growth of nestling American kestrels
Sockman, K. W., Weiss, J. M., Webster, M. S., Talbott, V., & Schwabl, H. G. (2007) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0486-z · Cited by 91
“In contrast to the growth inhibiting effects we find, androgens are widely acknowledged for their anabolic effects on vertebrate growth (Herbst and Bhasin 2004).”
Background
Prevalence and Predictors of Frailty in Childhood Cancer Survivors and Siblings: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Hayek, S., Gibson, T. M., Leisenring, W. M., Guida, J., Gramatges, M. M., Lupo, P. J., Howell, R. M., Oeffinger, K. C., Bhatia, S., Edelstein, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.19.01226 · Cited by 91
Male sex hormones, aging, and inflammation
Ketchem, J. M., Bowman, E. J., & Isales, C. M. (2023) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-022-10002-1 · Cited by 94
“These effects may be explained by research suggesting that androgens interact with the AR to promote the formation of myoblasts as well and inhibit adipogenesis (Herbst and Bhasin 2004).”
Background
Physiological Adaptations following Resistance Training in Youth Athletes—A Narrative Review
Legerlotz, K., Marzilger, R., Böhm, S., & Arampatzis, A. (2016) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2016-0023 · Cited by 98
Male hypogonadism. Part II: etiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis
Seftel, A. D. (2005) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901365 · Cited by 89
Endocrinological derangements in COPD
Laghi, F. A., Adıgüzel, N., & Tobin, M. J. (2009) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00103708 · Cited by 91
The vulnerable man: impact of testosterone deficiency on the uraemic phenotype
Carrero, J. J., & Stenvinkel, P. (2012) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs383 · Cited by 90
“Testosterone is an anabolic hormone that plays an important role in inducing skeletal muscle hypertrophy by promoting nitrogen retention, stimulating fractional muscle protein synthesis, inducing myoblast differentiation and augmenting the efficiency of amino acid reuse by the skeletal muscle [42].”
Influential
Changes in salivary testosterone concentrations and subsequent voluntary squat performance following the presentation of short video clips
Cook, C. J., & Crewther, B. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.09.006 · Cited by 86
Effect of Exercise on Serum Sex Hormones in Men
Hawkins, V. N., Foster‐Schubert, K. E., Chubak, J., Sorensen, B. E., Ulrich, C. M., Stancyzk, F. Z., Plymate, S. R., Stanford, J. L., White, E., Potter, J. D., et al. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815bbba9 · Cited by 87
“The effect of long-term, moderateintensity, aerobic exercise on hormone levels in men has not been well studied, yet it may be important to differentiate between the acute and chronic effects of exercise, as acute changes may relate more to muscle growth and tissue remodeling, whereas chronic changes may mediate exerc…”
Background
Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training
(13376925), S. L., Hiam, D., Voisin, S. A. C., (13283841), M. J., Lamon, S., & (13308696), N. E. (2024) · Figshare · Cited by 85
Prostate cancer: is it time to expand the research focus to early-life exposures?
Sutcliffe, S., & Colditz, G. A. (2013) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3434 · Cited by 80
Endogenous Testosterone, Muscle Strength, and Fat-Free Mass in Men With Chronic Kidney Disease
Cigarrán, S., Pousa, M., Castro, M. J., González, B., Martínez, A., Barril, G., Aguilera, A. I., Coronel, F., Stenvinkel, P., & Carrero, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2012.08.007 · Cited by 81
Voluntary running, skeletal muscle gene expression, and signaling inversely regulated by orchidectomy and testosterone replacement
Ibebunjo, C., Eash, J. K., Li, C., Ma, Q., & Glass, D. J. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00402.2010 · Cited by 81
“Other mechanisms have also been implicated for the effects of anabolic steroids, including 1) acting directly on mesenchymal stem cells and satellite cells to promote commitment into the myogenic lineage and on preadipocytes to inhibit their differentiation into the adipogenic lineage (17) and/or 2) interacting with t…”
Background
The roles of growth factors and hormones in the regulation of muscle satellite cells for cultured meat production
Ahmad, S. S., Chun, H. J., Ahmad, K., Shaikh, S., Lim, J. H., Ali, S. M., Han, S. S., Hur, S. J., Sohn, J., Lee, E. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2022.e114 · Cited by 78
“Testosterone dose-dependently increases MSC numbers and muscle fiber sizes [61, 62].”
Background
NFI Transcription Factors Interact with FOXA1 to Regulate Prostate-Specific Gene Expression
Grabowska, M. M., Elliott, A. D., DeGraff, D. J., Anderson, P. D., Anumanthan, G., Yamashita, H., Sun, Q., Friedman, D. B., Hachey, D. L., Yu, X., et al. (2014) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2013-1213 · Cited by 75
“For example, the AR in the skeletal muscle dictates anabolism of that tissue (8).”
Background
Skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity with lifelong aerobic exercise
Chambers, T. L., Burnett, T. R., Raue, U., Lee, G. A., Finch, W. H., Graham, B. M., Trappe, T. A., & Trappe, S. W. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00426.2019 · Cited by 79
Effects of Long Term Supplementation of Anabolic Androgen Steroids on Human Skeletal Muscle
Yu, J., Bonnerud, P., Eriksson, A., Stål, P., Tegner, Y., & Malm, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105330 · Cited by 85
“The latter is associated with satellite cell activation and myoblast infusion with the existing muscle fibers, leading to greater numbers of myonuclei in larger myofibers [39].”
Background
Aging Thyroarytenoid and Limb Skeletal Muscle: Lessons in Contrast
Thomas, L. B., Harrison, A. L., & Stemple, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.11.006 · Cited by 69
The role of testosterone, the androgen receptor, and hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis in depression in ageing Men
Hauger, R. L., Saelzler, U. G., Pagadala, M. S., & Panizzon, M. S. (2022) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09767-0 · Cited by 68
“Other classical, well-established roles of testosterone include stimulation of erythropoiesis and maintenance of muscular strength and volumetric bone density mass [4, 5] (Fig.”
Background
Muscle in Endocrinology: From Skeletal Muscle Hormone Regulation to Myokine Secretion and Its Implications in Endocrine–Metabolic Diseases
Iglesias, P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14134490 · Cited by 79
“In addition, testosterone modulates the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into muscle lineages, preventing their conversion into adipose tissue, which contributes to increased lean mass [49].”
Improving muscle mass: Response of muscle metabolism to exercise, nutrition and anabolic agents
Tipton, K. D., & Ferrando, A. A. (2008) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0440085 · Cited by 66
Skeletal muscle growth and fiber composition in mice are regulated through the transcription factors STAT5a/b: linkinggrowth hormone to the androgen receptor
Klover, P. J., Chen, W., Zhu, B., & Hennighausen, L. G. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-128215 · Cited by 69
“Maintenance of normal muscle mass and strength depends on the presence of the androgenic hormones testosterone and dihydroxytestosterone, which convey their signals through the androgen receptor (AR) (11).”
Background
Roles of IGF-I and the estrogen, androgen and IGF-I receptors in estradiol-17β- and trenbolone acetate-stimulated proliferation of cultured bovine satellite cells
Kamanga‐Sollo, E., White, M. E., Hathaway, M. R., Chung, K. Y., Johnson, B. J., & Dayton, W. R. (2008) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.02.003 · Cited by 64
Serum sex steroid hormones and frailty in older American men of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Eichholzer, M., Barbir, A., Basaria, S. S., Dobs, A. S., Feinleib, M., Güallar, E., Menke, A., Nelson, W. G., Rifai, N., Platz, E. A., et al. (2012) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685538.2012.705366 · Cited by 62
“Testosterone supports muscle protein synthesis and increases muscle strength [31], and maintains bone strength and bone mineral density [32].”
Background
Androgen regulation of axon growth and neurite extension in motoneurons
Fargo, K. N., Galbiati, M., Foecking, E. M., Poletti, A., & Jones, K. J. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.014 · Cited by 61
“Androgen enhanced neurite elongation and cell survival in the absence of afferent input, surrounding central glial cells, the peripheral axon-associated Schwann cells, or target muscle cells [which are also particularly sensitive to androgens and express high levels of AR (Herbst and Bhasin, 2004)].”
Effects of Very Short Rest Periods on Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise in Men
Rahimi, R., Qaderi, M., Faraji, H., & Boroujerdi, S. S. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ddb265 · Cited by 61
“Supraphysiological doses of TS increase satellite cell number in a dose-dependent manner (41) and stimulate satellite cell proliferation and differentiation (19).”
Background
Female hyperandrogenism and elite sport
Hirschberg, A. L. (2020) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-19-0537 · Cited by 64
Limb Muscles Are Androgen Targets in an Acrobatic Tropical Bird
Feng, N. Y., Katz, A., Day, L. B., Barske, J., & Schlinger, B. A. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0901 · Cited by 60
“function in most other androgen targets (9, 17, 25).”
Background
Synthetic Androgens as Designer Supplements
Joseph, J. F., & Parr, M. K. (2014) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666141210224756 · Cited by 60
“These changes in skeletal muscle lead to improved muscle strength and leg power [39, 40].”
Background
Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: Effects on hand function
Soyupek, F., Soyupek, S., Perk, H., & Özorak, A. (2007) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.12.014 · Cited by 60
“It also affects myogenesis at multiple teps [8].”
Background
Hormones in Wellness and Disease Prevention: Common Practices, Current State of the Evidence, and Questions for the Future
Schwartz, E., & Holtorf, K. (2008) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2008.07.015 · Cited by 59
“the exact mechanism of change and the therapeutic doses needed for older men to obtain optimal results with minimum side effects.(91) Libido and sexual function Treatment with testosterone improved sexual function in hypogonadal males in this very small study as measured by frequency and duration of erection and frequ…”
Long-Term Testosterone Supplementation in Older Men Attenuates Age-Related Decline in Aerobic Capacity
Traustadóttir, T., Harman, S. M., Tsitouras, P. D., Pencina, K. M., Li, Z., Travison, T. G., Eder, R. V., Miciek, R., McKinnon, J., Woodbury, E. A., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01902 · Cited by 59
Anabolic steroids: dependence and complications of chronic use
Quaglio, G., Fornasiero, A., Mezzelani, P., Moreschini, S., Lugoboni, F., & Lechi, A. (2009) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-009-0260-5 · Cited by 58
“The AS also: (a) increase muscular mass with a contemporary decrease in adipose tissue [6]—this effect is related to the type of AS and its dose, and shows differences depending on the body area; (b) play an agonist role with mineralocorticoid receptors with retention of water and sodium; (c) have an antagonist action…”
Background
Smoking Is a Risk Factor for Decreased Physical Performance in Elderly Women
Rapuri, P. B., Gallagher, J. C., & Smith, L. M. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.1.93 · Cited by 57
“Decreased testosterone levels in men were reported to be associated with lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass and increased risk of falls, impairment of balance, and impaired ability to perform the tandem walk ( 35 ).”
Background
Effects of testosterone supplementation on body composition and lower-body muscle function during severe exercise- and diet-induced energy deficit: A proof-of-concept, single centre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial
Pasiakos, S. M., Berryman, C. E., Karl, J. P., Lieberman, H. R., Orr, J. S., Margolis, L. M., Caldwell, J. A., Young, A., Montano, M. A., Evans, W. J., et al. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.059 · Cited by 57
“The hypertrophic effects of testosterone, despite energy deficit, may be due to enhanced commitment of satellite cells to myogenesis [33] or androgen receptor-mediated cell signalling [34].”
Background
Body recomposition: can trained individuals build muscle and lose fat at the same time?
Barakat, C., Pearson, J., Escalante, G., Campbell, B., & De Souza, E. O. (2020) · Strength & Conditioning Journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000584 · Cited by 50
“For example, significant reductions in testosterone levels have been observed in males while in a hypoenergetic state, dieting for competition purposes (26,44,48,64).”
Background
Recruitment of the Androgen Receptor via Serum Response Factor Facilitates Expression of a Myogenic Gene
Vlahopoulos, S., Zimmer, W. E., Jenster, G. W., Belaguli, N. S., Balk, S. P., Brinkmann, A. O., Lanz, R. B., Zoumpourlis, V. C., & Schwartz, R. J. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m413992200 · Cited by 56
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Haematological Values and Muscle Recovery in Elite Male Traditional Rowers
Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Calleja-González, J., Urdampilleta, A., León-Guereño, P., Córdova, A., Caballero-García, A., & Fernandez-Lázaro, D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121968 · Cited by 60
“So, for the hormonal profile, an increase in testosterone concentration would lead to an improvement in endogenous muscle recovery, and in addition to greater muscle hypertrophy, an improvement in strength production [42,43].”
Background

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Bhasin, S., Taylor, W. E., Singh, R., Artaza, J., Sinha-Hikim, I., Jasuja, R., Choi, H., & Gonzalez-Cadavid, N. F. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.12.m1103 · Cited by 215
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5D. Steroid receptors: Testis and male genital tract 158. Receptors for oestrogens and androgens in testis tissue
Mulder, E., Beurden-Lamers, W. M. O. V., de Boer, W. I., & Mechielsen, M. J. (1974) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(74)90303-3

Authors: Herbst, K. L., & Bhasin, S.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Bhasin, Shalender
ORCID: Herbst, Karen L
Bhasin, Shalender
Venue: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2004-05
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Pages: 271-277
ISSN: 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200405000-00006
OpenAlex: W2095240081
Cited by: 457
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: testosterone, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, androgen action, body composition, lean body mass, fat mass, androgen receptor, mesenchymal differentiation, myogenesis, adipogenesis, satellite cells, myonuclei, motor neurons, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, aging, sarcopenia, muscle strength, leg power
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Testosterone, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Development, Pluripotent Stem Cells

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