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Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome – an oxidative stress disorder
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood. This review will summarize the evidence that substantiates the notion that the repeated apnoea-related hypoxic events in OSA, similarly to hypoxia/reperfusion injury, initiate oxidative stress. Thus, affecting energy metabolism, redox-sensitive gene expression, and expression of adhesion molecules. A limited number of studies substantiate this hypothesis directly by demonstrating increased free radical production in OSA leukocytes and increased plasma-lipid peroxidation. A great number of studies, however, support this hypothesis indirectly. Increase in circulating levels of adenosine and urinary uric acid in OSA are implicated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation of redox-sensitive gene expression is suggested by the increase in some protein products of these genes, including VEGF, erythropoietin, endothelin-1, inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. These implicate the participation of redox-sensitive transcription factors as HIF-1 AP-1 and NFkappaB. Finally, adhesion molecule-dependent increased avidity of OSA monocytes to endothelial cells, combined with diminished NO bioavailability, lead to exaggerated endothelial cell damage and dysfunction. Cumulatively, these processes may exacerbate atherogenic sequelae in OSA.
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“Long-term chronic hypoxia caused by OSA can lead to several physiological and biochemical modifications, such as changes in the NLR, PLR, and levels of C-reactive proteins and markers of serum inflammation [33–37].”
From Airway morphology, hyoid position, and serum inflammatory markers of obstructive sleep apnea in children treated with modified twin-block appliances (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Oxidative stress could also mediate part of the increase in cardiovascular risk caused by sleep apnoea [217].”
BackgroundPack, A. I. (2004) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2401008 · Cited by 163
Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease
Butt, M., Dwivedi, G., Khair, O. A., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.05.021 · Cited by 167
Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Facilitate Amyloid-β Generation in Mice
Shiota, S., Takekawa, H., Matsumoto, S., Takeda, K., Nurwidya, F., Yoshioka, Y., Takahashi, F., Hattori, N., Tabira, T., Mochizuki, H., et al. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130419 · Cited by 155
“A numbers of studies have produced supportive evidence for the presence of oxidative stress in OSA patients [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]; some studies went on to show reversible oxidative stress after treatment of continuous positive airway pressure therapy [41] [42] [44] [45].”
BackgroundPhenotypic and Functional Characterization of Blood γδ T Cells in Sleep Apnea
Dyugovskaya, L., Lavie, P., & Lavie, L. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200210-1226oc · Cited by 157
“Sleep apnea–related oxidative stress and a state of inflammatory cell activation resulting in endothelial cell injury have been proposed as one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for atherogenesis in this syndrome (4, 5 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationObstructive sleep apnoea and stroke
Yaggi, H. K., & Mohsenin, V. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00766-5 · Cited by 158
Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease
Fu, Q., Colgan, S. P., & Shelley, C. S. (2016) · Clinical Medicine & Research · doi:10.3121/cmr.2015.1282 · Cited by 156
Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea
Selim, B. J., Won, C. H. J., & Yaggi, H. K. (2010) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2010.02.010 · Cited by 153
Obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive impairment: Addressing the blood–brain barrier
Lim, D. C., & Pack, A. I. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.003 · Cited by 158
Sleep and Cardiovascular Disease: An Overview
Malhotra, A., & Loscalzo, J. (2008) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.10.004 · Cited by 154
Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Untreated Central Sleep Apnea in Heart Failure
Costanzo, M. R., Khayat, R., Ponikowski, P. P., Augostini, R. S., Stellbrink, C., Mianulli, M. J., & Abraham, W. T. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.025 · Cited by 153
Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Solh, A. A. E., Akinnusi, M. E., Baddoura, F. H., & Mankowski, C. R. (2007) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200611-1598oc · Cited by 151
“These mechanisms include the phenomenon of hypoxia reoxygenation (30), oxidative stress ( 31 ), and release of proinflammatory markers (32), all of which have been described to cause endothelial cell apopto-”
BackgroundObstructive Sleep Apnea, Cardiovascular Disease, and Pulmonary Hypertension
Golbin, J. M., Somers, V. K., & Caples, S. M. (2008) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200708-143mg · Cited by 146
“Each acute oxyhemoglobin desaturation is coupled to an episode of reoxygenation, a process thought to promote oxidative stress through formation of reactive oxygen species (6, 7 ), a cascade that may be associated with heightened inflammation (8, 9) and mitochondrial dysfunction (10).”
BackgroundInteractions of Obstructive Sleep Apnea With the Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1
Javaheri, S., Javaheri, S., Somers, V. K., Gozal, D., Mokhlesi, B., Mehra, R., McNicholas, W. T., Zee, P. C., Campos‐Rodríguez, F., Martínez‐García, M. Á., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.059 · Cited by 173
Does obstructive sleep apnea cause endothelial dysfunction? A critical review of the literature
Hoyos, C. M., Melehan, K. L., Liu, P. Y., Grunstein, R. R., & Phillips, C. L. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.003 · Cited by 142
Tennessen, J. M., Bertagnolli, N. M., Evans, J. M., Sieber, M., Cox, J. E., & Thummel, C. S. (2014) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.114.010652 · Cited by 141
“…acid production in humans is commonly associated with disorders in which oxidative metabolism is disrupted, such as cardiac failure, acute stroke, sleep apnea, and the onset of type 2 diabetes (Fessel 1980; Leyva et al. 1998; Fang and Alderman 2000; Lavie 2003; Weir et al. 2003; Bhole et al. 2010).”
Chen, H.-Y., Cheng, I.-C., Pan, Y.-J., Chiu, Y.-L., Hsu, S.-P., Pai, M.-F., Yang, J.-Y., Peng, Y.-S., Tsai, T.-J., & Wu, K.-D. (2011) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2011.151 · Cited by 140
Obstructive sleep apnea, pain, and opioids
Lam, K. K., Kunder, S., Wong, J., Doufas, A. G., & Chung, F. F. (2015) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000265 · Cited by 141
Oxidative stress inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea
Lavie, L. (2012) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e469 · Cited by 142
Self-citationHypoxic Conditioning as a New Therapeutic Modality
Vergès, S., Chacaroun, S., Godin‐Ribuot, D., & Baillieul, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2015.00058 · Cited by 134
“Desaturation–reoxygenation sequences lead to oxidative stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1).”
BackgroundInfluentialKuvat, N., Tanrıverdi, H., & Armutçu, F. (2020) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.13175 · Cited by 145
Metadata
- Authors
- Lavie, L.
- Affiliations
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Lavie, Lena
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-51
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988114644
- Cited by
- 993
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health, State of Israel
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- obstructive sleep apnea, oxidative stress, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, reactive oxygen species, lipoprotein oxidation, adhesion molecules, adenosine, uric acid, HIF-1, NF-κB, AP-1, endothelial dysfunction, monocyte adhesion, nitric oxide bioavailability, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Free Radicals, Humans, Leukocytes, Lymphokines, Nitric Oxide, Lipid Peroxidation, Endothelial Growth Factors, Oxidative Stress, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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