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A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on weight loss and risk factors for atherosclerosis have been incompletely assessed. METHODS: We randomly assigned 132 severely obese subjects (including 77 blacks and 23 women) with a mean body-mass index of 43 and a high prevalence of diabetes (39 percent) or the metabolic syndrome (43 percent) to a carbohydrate-restricted (low-carbohydrate) diet or a calorie- and fat-restricted (low-fat) diet. RESULTS: Seventy-nine subjects completed the six-month study. An analysis including all subjects, with the last observation carried forward for those who dropped out, showed that subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet lost more weight than those on the low-fat diet (mean [+/-SD], -5.8+/-8.6 kg vs. -1.9+/-4.2 kg; P=0.002) and had greater decreases in triglyceride levels (mean, -20+/-43 percent vs. -4+/-31 percent; P=0.001), irrespective of the use or nonuse of hypoglycemic or lipid-lowering medications. Insulin sensitivity, measured only in subjects without diabetes, also improved more among subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet (6+/-9 percent vs. -3+/-8 percent, P=0.01). The amount of weight lost (P<0.001) and assignment to the low-carbohydrate diet (P=0.01) were independent predictors of improvement in triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes or the metabolic syndrome lost more weight during six months on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet, with a relative improvement in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels, even after adjustment for the amount of weight lost. This finding should be interpreted with caution, given the small magnitude of overall and between-group differences in weight loss in these markedly obese subjects and the short duration of the study. Future studies evaluating long-term cardiovascular outcomes are needed before a carbohydrate-restricted diet can be endorsed.
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“We did not confirm previous findings that low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets caused increased weight loss at 6 months3–12 and that the advantage of these diets usually eroded by 12 months, with weight loss that was nearly or fully equivalent to that with low-fat diets6,11,18 or other diets.12”
From Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Nevertheless, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets may lead to spontaneous reduction in calorie reduction and increased weight loss, especially over the short term50–52.”
From Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity (2018) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Several trials showed that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets resulted in more weight loss over the course of 3 to 6 months than conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets,4–12 but other studies did not show this effect.13–17”
From Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Significant reductions in fat mass including truncal fat, which is a marker for visceral obesity, have been demonstrated in many studies [9,11,26,29].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“It is interesting that despite advocating ad libitum fat and protein intake, a LoCHO diet may be hypocaloric either by design or by spontaneous reduction of intake [8-12].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“There are several other reports indicating metabolic advantage in low carbohydrate diets over short term (3–6 months) [8,10,11,26-28].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Conversely, LoCHO diets have been consistently demonstrated to lower triglycerides and increase HDL [8-11,26-28].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“LoCHO diets have been reported to reduce fat mass including truncal fat over long term in many studies [11,21,26,29].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
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“demonstrated that severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes or metabolic syndrome lost more weight during 6 months on the AD versus the CD, with a significant improvement in glucose tolerance and triglyceride levels and no effects on vascular pressure (20).”
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“for such studies is especially great in light of recent adult trials showing that low carbohydrate diets are more effective than low-fat diets for weight loss (Colette et al., 2003; Foster et al., 2003; Samaha et al., 2003) and other recent data that are altering our concepts of what constitutes a “healthy” diet (Kimu…”
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“Similar responses to low-carbohydrate diets were reported in 6-month RCTs that included more-severely obese men and women with a high prevalence of hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome”
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“Some studies have reported that low-carbohydrate diets may help people lose weight more quickly and maintain that weight loss longer than, or equally effectively as, low-fat diets (14, 16, 17, 10).”
BackgroundKetone Body Metabolism in the Ischemic Heart
Kolwicz, S. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.789458 · Cited by 32
“Although the KD has been successful for weight reduction in mice (30, 51) and humans (52, 53), the high fat and low carbohydrate intake may be problematic for long-term adherence.”
BackgroundEffects of different dietary protein intakes on body composition and vascular reactivity
Ferrara, L. A., Innelli, P., Palmieri, V., Limauro, S., Luca, G. D., Ferrara, F., Liccardo, E., & Celentano, A. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602363 · Cited by 30
“This finding confirms in nonobese subjects the results of previous intervention trials in severely obese subjects comparing a low-CHO, high-fat and protein diet with a low-fat diet (Foster et al., 2003; Samaha et al., 2003).”
ResultVery Low‐Carbohydrate versus Isocaloric High‐Carbohydrate Diet in Dietary Obese Rats
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“Adaptation to high carbohydrate diets in man also has been associated with decreased insulin sensitivity (Jenkins et al. 1987; Samaha et al. 2003) and may be due to changes in insulin signalling and/or intracellular metabolism of glucose and fatty acids (Saltiel and Kahn 2001).”
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“More recently, KD have been used therapeutically to treat a multitude of health disorders ranging from obesity to type 2 diabetes and NAFLD (Partsalaki et al. 2012; Samaha et al. 2003; Schugar and Crawford 2012; York et al. 2009).”
BackgroundGrigolon, R. B., Gerchman, F., Schöffel, A. C., Hawken, E. R., Gill, H., Vázquez, G. H., Mansur, R. B., McIntyre, R. S., & Brietzke, E. M. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109947 · Cited by 32
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ResultClinical Experience of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet: Effect on Diabetes Mellitus
Vernon, M. C., Mavropoulos, J. C., Transue, M., Yancy, W. S., & Westman, E. C. (2003) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/154041903322716714 · Cited by 29
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Low-carbohydrate–high-protein diets
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“Interestingly, there are a number of different weight loss diets that are high in animal and low in plant products such as the Atkins Nutritional Approach [60–62].”
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“In short term studies (up to 12 months), low CHO diets seem to be at least as effective in achieving weight loss as more widely endorsed methods of energy reduction, such as low fat diets [8,7,10,11].”
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“In morbidly obese patients with high prevalence of T2DM or MS, a low-carbohydrate diet seems associated to a greater weight loss but also to a higher rate of drop-out in comparison to a low-fat diet [128–130].”
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Focus on lifestyle change and the metabolic syndrome
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“Even though our fully remote app- based study design involved no on- site visits or inperson counseling, we observed comparable weight loss with other high- contact ketogenic/low- carbohydrate diet studies that include in- person center visits, group counseling, and/or individualized nutrition support (8,21,22).”
ResultGuo, Y., Liu, X., Li, T., Zhao, J., Yang, Y., Yao, Y., Wang, L., Yang, B., Ren, G., Tan, Y., et al. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4253651 · Cited by 29
“Additionally, the results of clinical studies designed to test the bene fi ts of KD for cardiac disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors are still inconclusive [16 – 19].”
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“Innumerable weight loss programs consisting of exercise, nutritional modifications, and pharmacological therapy have limited short-term success and almost non-existent longterm success (8, 9).”
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“30 Likewise, lowering carbohydrate intake/glycemic load by increasing protein intake appears to have a substantial effect on weight loss and has several similar metabolic effects.”
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“In the final meta-analysis (68), which examined five (49,48,53,50,64) of the six studies (52 not included) that have included an ‘Atkins-like’ diet, the authors found this low-carbohydrate diet produced a net overall effect of -3.”
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“In addition, generally, low carbohydrate [7-9] or low GL diets [10,11] result in greater weight loss than high carbohydrate diets over periods of 3–6 months and have a favorable effect on triglyceride and HDL cholesterol [12].”
BackgroundEffect of Ketogenic Diet on Obesity and Other Metabolic Disorders: Narrative Review
Baylie, T., Ayelgn, T., Tiruneh, M., & Tesfa, K. (2024) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s447659 · Cited by 27
“41 Ketosis has a direct or indirect effect on the secretion of appetite related hormones, as they seem to exert an action on both orexigen and anorexigen signals, mainly BHB. 42 While working in the CNS to control eating behaviour through elevated gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and AMP-activated…”
BackgroundIncremental weight loss improves cardiometabolic risk in extremely obese adults
Johnson, W. D., Brashear, M. M., Gupta, A. K., Rood, J. C., & Ryan, D. H. (2011) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.033 · Cited by 26
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“12,13 The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and metabolic effects of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) in overweight type 2 diabetic patients over 16 weeks.”
Diets for body weight control and health: the potential of changing the macronutrient composition
Acheson, K. J. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.194 · Cited by 26
Fad Diets in the Treatment of Diabetes
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“[45] 47 33”
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“Obviously, in these energy-restricted diets the energy ratio from carbohydrate is decreased and the energy ratio from the protein and fat is increased (46).”
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“Nonetheless, in humans, even a relatively small weight loss, assumed to be mainly as fat, is associated with improvements in indices of insulin sensitivity (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, 2002; Foster et al. 2003; Samaha et al. 2003; Johnstone et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialAbrat, O., Storey, J. M., Storey, K. B., & Lushchak, V. I. (2017) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.10.011 · Cited by 28
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Long-term efficacy of high-protein diets: a systematic review.
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“However, there have been studies which show that biological markers like cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol remain the same with either a high-protein diet or a conventional diet.(8-14) Most studies evaluating high-protein diets usually have an intervention and follow-up period of 12 or less weeks.”
BackgroundChandler-Laney, P. C., Morrison, S. A., Goree, L. L. T., Ellis, A. C., Casazza, K., Desmond, R., & Gower, B. A. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.031 · Cited by 24
“…content have been associated with greater lipolysis, lower lipogenesis, reduced fatty acid concentrations, and diminished storage of adipose tissue; all of which would facilitate weight maintenance (Forsythe et al., 2008; Gögebakan et al., 2011; Ludwig et al., 1999; Samaha et al., 2003).”
BackgroundReactive oxygen species: role in obesity and mitochondrial energy efficiency
Corkey, B. E. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0210 · Cited by 30
Wang, W., Yang, S., Song, S., Zhang, J., & Jia, F. (2021) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101246 · Cited by 24
Jindal, A., Brietzke, S., & Sowers, J. R. (2012) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000343803 · Cited by 25
Pittas, A. G., & Roberts, S. B. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2006.oct.435-448 · Cited by 24
The role of Krüppel-like factor 14 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Xie, W., Li, L., Zheng, X., Yin, W., & Tang, C. (2017) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.011 · Cited by 25
Li, J., Polston, K. F. L., Eraslan, M., Bickel, C. S., Windham, S. T., McLain, A., Oster, R. A., Bamman, M. M., & Yarar‐Fisher, C. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13813 · Cited by 24
“Individuals with or without type 2 diabetes may respond to lifestyle interventions differently; specifically, those with T2DM tend to have greater reductions in fasting glucose than those without T2DM (Samaha et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialColeman, M. D., & Nickols‐Richardson, S. M. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.01.004 · Cited by 25
Nutritional Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Davis, N. J., Forbes, B., & Wylie‐Rosett, J. (2009) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.20118 · Cited by 26
An update on low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets
Noble, C. A., & Kushner, R. F. (2006) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/01.mog.0000203868.15082.2c · Cited by 25
Adipocytokine Changes Caused by Low-Carbohydrate Compared to Conventional Diets in Obesity
Seshadri, P., Samaha, F. F., Stern, L., Ahima, R. S., Daily, D. A., & Iqbal, N. (2005) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2005.3.66 · Cited by 25
Self-citationDietary advice for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults
Nield, L., Moore, H., Hooper, L., Cruickshank, K., Vyas, A., Whittaker, V., & Summerbell, C. D. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004097.pub4 · Cited by 177
Kostogrys, R. B., Franczyk‐Żarów, M., Kuś, E., & Topolska, K. (2015) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.008 · Cited by 24
Lifestyle Interventions to Reduce Obesity and Diabetes
Hagobian, T. A., & Phelan, S. (2012) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827612449600 · Cited by 26
“One study included a significant proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes.(56) In general, the long-term results from these studies indicate similar weight losses between the different types of regimens (ie, low fat vs low carbohydrate).”
ResultAccumulating Data to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures: Behavioral Domain
Lytle, L. A., Nicastro, H. L., Roberts, S. B., Evans, M. E., Jakicic, J. M., Laposky, A. D., & Loria, C. M. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22157 · Cited by 25
“In addition, many dietary interventions attempt to modify the nutrient content of the diet or the proportion of calories coming from energy-contributing nutrients, such as consuming more protein or fewer carbohydrates to assist with weight loss (15-17).”
BackgroundHigh-Protein Low-Carbohydrate Diets Enhance Weight Loss in Dogs
Bierer, T. L., & Bui, L. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.8.2087s · Cited by 24
Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice
Derman, E., Patel, D. N., Nossel, C., & Schwellnus, M. P. (2008) · South African Family Practice · doi:10.1080/20786204.2008.10873732 · Cited by 26
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Holligan, S. D., Berryman, C. E., Wang, L., Flock, M. R., Harris, K. A., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119946045.ch48 · Cited by 25
Currenti, W., Losavio, F., Quiete, S., Alanazi, A. M., Messina, G., Polito, R., Ciolli, F., Zappalà, R. S., Galvano, F., & Cincione, R. I. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010095 · Cited by 23
Stoernell, C. K., Tangney, C. C., & Rockway, S. W. (2008) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.013 · Cited by 27
“Different subject characteristics, proportion of dietary CHO, and the shorter study duration might explain why weight loss was less than that reported in these studies [22,26,31].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, C. C. L., Adochio, R., Leitner, J. W., Abeyta, I. M., Draznin, B., & Cornier, M. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.10.010 · Cited by 25
“With the exception of one study which showed greater improvement in insulin sensitivity with a carbohydrate-restricted diet compared with a fat-restricted diet [8], all of the studies show an improvement in insulin sensitivity without detectable differences among diets.”
BackgroundNadjarzadeh, A., Ghadiri‐Anari, A., Ramezani‐Jolfaie, N., Mohammadi, M., Salehi‐Abargouei, A., Namayandeh, S. M., Mozaffari–Khosravi, H., & Hosseini‐Marnani, E. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102633 · Cited by 25
Dietary carbohydrates, components of energy balance, and associated health outcomes
Smith, H., Gonzalez, J. T., Thompson, D., & Betts, J. A. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux045 · Cited by 26
“Similar to those 3 recent studies, others have also found reduced fasting glycemia and insulinemia with randomization to a lower carbohydrate diet for a period of 3–6 months.(25,27,35,38,50,63,100) Although 1 of these trials included a subsequent follow-up after 15 months and found no effect on these variables,(35) on…”
ResultControlling food intake and energy balance: which macronutrient should we select?
Saris, W. H. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2003) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200311000-00001 · Cited by 23
“[22], randomly assigned 132 severely obese individuals to a low-carbohydrate diet (restriction to 5 30 g per day) or a low-fat and energy-restricted diet (500 kcal and 5 30 En% from fat).”
BackgroundNutritional aspects in the causation and management of the metabolic syndrome
Nestel, P. J. (2004) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.010 · Cited by 23
Bi, X., Forde, C. G., Goh, A. T., & Henry, C. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112653 · Cited by 22
Zhang, Q., Shen, F., Shen, W., Xia, J., Wang, J., Zhao, Y. X., Zhang, Z., Sun, Y., Qian, M., & Ding, S. (2020) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s275660 · Cited by 22
An Evaluation of the Atkins' Diet
Miller, B. V., Bertino, J., Reed, R. G., Burrington, C. M., Davidson, L. K., Green, A., Gartung, A. M., & Nafziger, A. N. (2003) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/1540419031361426 · Cited by 22
“8,9 No studies have shown that caloric intake is decreased with minimal professional assistance (i.e., handing a subject the book) The aim of this short-term study was to evaluate the dietary intake and body weight of over-weight or obese adults while on their “usual” diet compared with the first…”
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Ko, J. S. (2010) · Korean Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4166/kjg.2010.56.1.6 · Cited by 24
Clinical Efficacy of Two Hypocaloric Diets That Vary in Overweight Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
McLaughlin, T., Carter, S., Lamendola, C. A., Abbasi, F., Schaaf, P., Basina, M., & Reaven, G. M. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0301 · Cited by 22
Management of Lipids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events
GLASSBERG, H. L., & Rader, D. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.121206.112237 · Cited by 22
Low-carbohydrate-diet scores and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: data from three US cohorts
Hanyuda, A., ROSNER, B. A., Wiggs, J. L., Willett, W. C., Tsubota, K., Pasquale, L. R., & Kang, J. H. (2020) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-020-0820-5 · Cited by 21
“between 37–43% total energy from carbohydrate, and this intake was much higher than those in pre-clinical ketogenic models of neuroprotection [16] and Atkins-like diets in human weight loss trials [50, 51].”
Mogul, H. R., Peterson, S. J., Weinstein, B. I., Li, J., & Southren, A. L. (2003) · Heart Disease · doi:10.1097/01.hdx.0000098361.84908.9c · Cited by 22
Effects of consuming a high carbohydrate diet after eight weeks of exposure to a ketogenic diet
Honors, M. A., Davenport, B. M., & Kinzig, K. P. (2009) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-6-46 · Cited by 22
“In humans, ketogenic and/or low carbohydrate diets have been demonstrated to be effective in the short-term (6 months or 1 year) for weight loss [4-6].”
BackgroundPrinciples and Practices in the Management of Obesity
Foster, G. D. (2003) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200205-456pp · Cited by 22
Pilis, K., Pilis, A., Stec, K., Pilis, W., Langfort, J., Letkiewicz, S., Michalski, C., Czuba, M., Zych, M., & Chalimoniuk, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121914 · Cited by 23
“The results of most studies indicate that only diets with a carbohydrate content below 30 g/day had a significant effect on the reduction of fat mass in the body [87,88] and most often this reduction is connected with visceral adiposity [89,90].”
BackgroundLow-carbohydrate Diets and Performance
Cook, C. M., & Haub, M. D. (2007) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s11932-007-0036-5 · Cited by 20
“Previous studies also suggest improvements in insulin sensitivity as serum glucose and insulin levels decrease after consuming a low-carbohydrate diet [7,8].”
BackgroundLópez, L. V., González–Figueroa, E., Medina‐Bravo, P., Aguila, I. P.-D., Ávila-Jiménez, L., Ramos-Hernández, R. I., Klünder‐Klünder, M., & Escobedo, J. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9775-z · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, T., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Stern, L.
- Affiliations
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- ORCID
- Gracely, Edward J.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2003-05-22
- Volume
- 348
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2074-2081
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2154184102
- Semantic Scholar
- b42feb4332c5988f5d769f116b2b96ffdfc37bd4
- Cited by
- 1,267
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 70.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, morbid obesity, weight loss, triglycerides, insulin sensitivity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis risk factors, dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Arteriosclerosis, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Metabolic Syndrome
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