Dissecting molecular cross-talk between Nrf2 and NF-κB response pathways
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In most tissues, cells are exposed to frequent changes in levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are the two key transcription factors that regulate cellular responses to oxidative stress and inflammation respectively. Pharmacological and genetic studies suggest that there is functional cross-talk between these two important pathways. The absence of Nrf2 can exacerbate NF-κB activity leading to increased cytokine production, whereas NF-κB can modulate Nrf2 transcription and activity, having both positive and negative effects on the target gene expression. This review focuses on the potentially complex molecular mechanisms that link the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways and the importance of designing more effective therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat a broad range of neurological disorders.
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Lack of Nrf2 activity can exacerbate NF-κB signaling, leading to increased cytokine production; alternatively, NF-κB can modulate Nrf2 activity.
“Lack of Nrf2 activity can exacerbate NF-κB signaling, leading to increased cytokine production; alternatively, NF-κB can modulate Nrf2 activity, having both positive and negative effects on target gene expression [152, 153].”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [152]
Competition of Nrf2 and NF-κB at DNA binding level is one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Nrf2.
“Competition of Nrf2 and NF-κB at DNA binding level is one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Nrf2 (60, 61).”
From Melatonin Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Depressive-Like Behaviors and Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Through the SIRT1/Nrf2 Pathway (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
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Crosstalk of toll-like receptors signaling and Nrf2 pathway for regulation of inflammation
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Redox Imbalance in Inflammation: The Interplay of Oxidative and Reductive Stress
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“The essence of a very complex biochemical process [74] is that in its basal state, Nrf2 is sequestered to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) and associated with cytosolic actin filaments; however, when Keap-1 detects a stressor which may threaten the cell’s integrity, activation of the complex leads to a dis…”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanisms of the acute effects of inhaled ozone in humans
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Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Nrf2 as Therapeutic Target
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“Furthermore, the known crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB implicates that a decline in Nrf2 signaling in exacerbated NF-κB activation further increasing inflammation (Bellezza et al., 2010, 2018; Wardyn et al., 2015).”
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences for Therapy Development
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“Another important function of Nrf2 is the inhibition of inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway thereby decreasing cytokine production and oxidative responses [82].”
BackgroundThe Relevance of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Retinal Dystrophies
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“These interactions act through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, and allow finely tuned dynamic responses to a changing environment [39,40].”
BackgroundUnveiling the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases
de Almeida, A. J. P. O., Rezende, M. S. D. A., Dantas, S. H., Silva, S. D. L., de Oliveira, J. C. P. L., de Azevedo, F. D. L. A. A., Alves, R. M. F. R., de Menezes, G. M. S., dos Santos, P. F., Gonçalves, T. A. F., et al. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/1954398 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Elevated levels of HO-1 in endothelial cells lead to decreased adhesion molecules mediated by NF-κB, such as E-selectin and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) [150].”
BackgroundThe Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in health and disease: from the bench to the clinic
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Critical Role of Nrf2 in Experimental Ischemic Stroke
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“Attenuated inflammation by Nrf2 is related to the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and proinflammatory cytokine level (Wardyn et al., 2015).”
BackgroundYao, W., Zhang, J.-C., Ishima, T., Dong, C., Yang, C., Ren, Q., Ma, M., Han, M., Wu, J., Suganuma, H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30659 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling as a Molecular Target by Pathogenic Bacteria
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“Some of the most relevant transcription factors activated by these signaling mechanisms are the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) (3, 4).”
BackgroundAlhaithloul, H. A. S., Alotaibi, M., Bin-Jumah, M. N., Elgebaly, H. A., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.112 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Signal pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with traditional Chinese medicine
Ding, M.-R., Qu, Y.-J., Hu, B., & An, H. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113208 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Transcription factor NRF2 as a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease
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“This e ff ect could be due to the over activation of nuclear factor kappa B, which elevates the level of Keap1, resulting in Nrf2 dysregulation and suppression of its related detoxifying and antioxidant molecules [53].”
Aladaileh, S. H., Hussein, O. E., Abukhalil, M. H., Saghir, S. A. M., Bin-Jumah, M. N., Alfwuaires, M. A., Germoush, M. O., Almaiman, A. A., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8100430 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Nrf2 and HO-1 can directly inhibit NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokines, and activate the anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby regulating the inflammatory cascade [61].”
BackgroundPotential Cytoprotective Activity of Ozone Therapy in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19
Martı́nez-Sánchez, G., Schwartz, A., & Donna, V. D. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9050389 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“the regulation of both pathways, NF-κB and Nrf2, involved a crosstalk to bring a coordinated inflammatory response [66,67].”
BackgroundHyperoside ameliorates the progression of osteoarthritis: An in vitro and in vivo study
Sun, K., Luo, J., Jing, X., Xiang, W., Guo, J., Yao, X., Liang, S., Guo, F., & Xu, T. (2020) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153387 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Neuroimmunology of Chronic Pain: From Rodents to Humans
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“In addition, Nrf2 exerts direct anti-inflammatory actions by attenuating NFkB activity (Wardyn et al., 2015).”
BackgroundYan, Z., Qi, W., Zhan, J., Zeng, L., Lin, J. J., Xue, X., Pan, X., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15905 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
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“Activation of these two factors occurs in response to similar stimuli but implies a complex and dynamic interplay that, based on cell features and tissue context, aims at counterbalancing each other activity [75].”
BackgroundThe Keap1/Nrf2-ARE Pathway as a Pharmacological Target for Chalcones
Silva, M. D. F., Pruccoli, L., Morroni, F., Sita, G., Seghetti, F., Viegas, C., & Tarozzi, A. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23071803 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Recent studies also showed functional cross-talk between Nrf2 and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB); these nuclear factors regulate cellular responses to oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively [13].”
BackgroundManna, K., Mishra, S., Saha, M., Mahapatra, S., Saha, C., Yenge, G. B., Gaikwad, N. N., Pal, R., Oulkar, D. P., Banerjee, K., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s176013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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“Research demonstrates that a functional interaction and crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways exists to maintain balance or regulate oxidative stress and inflammation [15].”
BackgroundKrajka‐Kuźniak, V., & Baer‐Dubowska, W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158223 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“The CBP-p300 complex is responsible for the acetylation of histones and of non-histone proteins, including Nrf2 and p65 [24].”
BackgroundStaurengo‐Ferrari, L., Badaro‐Garcia, S., Hohmann, M. S., Manchope, M. F., Zaninelli, T. H., Casagrande, R., & Verri, W. A., Jr. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01536 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“NF-κB also induces mitochondrial activity and NADPH oxidase expression in the context of inflammation (Manea et al., 2007; Mauro et al., 2011; Wardyn et al., 2015).”
BackgroundZhou, Y., Men, L., Sun, Y., Wei, M., & Fan, X. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173796 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sleep and Oxidative Stress: Current Perspectives on the Role of NRF2
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Particulate matter air pollutants and cardiovascular disease: Strategies for intervention
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“In addition, overexpression of the NF-κB p65 subunit could increase the abundance of nuclear Keap1, resulting in inhibition of Nrf2 signaling [51]; however, the capability of Keap1 to deactivate Nrf2 within the nucleus is debated [52].”
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Counteracting role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease
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Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review
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Role of Nrf2 in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“There are different mechanisms through which Nrf2 can negatively regulate the nuclear displacement of NF-κB [12].”
BackgroundNowak, A. J., & Relja, B. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249407 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: Potential for novel therapies
Barber, A. J., & Baccouche, B. (2017) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.014 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Berberine: Pathways to protect neurons
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“Since both these major signaling pathways modulate inflammation, they may crosstalk to bring about coordinated inflammatory responses (Figure 1) [41,42].”
BackgroundDing, X., Jian, T., Li, J., Lv, H., Tong, B., Li, J., Meng, X., Ren, B., & Chen, J. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/9734560 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that the NFκB pathway could be regulated by AMPK and Nrf2 [15, 58].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis
Peng, S., Shen, L., Yu, X., Zhang, L., Xu, K., Xia, Y., Zha, L., Wu, J., & Luo, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200111 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Oxidative stress results from dissonance amidst the production and clearance of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) following the body’s exposure to diverse injurious stimuli, which causes the body’s oxidation and oxidation antioxidant system imbalance.”
BackgroundInfluentialSturm, C., & Wagner, A. E. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18091890 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The cross-talk between the Nrf2 and NFκB pathway occurs through diverse complex molecular interactions including transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms [146].”
BackgroundJang, W. Y., Hwang, J. Y., & Cho, J. Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076119 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“phosphorylation, the authors concluded that the Rg1-mediated anti-inflammatory response is derived from its supportive effect on autophagy, which leads to Nrf2 activation and continuous NF-κB deactivation [123,124].”
BackgroundSahu, R., Dua, T. K., Das, S., Feo, V. D., & Dewanjee, S. (2019) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.034 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of Rutin on Wound Healing in Hyperglycemic Rats
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“Moreover, p65 has a negative effect on NRF2 through the expression of antioxidant response element (ARE)-related genes [34].”
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“Lastly, the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF- kB pathways might be increasing the potency of DMF’s anti-oxidative properties as upregulation of HO1 prevents the NF-kB pathway (52).”
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Nrf2 Is an Attractive Therapeutic Target for Retinal Diseases
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“Among them, the potential crosstalk between the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Nrf2 pathways remains still unclear [24].”
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“The deficiency of Nrf2 exacerbates NF-κB activity resulting in increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas NF-κB modulates Nrf2 transcription and activity [32].”
BackgroundEssential Role of Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling in Mood Disorders: Overview and Future Perspective
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“Importantly, the Keap1-Nrf2 system plays a role in inflammation-associated pathogenesis (Kobayashi et al., 2013; Suzuki et al., 2013a; O’Connell and Hayes, 2015; Suzuki and Yamamoto, 2015; Wardyn et al., 2015; Yamamoto et al., 2018).”
BackgroundFour-octyl itaconate activates Keap1-Nrf2 signaling to protect neuronal cells from hydrogen peroxide
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Relevance of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 in articular diseases
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Nrf2 Modulation in Breast Cancer
Ghareghomi, S., Habibi-Rezaei, M., Arese, M., Saso, L., & Moosavi‐Movahedi, A. A. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102668 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Living on the Edge: ROS Homeostasis in Cancer Cells and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target
Brandl, N., Seitz, R., Sendtner, N., Müller, M., & Gülow, K. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14081002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Moreover, Nrf2 and NF-κ B exhibit bidirectional antagonism, linking inflammatory signaling to redox buffering capacity and establishing mutual constraints between these transcriptional networks [164].”
- Authors
- Wardyn, J. D., Ponsford, A. H., & Sanderson, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sanderson, Christopher M.
- Venue
- Biochemical Society Transactions
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2015-08-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 621-626
- ISSN
- 0300-5127 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8752
- PMC
- PMC4613495
- OpenAlex
- W2133584350
- Cited by
- 1,200
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 154 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Society Transactions (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (096564/Z/11/Z)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1222890, BB/J014516/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- Nrf2, NF-κB, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytokine production, neurological disorders, treatment options
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, NF-kappa B, Oxidative Stress, NF-E2-Related Factor 2
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