Enhancer RNA: Biogenesis, function, and regulation
Abstract
Enhancers are noncoding DNA elements that are present upstream or downstream of a gene to control its spatial and temporal expression. Specific histone modifications, such as monomethylation on histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me1) and H3K27ac, have been widely used to assign enhancer regions in mammalian genomes. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests that active enhancers are bidirectionally transcribed to produce enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). This finding not only adds a new reliable feature to define enhancers but also raises a fundamental question of how eRNAs function to activate transcription. Although some believe that eRNAs are merely transcriptional byproducts, many studies have demonstrated that eRNAs execute crucial tasks in regulating chromatin conformation and transcription activation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of eRNAs from their biogenesis, functions, and regulation to their pathological significance. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and possible mechanisms of eRNAs in regulated transcription.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Specific expression profiles point toward increasing levels of monomethylation in the case of H3 and repressing levels of H3K4me3 marks.
“Specific expression profiles have pointed towards increasing levels of monomethylation in the case of H3 and repressing levels of H3K4me3 marks.”
From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
Enhancers are related to p300/CBP, as coactivators have been found as a component in the chromatin.
“In this sense, enhancers have been related to p300/CBP, as coactivators have been found as a component in the chromatin.”
From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
Cites
An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome
The ENCODE Project Consortium (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11247 · Cited by 18,072 · see citing works
Histone H3K27ac separates active from poised enhancers and predicts developmental state
Creyghton, M. P., Cheng, A. W., Welstead, G. G., Kooistra, T., Carey, B. W., Steine, E. J., Hanna, J., Lodato, M. A., Frampton, G. M., Sharp, P. A., et al. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016071107 · Cited by 4,302 · see citing works
Master Transcription Factors and Mediator Establish Super-Enhancers at Key Cell Identity Genes
Whyte, W. A., Orlando, D. A., Hnisz, D., Abraham, B. J., Lin, C. Y., Kagey, M. H., Rahl, P. B., Lee, T. I., & Young, R. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.035 · Cited by 4,143 · see citing works
Hindorff, L. A., Sethupathy, P., Junkins, H. A., Ramos, E. M., Mehta, J. P., Collins, F. S., & Manolio, T. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903103106 · Cited by 4,013 · see citing works
Heintzman, N. D., Stuart, R. K., Hon, G., Fu, Y., Ching, C. W., Hawkins, R. D., Barrera, L. O., Van Calcar, S., Qu, C., Ching, K. A., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1966 · Cited by 3,398 · see citing works
Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences
Sen, R., & Baltimore, D. (1986) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90346-6 · Cited by 2,754 · see citing works
Coactivator condensation at super-enhancers links phase separation and gene control
Sabari, B. R., Dall’Agnese, A., Boija, A., Klein, I. A., Coffey, E. L., Shrinivas, K., Abraham, B. J., Hannett, N. M., Zamudio, A. V., Manteiga, J. C., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar3958 · Cited by 2,595 · see citing works
An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues
The FANTOM Consortium, Andersson, R., Gebhard, C., Miguel-Escalada, I., Hoof, I., Bornholdt, J., Boyd, M., Chen, Y., Zhao, X., Schmidl, C., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12787 · Cited by 2,550 · see citing works
Histone modifications at human enhancers reflect global cell-type-specific gene expression
Heintzman, N. D., Hon, G. C., Hawkins, R. D., Kheradpour, P., Stark, A., Harp, L. F., Ye, Z., Lee, L. K., Stuart, R. K., Ching, C. W., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07829 · Cited by 2,533 · see citing works
Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers
Kim, T.-K., Hemberg, M., Gray, J. M., Costa, A. M., Bear, D. M., Wu, J., Harmin, D. A., Laptewicz, M., Barbara-Haley, K., Kuersten, S., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09033 · Cited by 2,450 · see citing works
A unique chromatin signature uncovers early developmental enhancers in humans
Rada-Iglesias, A., Bajpai, R., Swigut, T., Brugmann, S. A., Flynn, R. A., & Wysocka, J. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09692 · Cited by 2,233 · see citing works
A census of human RNA-binding proteins
Gerstberger, S., Hafner, M., & Tuschl, T. (2014) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3813 · Cited by 2,032 · see citing works
Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants
Farh, K. K.-H., Marson, A., Zhu, J., Kleinewietfeld, M., Housley, W. J., Beik, S., Shoresh, N., Whitton, H., Ryan, R. J. H., Shishkin, A. A., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13835 · Cited by 1,956 · see citing works
Mediator and cohesin connect gene expression and chromatin architecture
Kagey, M. H., Newman, J. J., Bilodeau, S., Zhan, Y., Orlando, D. A., van Berkum, N. L., Ebmeier, C. C., Goossens, J., Rahl, P. B., Levine, S. S., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09380 · Cited by 1,939 · see citing works
Expression of a β-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences
Banerji, J., Rusconi, S., & Schaffner, W. (1981) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90413-x · Cited by 1,724 · see citing works
Long Noncoding RNAs with Enhancer-like Function in Human Cells
Ørom, U. A., Derrien, T., Beringer, M., Gumireddy, K., Gardini, A., Bussotti, G., Lai, F., Zytnicki, M., Notredame, C., Huang, Q., et al. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.001 · Cited by 1,721 · see citing works
Banerji, J., Olson, L., & Schaffner, W. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90015-6 · Cited by 1,407 · see citing works
Mediator and RNA polymerase II clusters associate in transcription-dependent condensates
Cho, W.-K., Spille, J.-H., Hecht, M., Lee, C., Li, C., Grube, V., & Cisse, I. I. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar4199 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Gillies, S. D., Morrison, S. L., Oi, V. T., & Tonegawa, S. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90014-4 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Transcriptional enhancers: from properties to genome-wide predictions
Shlyueva, D., Stampfel, G., & Stark, A. (2014) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3682 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
The RNA Polymerase II Core Promoter
Smale, S. T., & Kadonaga, J. T. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Komarnitsky, P. B., Cho, E., & Buratowski, S. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.824700 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Functional roles of enhancer RNAs for oestrogen-dependent transcriptional activation
Li, W., Notani, D., Ma, Q., Tanasa, B., Nunez, E., Chen, A. Y., Merkurjev, D., Zhang, J., Ohgi, K., Song, X., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12210 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
A Large Fraction of Extragenic RNA Pol II Transcription Sites Overlap Enhancers
De Santa, F., Barozzi, I., Mietton, F., Ghisletti, S., Polletti, S., Tusi, B. K., Muller, H., Ragoussis, J., Wei, C.-L., & Natoli, G. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000384 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Activating RNAs associate with Mediator to enhance chromatin architecture and transcription
Lai, F., Ørom, U. A., Cesaroni, M., Beringer, M., Taatjes, D. J., Blobel, G. A., & Shiekhattar, R. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11884 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Skourti-Stathaki, K., Proudfoot, N. J., & Gromak, N. (2011) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.026 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Moreau, P., Hen, R., Wasylyk, B., Everett, R., Gaub, M. P., & Chambon, P. (1981) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/9.22.6047 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
R loops: new modulators of genome dynamics and function
Santos-Pereira, J. M., & Aguilera, A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3961 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Lee, W., Haslinger, A., Karin, M., & Tjian, R. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325368a0 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
m6A enhances the phase separation potential of mRNA
Ries, R. J., Zaccara, S., Klein, P., Olarerin-George, A. O., Namkoong, S., Pickering, B. F., Patil, D. P., Kwak, H., Lee, J. H., & Jaffrey, S. R. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1374-1 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Liu, J., Dou, X., Chen, C., Chen, C., Liu, C., Xu, M. M., Zhao, S., Shen, B., Gao, Y., Han, D., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay6018 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Core, L. J., Martins, A. L., Danko, C. G., Waters, C. T., Siepel, A., & Lis, J. T. (2014) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3142 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Formation of the Androgen Receptor Transcription Complex
Shang, Y., Myers, M., & Brown, M. A. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00471-9 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
RNA Duplex Map in Living Cells Reveals Higher-Order Transcriptome Structure
Lu, Z., Zhang, Q. C., Lee, B., Flynn, R. A., Smith, M. A., Robinson, J. T., Davidovich, C., Gooding, A. R., Goodrich, K. J., Mattick, J. S., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.028 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair Factors Promote R-Loop-Induced Genome Instability
Sollier, J., Stork, C. T., García-Rubio, M. L., Paulsen, R. D., Aguilera, A., & Cimprich, K. A. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.020 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Rev-Erbs repress macrophage gene expression by inhibiting enhancer-directed transcription
Lam, M. T. Y., Cho, H., Lesch, H. P., Gosselin, D., Heinz, S., Tanaka-Oishi, Y., Benner, C., Kaikkonen, M. U., Kim, A. S., Kosaka, M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12209 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
eRNAs Promote Transcription by Establishing Chromatin Accessibility at Defined Genomic Loci
Mousavi, K., Zare, H., Dell’Orso, S., Grøntved, L., Gutierrez-Cruz, G., Derfoul, A., Hager, G. L., & Sartorelli, V. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.022 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Transcription factor trapping by RNA in gene regulatory elements
Sigova, A. A., Abraham, B. J., Ji, X., Molinie, B., Hannett, N. M., Guo, Y. E., Jangi, M., Giallourakis, C. C., Sharp, P. A., & Young, R. A. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad3346 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Hybridization of RNA to double-stranded DNA: formation of R-loops.
Thomas, M., White, R. L., & Davis, R. W. (1976) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2294 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
RNA Exosome-Regulated Long Non-Coding RNA Transcription Controls Super-Enhancer Activity
Pefanis, E., Wang, J., Rothschild, G., Lim, J., Kazadi, D., Sun, J., Federation, A., Chao, J., Elliott, O., Liu, Z.-P., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.034 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Expression and regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene transfected into lymphoid cells.
Neuberger, M. S. (1983) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01594.x · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Carroll, J. S., & Brown, M. A. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.07.018 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Enhancer RNA Facilitates NELF Release from Immediate Early Genes
Schaukowitch, K., Joo, J., Liu, X., Watts, J. K., Martinez, C., & Kim, T.-K. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.08.023 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
RNA Binding to CBP Stimulates Histone Acetylation and Transcription
Bose, D. A., Donahue, G., Reinberg, D., Shiekhattar, R., Bonasio, R., & Berger, S. L. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.020 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Cracking the RNA polymerase II CTD code
Egloff, S., & Murphy, S. (2008) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.03.008 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Hsieh, C.-L., Fei, T., Chen, Y., Li, T., Gao, Y., Wang, X., Sun, T., Sweeney, C. J., Lee, G.-S. M., Chen, S., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1324151111 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets
Chaudhuri, J., Khuong, C., & Alt, F. W. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02821 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Pavri, R., Gazumyan, A., Janković, M., Virgilio, M. D., Klein, I. A., Ansarah-Sobrinho, C., Resch, W., Yamane, A., Reina‐San‐Martin, B., Barreto, V. M., et al. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.017 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Phase separation of ligand-activated enhancers licenses cooperative chromosomal enhancer assembly
Nair, S. J., Lu, Y., Meluzzi, D., Oh, S., Yang, F., Friedman, M. J., Wang, S. S., Suter, T., Alshareedah, I., Gamliel, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-019-0190-5 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
A unique structure at the carboxyl terminus of the largest subunit of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.
Corden, J. L., Cadena, D. L., Ahearn, J. M., & Dahmus, M. E. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.23.7934 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Widespread transcriptional pausing and elongation control at enhancers
Henriques, T., Scruggs, B. S., Inouye, M. O., Muse, G. W., Williams, L. H., Burkholder, A. B., Lavender, C. A., Fargo, D. C., & Adelman, K. (2018) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.309351.117 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Gribnau, J. H., Diderich, K. E. M., Pruzina, S., Calzolari, R., & Fraser, P. (2000) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80432-3 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Transcription initiation platforms and GTF recruitment at tissue-specific enhancers and promoters
Koch, F., Fenouil, R., Gut, M., Cauchy, P., Albert, T., Cabeza, J. Z., Spicuglia, S., de la Chapelle, A. L., Heidemann, M., Hintermair, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2085 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Intergenic transcription and transinduction of the human β-globin locusPreprint
Ashe, H. L., Monks, J., Wijgerde, M., Fraser, P., & Proudfoot, N. J. (1997) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.11.19.2494 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Integrator mediates the biogenesis of enhancer RNAs
Lai, F., Gardini, A., Zhang, A., & Shiekhattar, R. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14906 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Isoda, T., Moore, A. J., He, Z., Chandra, V. K., Aida, M., Denholtz, M., van Hamburg, J. P., Fisch, K. M., Chang, A. N., Fahl, S. P., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.001 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
RIC-seq for global in situ profiling of RNA–RNA spatial interactions
Cai, Z., Cao, C., Ji, L., Ye, R., Wang, D., Xia, C., Wang, S., Du, Z., Hu, N., Yu, X., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2249-1 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationCross-linking, ligation, and sequencing of hybrids reveals RNA–RNA interactions in yeast
Kudla, G., Granneman, S., Hahn, D., Beggs, J. D., & Tollervey, D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1017386108 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
GRID-seq reveals the global RNA–chromatin interactome
Li, X., Zhou, B., Chen, L., Gou, L., Li, H., & Fu, X. (2017) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3968 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Gao, T., & Qian, J. X. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz980 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Interaction of cell-type-specific nuclear proteins with immunoglobulin VH promoter region sequences
Landolfi, N. F., Capra, J. D., & Tucker, P. W. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/323548a0 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
hiCLIP reveals the in vivo atlas of mRNA secondary structures recognized by Staufen 1
Sugimoto, Y., Vigilante, A., Darbo, É., Zirra, A., Militti, C., D’Ambrogio, A., Luscombe, N. M., & Ule, J. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14280 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
B Cell Super-Enhancers and Regulatory Clusters Recruit AID Tumorigenic Activity
Qian, J., Wang, Q., Dose, M., Pruett, N. D., Kieffer-Kwon, K.-R., Resch, W., Liang, G., Tang, Z., Mathé, E. A., Benner, C. W., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.013 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Convergent Transcription at Intragenic Super-Enhancers Targets AID-Initiated Genomic Instability
Meng, F., Du, Z., Alexander Joel Federation, Hu, J., Wang, Q., Kieffer-Kwon, K.-R., Meyers, R. M., Amor, C., Wasserman, C. R., Neuberg, D. S., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.014 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Dynamics of Enhancer-Promoter Communication during Differentiation-Induced Gene Activation
Hatzis, P., & Talianidis, I. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00786-4 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Xi, H. S., Shulha, H. P., Lin, J. M., Vales, T. R., Fu, Y., Bodine, D. M., McKay, R. D. G., Chenoweth, J. G., Tesar, P. J., Furey, T. S., et al. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030136 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Enhancer Activation Requires trans-Recruitment of a Mega Transcription Factor Complex
Liu, Z., Merkurjev, D., Yang, F., Li, W., Oh, S., Friedman, M. J., Song, X., Zhang, F., Ma, Q., Ohgi, K. A., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.027 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Deposition of 5-Methylcytosine on Enhancer RNAs Enables the Coactivator Function of PGC-1α
Aguiló, F., Li, S., Balasubramaniyan, N., Sancho, A., Benko, S., Zhang, F., Vashisht, A. A., Rengasamy, M., Andino, B., Chen, C., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.043 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Lee, J., Park, Y.-K., Park, S., Jang, Y., Waring, N. A., Dey, A., Ozato, K., Lai, B., Peng, W., & Ge, K. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02403-5 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Transcription of the hypersensitive site HS2 enhancer in erythroid cells.
Tuan, D. Y. H., Kong, S., & Hu, K. Q. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11219 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
RNA Polymerase II Collision Interrupts Convergent Transcription
Hobson, D. J., Wu, W., Steinmetz, L. M., & Svejstrup, J. Q. (2012) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.08.027 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Léveillé, N., Melo, C. A., Rooijers, K., Díaz-Lagares, A., Melo, S. A., Korkmaz, G., Lopes, R., Moqadam, F. A., Maia, A. R., Wijchers, P. J., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7520 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
A Muscle-Specific Enhancer RNA Mediates Cohesin Recruitment and Regulates Transcription In trans
Tsai, P.-F., Dell’Orso, S., Rodriguez, J., Vivanco, K. O., Ko, K.-D., Jiang, K., Juan, A. H., Sarshad, A. A., Vian, L., Tran, M. D., et al. (2018) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.008 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The RNA N6-methyladenosine modification landscape of human fetal tissues
Xiao, S., Cao, S., Huang, Q., Xia, L., Deng, M., Yang, M., Jia, G., Liu, X., Shi, J., Wang, W., et al. (2019) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0315-4 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Androgen-induced recruitment of RNA polymerase II to a nuclear receptor–p160 coactivator complex
Louie, M. C., Yang, H. Q., Ma, A., Xu, W., Zou, J. X., Kung, H.-J., & Chen, H.-W. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0437824100 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Predicting enhancer transcription and activity from chromatin modifications
Zhu, Y. K., Sun, L., Zhao, C., Whitaker, J. W., Wang, T., & Wang, W. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt826 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Ligand-Dependent Enhancer Activation Regulated by Topoisomerase-I Activity
Puc, J., Koźbiał, P., Li, W., Tan, Y., Liu, Z., Suter, T., Ohgi, K. A., Zhang, J., Aggarwal, A. K., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.023 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
14-3-3 adaptor proteins recruit AID to 5′-AGCT-3′–rich switch regions for class switch recombination
Xu, Z., Fülöp, Z. Z., Wu, G., Pone, E. J., Zhang, J., Mai, T., Thomas, L. M. B., Al-Qahtani, A. A., White, C. A., Park, S., et al. (2010) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1884 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Ren, S., Wang, L., Blackburn, P. R., McNulty, M. S., Gao, X., Qiao, M., Vessella, R. L., Kohli, M., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.038 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Locus Control Region Transcription Plays an Active Role in Long-Range Gene Activation
Ho, Y., Elefant, F., Liebhaber, S. A., & Cooke, N. E. (2006) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.05.041 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Jiao, W., Chen, Y., Song, H., Li, D., Mei, H., Yang, F., Fang, E., Wang, X., Huang, K., Zheng, L., et al. (2018) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0128-0 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
7SK-BAF axis controls pervasive transcription at enhancers
Flynn, R. A., Do, B. T., Rubin, A. J., Calo, E., Lee, B., Kuchelmeister, H. Y., Rale, M. J., Chu, C., Kool, E. T., Wysocka, J., et al. (2016) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.3176 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
High-throughput determination of RNA structure by proximity ligation
Ramani, V., Qiu, R., & Shendure, J. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3289 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Austenaa, L. M. I., Barozzi, I., Simonatto, M., Masella, S., Chiara, G. D., Ghisletti, S., Curina, A., de Wit, E., Bouwman, B. A. M., de Pretis, S., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.09.018 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Zhao, Y. F., Zhou, J., He, L., Li, Y., Yuan, J., Sun, K., Chen, X., Bao, X., Esteban, M. A., Sun, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13598-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Descostes, N., Heidemann, M., Spinelli, L., Schüller, R., Maqbool, M. A., Fenouil, R., Koch, F., Innocenti, C., Gut, M., Gut, I. G., et al. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.02105 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Coexpression networks identify brain region–specific enhancer RNAs in the human brain
Yao, P., Lin, P., Gokoolparsadh, A., Assareh, A. A., Thang, M. W. C., & Voineagu, I. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4063 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Ling, J., Ainol, L., Zhang, L., Yu, X., Pi, W., & Tuan, D. Y. H. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m404039200 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Bal, É., Park, H.-S., Belaid, Z., Kayserili, H., Naville, M., Madrange, M., Chiticariu, E., Hadj-Rabia, S., Cagnard, N., Kuonen, F., et al. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4368 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
p53 regulates enhancer accessibility and activity in response to DNA damage
Younger, S. T., & Rinn, J. L. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx577 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Altered enhancer transcription underlies Huntington’s disease striatal transcriptional signature
Gras, S. L., Keime, C., Schneider‐Anthony, A., Lotz, C., de Longprez, L., Brouillet, E., Cassel, J., Boutillier, A., & Mérienne, K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep42875 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
AP001056.1, A Prognosis-Related Enhancer RNA in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Gu, X., Wang, L., Boldrup, L., Coates, P. J., Fåhræus, R., Sgaramella, N., Wilms, T., & Nylander, K. (2019) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers11030347 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, J., Cai, Z., Bai, M., Yu, X., Zhang, C., Cao, C., Hu, X. S., Wang, L., Su, R., Wang, L., et al. (2018) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-018-0076-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationMirtschink, P., Bischof, C., Pham, M. D., Sharma, R., Khadayate, S. P., Rossi, G., Fankhauser, N., Traub, S., Sossalla, S. T., Hagag, E., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.036769 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 96 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Complementary Alu sequences mediate enhancer–promoter selectivity
Liang, L., Cao, C., Ji, L., Cai, Z., Wang, D., Ye, R., Chen, J., Yu, X., Zhou, J., Bai, Z., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06323-x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationPiergentili, R., Basile, G., Nocella, C., Carnevale, R., Marinelli, E., Patrone, R., & Zaami, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23169353 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Enhancer RNA: What we know and what we can achieve
Han, Z., & Li, W. (2022) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13202 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Biogenesis, Functions, Interactions, and Resources of Non-Coding RNAs in Plants
Chao, H., Hu, Y., Zhao, L., Xin, S., Ni, Q., Zhang, P., & Chen, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073695 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The role of non-coding RNAs in chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers
Dashti, F., Mirazimi, S. M. A., Rabiei, N., Fathazam, R., Rabiei, N., Piroozmand, H., Vosough, M., Rahimian, N., Hamblin, M. R., & Mirzaei, H. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2021.10.004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Non–Coding RNA Performs Its Biological Function by Interacting with Macromolecules
Li, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216246 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Noncoding <scp>RNA</scp> mutations in cancer
Zhou, H., Hao, X., Zhang, P., & He, S. (2023) · WIREs RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1812 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Li, J., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, H., Tang, Y., Tang, Y., Guo, S., Ye, T., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2025) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2025.218227 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
JUN-induced super-enhancer RNA forms R-loop to promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis
Jia, Q., Tan, Y., Li, Y., Yao, W., Wang, J., & Tang, F. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05985-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Emerging roles of RNA – RNA interactions in transcriptional regulation
Wang, D., Ye, R., Cai, Z., & Xue, Y. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1712 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring the enigma: history, present, and future of long non-coding RNAs in cancer
Naseer, Q. A., Malik, A., Zhang, F., & Chen, S. (2024) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-024-01077-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The RNA Revolution in the Central Molecular Biology Dogma Evolution
Haseltine, W. A., & Patarca, R. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252312695 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Architecture of RNA–RNA interactions
Xue, Y. (2022) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationComprehensive Pan-Cancer Mutation Density Patterns in Enhancer RNA
Zhang, T., Yu, H., Jiang, L., Bai, Y., Liu, X., & Guo, Y. P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010534 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq reveals the transcriptional regulation network in SLE
Wu, J., Li, Y., Feng, D., Yu, Y., Long, H., Hu, Z. Q., Lu, Q., & Zhao, M. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109803 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications
Meza-Menchaca, T., Albores-Medina, A., Heredia-Mendez, A. J., Ruíz-May, E., Ricaño-Rodríguez, J., Gallegos-García, V., Esquivel, A., Vettoretti-Maldonado, G., & Campos-Parra, A. D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25147927 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Unique regulatory roles of ncRNAs changed by PM2.5 in human diseases
He, B., Xu, H.-M., Liu, H.-W., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114812 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ye, M., Wang, S., Qie, J., & Sun, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.765484 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tumor Cell-Intrinsic BTLA Receptor Inhibits the Proliferation of Tumor Cells via ERK1/2
Cheng, T., Liu, Y., Yan, H., Xi, Y., Duan, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, T., Gu, Y., Wang, X., Wu, C., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11244021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Super-enhancers: drivers of cells’ identities and cells’ debacles
Lavaud, M., Tesfaye, R. A., Lassous, L., Royer, B. B.-L., Baud’huin, M., Verrecchia, F., Lamoureux, F., Georges, S., & Ory, B. (2024) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2023-0409 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Deciphering the regulatory landscape of enhancer RNAs in health and disease
Wang, Q., ten Dijke, P., & Fan, C. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02436-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Loss of feedback regulation between FAM3B and androgen receptor driving prostate cancer progression
Ma, T., Jin, L., Bai, S., Liu, Z., Wang, S., Shen, B., Cho, Y. J., Cao, S., Sun, M. J. S., Fazli, L., et al. (2023) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djad215 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The role of phase separation in RNA modification: both cause and effect
Lu, Y., Gan, L., Di, S., Nie, F., Shi, H., Wang, R., Yang, F., Qin, W., & Wen, W. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135907 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
CYP1B1-AS1 Is a Novel Biomarker in Glioblastoma by Comprehensive Analysis
Ye, T., Li, L., Peng, X., & Li, Q. (2021) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2021/8565943 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cis-Regulatory Elements in Mammals
Liu, X., Chen, M., Qu, X., Liu, W., Dou, Y., Liu, Q., Shi, D., Jiang, M., & Li, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010343 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Integrative approaches based on genomic techniques in the functional studies on enhancers
Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Duan, Y., & Li, C. (2023) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbad442 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Comprehensive Analysis of the Immune Implication of TEX41 in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma
Chen, Z., Huang, J.-Q., Zhu, Y., Chen, Y.-S., & Yu, X.-F. (2021) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2021/2409820 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
CCAT1 lncRNA is chromatin-retained and post-transcriptionally spliced
Bohrer, C., Varon, E., Peretz, E., Reinitz, G., Kinor, N., Halle, D., Nissan, A., & Shav‐Tal, Y. (2024) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-024-02294-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Current status and perspectives of non-coding RNA and phase separation interactions
Gao, Y., Liu, C., Wu, T., Liu, R., Mao, W., Gan, X., Lu, X., Liu, Y., Wan, L., Xu, B., et al. (2022) · BioScience Trends · doi:10.5582/bst.2022.01304 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jia, L., Chen, J., Zhao, J., & Yang, J. (2023) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr-23-777 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, D., Wang, W., Wu, Y., Qiu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0115680096258716231026063704 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cis -regulatory landscapes in the evolution and development of the mammalian skull
Kaucká, M. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0079 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pathogenic Roles for RNASET2 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Peak, T. C., Tian, Y., Patel, A., Shaw, T., Obermayer, A., Laborde, J., Kim, Y. C., Johnson, J., Stewart, P. A., Fang, B., et al. (2024) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102041 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Potenza, M. L., Blankvoort, S., Carvalho, M. M., Grimstvedt, J. S., Maria, V. D., Moan, K., Nair, R. R., Flatset, M. S., Zhang, Q., Thomas, L. F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1274174 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Xie, B., & Dean, A. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16040389 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Tan, F., Fang, Q., Zhang, L., Liao, J., Shen, P., Qian, Y., Wen, M., Song, R., Fu, Y., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202500895 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhancer regulation in cancer: from epigenetics to m6A RNA modification
Vasukutty, A., Bhattarai, P. Y., & Choi, H. S. (2025) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-025-01561-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Emerging insights into enhancer RNAs: biogenesis, function, mechanism, and disease implication
Qiu, M., Yu, X., Liu, H., Tao, Y., Huang, C., Xi, Y., & Liao, Q. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf700 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhao, S. J., Jiang, H., Liu, J., Li, D.-Y., Li, B., Long, Q., Zheng, L., & Gu, H. (2022) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2022/5994800 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, J., Guan, Z., Li, W., Gong, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, T., & Liu, J. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111152 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CXCL Gene Clusters Regulated by Enhancer‐Mediated DNA Looping Alteration in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Shen, Y., Hu, Y., Li, H., Shen, G., Shen, Y., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70538 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cai, S., Wang, Z., Sun, X. S., & Huang, H. (2025) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaf596 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, M., Song, H., Liu, C., Shi, M., Tao, X., Shen, S., Li, X., Fang, H., et al. (2026) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-026-02862-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pei, Y.-Y., Liu, Y., Song, J., Fan, X., & Li, Y. (2026) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.70654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gan, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, Y., Li, T., Liu, L., Liang, F., Qi, J., Liang, P., & Pan, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.917061 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Sun, J., Ying, K., Chen, J., Chen, T., Tao, L., Bian, W., & Qiu, L. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27727 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, Y., Li, F., Liu, H., Li, L., & Hao, J. (2025) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13390 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Hidden Layer of RNA Variants
Taniue, K., & Akimitsu, N. (2023) · RNA technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36390-0_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Regulation of gene expression in mammals
Goswami, S. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91305-8.00019-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Crooke, P. S., Tossberg, J. T., & Aune, T. M. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241313054 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Enhancer RNA-mediated transcriptional regulation of TDP-43 during early neural lineage specification
Jang, Y., Lee, H., Oh, M., Moon, J., Kim, S. S., Han, J., Park, J.-L., & Kim, S.-K. (2026) · Animal Cells and Systems · doi:10.1080/19768354.2026.2643998 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, X., Wu, J., Zhang, L., Zhao, W., & Deng, J. (2022) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2022/7277583 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lin, Z., Liu, Y., Tian, X., Su, T., Yang, Y., Liang, R., Gu, S., Li, J., Song, X., Liang, B., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Naville, M., & Merabet, S. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10112983 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Profiling the binding sites of RNA-binding protein by LACE-seqPreprint
Su, R., Wang, D., Cao, C., & Xue, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.pex-1499/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDHX9 resolves G-quadruplex condensation to prevent DNA double-strand breaksPreprint
Xue, Y., Chen, J., Ling, X., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Li, M., Zhao, H., Yang, X., Tsui, W., Cao, C., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2184718/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationUnbiased co-occurring mutational landscapes in tumorigenesisPreprint
Li, Y., Xiong, Y., & Wei, W. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.19.633809 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An introduction to the themed issue on RNA biology in China
Wu, Z. (2020) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20200031
Resetting of H3K4me2 during mammalian parental-to-zygote transitionPreprint
Wang, C., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Meng, X., Li, W., Guo, J., Hu, K., Chen, H., & Xu, J. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490401
Resetting of H3K4me2 during mammalian parental-to-zygote transitionPreprint
Wang, C., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Meng, X., Li, Y., Guo, J., Hu, K., Chen, H., & Xu, J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99417
Resetting of H3K4me2 during mammalian parental-to-zygote transitionPreprint
Wang, C., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Meng, X., Li, Y., Guo, J., Hu, K., Chen, H., & Xu, J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99417.1
Luther, L. A. M., Higley, S. L., & Morrison, K. E. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.03.058
MHGEnhancer:Predicting Enhancers Based on Multiple histone modification data
Li, L., Qian, F., Wang, Q., & Li, C. (2024) · International Conference on Health Big Data and Intelligent Healthcare (ICHIH) · doi:10.1109/ichih63459.2024.11064773
Structural and Functional Diversity of Noncoding RNA
Yadav, V. K. (2025) · Concepts and strategies in plant sciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9859-2_2
Roy, A., Ganguli, K., Pramanik, S., & Debnath, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33341-5.00020-3
Shao, L., Wang, N., Yan, Y., Tan, Y., Huang, Y., Wu, Q., Tan, Q., & Liu, L. (2026) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-026-05582-4
Zhao, C., Wang, W., Tian, Y., Tang, B., Luo, J., & Zhang, J. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04434-5
Super-enhancer-driven ITGB2-AS1 promotes ovarian cancer progression by binding to IQGAP1
Wang, Y., & Li, P. (2026) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102844
The Concept of Gene: History and RNA-Driven Evolution
Haseltine, W. A., & Patarca, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31089-7_3
hnRNPK condensates facilitate enhancer–promoter looping and RNA polymerase II recruitment
Ye, R., Zhao, H., Chen, J., Wu, Q., Wang, D., Cai, Z., Wang, R., Li, J., Cheng, T., Zhang, M., et al. (2026) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-026-02710-y
Self-citationA systematic single-cell analysis of enhancer RNAs across human and mouse
Rong, H., Liu, H., Li, Y., Yu, X., Du, J., Zuo, J., Meng, Z., Gao, L., Li, X., Tao, Y., et al. (2026) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkag914
- Authors
- Ye, R., Cao, C., & Xue, Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xue, Yuanchao
- Venue
- Essays in Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 883-894
- ISSN
- 0071-1365 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-1358
- OpenAlex
- W3092177456
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Essays in Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- enhancer RNA, enhancers, bidirectional transcription, histone modifications, H3K4me1, H3K27ac, chromatin conformation, transcriptional activation, gene expression regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromatin, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Histones, Humans, Methylation, Promoter Regions, Genetic, RNA, RNA Polymerase II, Transcription, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly, Epigenesis, Genetic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review