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A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on weight loss and risk factors for atherosclerosis have been incompletely assessed. METHODS: We randomly assigned 132 severely obese subjects (including 77 blacks and 23 women) with a mean body-mass index of 43 and a high prevalence of diabetes (39 percent) or the metabolic syndrome (43 percent) to a carbohydrate-restricted (low-carbohydrate) diet or a calorie- and fat-restricted (low-fat) diet. RESULTS: Seventy-nine subjects completed the six-month study. An analysis including all subjects, with the last observation carried forward for those who dropped out, showed that subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet lost more weight than those on the low-fat diet (mean [+/-SD], -5.8+/-8.6 kg vs. -1.9+/-4.2 kg; P=0.002) and had greater decreases in triglyceride levels (mean, -20+/-43 percent vs. -4+/-31 percent; P=0.001), irrespective of the use or nonuse of hypoglycemic or lipid-lowering medications. Insulin sensitivity, measured only in subjects without diabetes, also improved more among subjects on the low-carbohydrate diet (6+/-9 percent vs. -3+/-8 percent, P=0.01). The amount of weight lost (P<0.001) and assignment to the low-carbohydrate diet (P=0.01) were independent predictors of improvement in triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes or the metabolic syndrome lost more weight during six months on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet, with a relative improvement in insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels, even after adjustment for the amount of weight lost. This finding should be interpreted with caution, given the small magnitude of overall and between-group differences in weight loss in these markedly obese subjects and the short duration of the study. Future studies evaluating long-term cardiovascular outcomes are needed before a carbohydrate-restricted diet can be endorsed.
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“We did not confirm previous findings that low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets caused increased weight loss at 6 months3–12 and that the advantage of these diets usually eroded by 12 months, with weight loss that was nearly or fully equivalent to that with low-fat diets6,11,18 or other diets.12”
From Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets may lead to spontaneous reduction in calorie reduction and increased weight loss, especially over the short term50–52.”
From Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity (2018) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several trials showed that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets resulted in more weight loss over the course of 3 to 6 months than conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets,4–12 but other studies did not show this effect.13–17”
From Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Significant reductions in fat mass including truncal fat, which is a marker for visceral obesity, have been demonstrated in many studies [9,11,26,29].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“It is interesting that despite advocating ad libitum fat and protein intake, a LoCHO diet may be hypocaloric either by design or by spontaneous reduction of intake [8-12].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“There are several other reports indicating metabolic advantage in low carbohydrate diets over short term (3–6 months) [8,10,11,26-28].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Conversely, LoCHO diets have been consistently demonstrated to lower triglycerides and increase HDL [8-11,26-28].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“LoCHO diets have been reported to reduce fat mass including truncal fat over long term in many studies [11,21,26,29].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
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BackgroundInfluentialInterpreting Incomplete Data in Studies of Diet and Weight Loss
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Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
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“After 6 mo, Samaha et al (24) found that insulin sensitivity improved more in subjects who consumed a lowcarbohydrate diet than in those who consumed a low-fat diet.”
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“Received 17 February 2012 Accepted 11 May 2012”
BackgroundProtein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism
Acheson, K. J., Blondel-Lubrano, A., Oguey-Araymon, S., Beaumont, M., Emady-Azar, S., Ammon-Zufferey, C., Monnard, I., Pinaud, S., Nielsen-Moennoz, C., & Bovetto, L. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005850 · Cited by 199
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“After 12 months of following the prescribed diet, there was no significant difference between groups in median dietary self-management scores (median [interquartile range]; 4 [3, 4] for HP vs 4 [3, 4] for HC, p=0.”
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Association between Dietary Carbohydrates and Body Weight
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“A high prevalence of diabetes and one or more components of the metabolic syndrome were reported in seven of the studies (26,32,35,36,38,41,44).”
BackgroundMore fat and fewer seizures: dietary therapies for epilepsy
Kossoff, E. H. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00807-5 · Cited by 193
Western diets and chronic diseases
Adolph, T. E., & Tilg, H. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03165-6 · Cited by 224
“https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03165-6 restrict calorie intake (for example, by adhering to a low-carbohydrate diet 86 or a low-fat diet 87 ), when given in the form of dietary counseling from a nutritionist, has helped to promote 5–15% weight loss, similar to the restriction of sugar-sweetened…”
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“Accordingly, one dietary strategy for the management of obesity has been to replace some carbohydrate in the diet with protein (2, 19, 49), although the benefit of this approach remains uncertain (24, 29, 48).”
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“This is consistent with a number of previous d tudies (4,5,7,25,26).”
ResultLow-carbohydrate–high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort
Trichopoulou, A., Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Orfanos, P., Hsieh, C.-C., & Trichopoulos, D. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602557 · Cited by 187
“There is evidence that low carbohydrate-high protein (LC/HP) diets do indeed lead to better weight control or even weight loss in the short term (Foster et al., 2003; Samaha et al., 2003; Willett, 2004; Truby et al., 2006).”
Understanding and Managing Obesity in Dogs and Cats
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Change in Food Cravings, Food Preferences, and Appetite During a Low‐Carbohydrate and Low‐Fat Diet
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“The low-carbohydrate diet has shown benefits such as increased insulin sensitivity and decreased serum insulin concentrations [50,64].”
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“Introduction Recent reports showing a greater weight loss with a freeliving very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) than a low-fat diet after 3 and 6 months [1-5] has generated interest in mechanisms that may account for these responses.”
van Zuuren, E. J., Fedorowicz, Z., Kuijpers, T., & Pijl, H. (2018) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy096 · Cited by 177
Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: A narrative review
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Dietary Calcium and Dairy Modulation of Adiposity and Obesity Risk
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Diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The good and the bad
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Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet
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“Interesting omissions from the meta-analysis include the studies by Dansinger et al in 2004 (12), Samaha et al in 2003 (13), Seshadri et al in 2004 (14), Foster et al in 2003 (7), 2 of which were 12-mo studies (Foster et al and Dansinger et al) in which the differences between a very-low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fa…”
MethodSeshadri, P., Iqbal, N., Stern, L., Williams, M., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Gracely, E. J., Rader, D. J., & Samaha, F. F. (2004) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.009 · Cited by 169
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The Pediatric Obesity Epidemic: Causes and Controversies
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“(89) compared a low-carbohydrate diet with a calorie-restricted low-fat diet in severely obese adults and found significantly greater weight loss and improvement in insulin sensitivity on the low-carbohydrate diet, there being no significant difference in caloric intake between the two groups.”
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Baer, D. J., Stote, K. S., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., & Clevidence, B. A. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.139840 · Cited by 169
“In most interventions, the source of dietary protein is typically not described (3,5,7,10,11,19) or is from mixed sources (6,8,12,13).”
Behavioral treatment of obesity
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“9 kg, respectively) and had greater improvements in triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity [65], A second study similarly found significantly greater weight losses for a low-carbohydrate diet at 6 months (6.”
BackgroundA randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss
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Vascular effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet
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“Consistent with clinical observations (10, 11), serum total cholesterol was not different on the LCHP (1,408 251 mg/dL) compared with the WD, but significantly higher than SC control (P 0.”
BackgroundResultKeogh, J. B., Brinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., Belobrajdic, D. P., Buckley, J. D., & Clifton, P. M. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.3.567 · Cited by 160
Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets
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Cheung, B. M. Y., Cheung, T. T., & Samaranayake, N. R. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety · doi:10.1177/2042098613489721 · Cited by 163
Diets and Cardiovascular Disease
Parikh, P., McDaniel, M. C., Ashen, M. D., Miller, J. I., Sorrentino, M. J., Chan, V. K., Blumenthal, R. S., & Sperling, L. S. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.068 · Cited by 159
Prevalence, predisposition and prevention of type II diabetes
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“traditional diets [68-70] although their acceptance among official agencies is limited at best.”
Dietary hyperglycemia, glycemic index and metabolic retinal diseases
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“…et al., 2005; Brehm et al., 2003; Foster et al., 2003; Gannon and Nuttall, 2004; Hales and Randle, 1963; Halton et al., 2008; McAuley et al., 2005; Samaha et al., 2003; Stern et al., 2004; Swinburn et al., 1991), are inconsistent (Table 2) and difficult to interpret because of the differences in…”
Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Obesity: Is There a Difference?
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Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance
McAuley, K. A., Smith, K. J., Taylor, R. W., McLay-Cooke, R. T., Williams, S., & Mann, J. I. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803075 · Cited by 159
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“Recent focus on ‘low-carb’ diets such as the ‘Dr Atkins diet revolution’ [18] and ‘The Zone’ diet [19] has some supportive evidence for short-term weight loss over 6 months, but no difference compared with other diets at 12 months [15, 20–23].”
ResultEllenbroek, J. H., van Dijck, L., Töns, H. A. M., Rabelink, T. J., Carlotti, F., Ballieux, B. E. P. B., & de Koning, E. J. P. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00453.2013 · Cited by 158
Brehm, B. J., Spang, S. E., Lattin, B. L., Seeley, R. J., Daniels, S. R., & D’Alessio, D. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1540 · Cited by 151
“Other recent studies of shortterm weight loss using low-carbohydrate diets reported comparable results (6, 7).”
ResultPopular weight-loss diets: from evidence to practice
Malik, V., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0726 · Cited by 152
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Iqbal, N., Vetter, M. L., Moore, R. H., Chittams, J. L., Dalton‐Bakes, C. V., Dowd, M., Williams‐Smith, C., Cardillo, S., & Wadden, T. A. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.460 · Cited by 144
“Prior studies have shown that both diabetic and nondiabetic participants increased their carbohydrate and caloric intake over time, thus, diminishing their weight loss (1,9,10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDietary Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity
Makris, A., & Foster, G. D. (2011) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.004 · Cited by 154
“Most of the studies were predominantly of women [83–87], except one that was primarily of men [86].”
BackgroundResultLong Term Effects of Ketogenic Diet in Obese Subjects with High Cholesterol Level
Dashti, H. M., Al-Zaid, N. S., Mathew, T. C., Al-Mousawi, M., Talib, H., Asfar, S., & Behbahani, A. I. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-005-9001-x · Cited by 148
“Furthermore, it decreases the level of triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol [26–29].”
BackgroundDansinger, M. L., Gleason, J. A., Griffith, J. L., Selker, H. P., & Schaefer, E. J. (2005) · Cited by 148
Okere, I. C., Chandler, M. P., McElfresh, T. A., Rennison, J. H., Sharov, V., Sabbah, H. N., Tserng, K.-Y., Hoit, B. D., Ernsberger, P., Young, M. E., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01295.2005 · Cited by 147
“On the other hand, results of recent studies suggest that consumption of a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet can be effective for weight loss (22, 30).”
BackgroundKoliaki, C., Spinos, T., Spinou, Μ., Brinia, Μ.-E., Mitsopoulou, D., & Katsilambros, N. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030073 · Cited by 146
Restricted-Carbohydrate Diets in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis
Kirk, J. K., Graves, D. E., Craven, T. E., Lipkin, E. W., Austin, M., & Margolis, K. L. (2008) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.003 · Cited by 171
“Some investigators published studies from the same data set, and the most comparable data set to other studies included in this meta-analysis was utilized ( 28 ,29,32-35).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDietary Restrictions and Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Brandhorst, S., & Longo, V. D. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.313352 · Cited by 148
“3) during the 6-month study.(135) Because KDs are high in fats, it is”
BackgroundAstbury, N. M., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.128645 · Cited by 156
Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Layman, D. K., Clifton, P., Gannon, M. C., Krauss, R. M., & Nuttall, F. Q. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1571s · Cited by 142
“been shown to improve glycemic regulations in normal subjects (42, 54) and people with T2D (13, 46–48) or obesity (20, 49, 50).”
BackgroundRock, C. L., Flatt, S. W., Pakiz, B., Taylor, K. S., Leone, A. F., Brelje, K., Heath, D. D., Quintana, E. L., & Sherwood, N. E. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2900 · Cited by 139
“HbA1c (mmol/mol) 58 (13) 50 (11) 55 (16) 56 (15) 44 (9)* 49 (11)* 57 (12) 55 (16)‡ 58 (16))‡”
Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients.
Dashti, H. M., Mathew, T. C., Hussein, T., Asfar, S., Behbahani, A. I., Khoursheed, M., Al-Sayer, H. M., Bo-Abbas, Y. Y., & Al-Zaid, N. S. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 142
Asakura, K., Todoriki, H., & Sasaki, S. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.09.014 · Cited by 117
Cornier, M., Donahoo, W. T., Pereira, R., Gurevich, I., Westergren, R., Enerback, S., Eckel, P. J., Goalstone, M. L., Hill, J. O., Eckel, R. H., et al. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.79 · Cited by 140
Moran, L. J., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., Wittert, G. A., Williams, G., & Norman, R. J. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.77 · Cited by 141
Noakes, M., Foster, P., Keogh, J. B., James, A. P., Mamo, J. C. L., & Clifton, P. M. (2006) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-3-7 · Cited by 142
“Although this seems to be consistent with the notion that very low carbohydrate diets have a metabolic advantage[11,14], the design of these studies was not planned to test this hypothesis as they assessed very low carbohydrate diets on an ad libitum basis (thereby not controlled for kilojoule intake) and assessed car…”
BackgroundResultVariety, palatability, and obesity
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2014) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.114.007120 · Cited by 138
Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Sánchez‐Villegas, A., de la Fuente‐Arrillaga, C., & Martínez, J. A. (2006) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2005.12.006 · Cited by 142
Association between Carbohydrate Intake and Serum Lipids
Ma, Y., Li, Y., Chiriboga, D. E., Olendzki, B. C., Hébert, J. R., Li, W., Leung, K., Hafner, A. R., & Ockene, I. S. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2006.10719527 · Cited by 140
Effects of Different Hypocaloric Diets on Protein Secretion From Adipose Tissue of Obese Women
Nordström, E. A., Viguerie, N., Andersson, I., Verdich, C., Langin, D., & Arner, P. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.8.1966 · Cited by 139
“Very-low-carbohydrate diets (20–30 g/day) without energy restriction cause weight loss and improve metabolic profiles (31–33) even more efficiently than low-fat, energy-restricted diets (32,33).”
BackgroundIntegrating Complementary Medicine Into Cardiovascular Medicine
Vogel, J. H. K., Bolling, S. F., Costello, R. B., Guarneri, E. M., Krucoff, M. W., Longhurst, J. C., Olshansky, B., Pelletier, K. R., Tracy, C. M., Vogel, R. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.031 · Cited by 139
Melby, C., Paris, H., Foright, R., & Peth, J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050468 · Cited by 136
“These have been proven in experimental studies to be effective for weight loss, often more so than low fat diets [103,104] in head-to-head comparisons over 3–6 months.”
BackgroundA review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets
Westman, E. C., Mavropoulos, J., Yancy, W. S., & Volek, J. S. (2003) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-003-0038-6 · Cited by 133
Effects of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovarian syndrome
Moran, L., Brinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., & Norman, R. J. (2006) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61182-0 · Cited by 136
“The use of a very low-carbohydrate diet was assessed in 132 severely obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (Samaha et al., 2003) in a randomized controlled trial.”
MethodHalyburton, A. K., Brinkworth, G. D., Wilson, C. J., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.3.580 · Cited by 134
“This finding confirms the results of the previous study (30) and is in accordance with other clinical trials (31, 32).”
ResultNutrition for Aging Cats and Dogs and the Importance of Body Condition
Laflamme, D. P. (2005) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.12.011 · Cited by 148
Of Meat and Men: Sex Differences in Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Meat
Love, H., & Sulikowski, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00559 · Cited by 146
“…effectively to female fat stores, with growing evidence suggesting that a high carbohydrate diet is most effective in stimulating the body to store excess energy as fat (Ludwig et al., 2001; Taubes, 2001; Samaha et al., 2003; Schulze et al., 2004; Johnson et al., 2007; Mente et al., 2009).”
BackgroundIMPACT OF OBESITY ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
Калинкина, О. Б., Калинкина, О. Б., Tezikov, Y. V., Владимирович, Т. Ю., Станиславович, Л. И., Станиславович, Л. И., Аравина, О. Р., & Аравина, О. Р. (2016) · Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya · doi:10.17816/2072-2354.2016.0.5-6.55-61 · Cited by 131
Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health
Hu, F. B. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.242s · Cited by 132
“Seven of these investigations found a statistically significant decrease in total body weight for the higher-protein diets (5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16).”
BackgroundInfluentialNielsen, J. V., & Joensson, E. A. (2008) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-5-14 · Cited by 128
Sargrad, K. R., Homko, C. J., Mozzoli, M. A., & Boden, G. H. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.01.009 · Cited by 131
Dietary protein, metabolism, and body-weight regulation: dose–response effects
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Luscombe-Marsh, N., Lejeune, M. P. G. M., Diepvens, K., Nieuwenhuizen, A., Engelen, M. P. K. J., Deutz, N. E. P., Azzout-Marniche, D., Tome, D., & Westerterp, K. R. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803487 · Cited by 127
Obesity: A Review of Pathogenesis and Management Strategies
Kaila, B., & Raman, M. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1155/2008/609039 · Cited by 129
Macronutrient Considerations for the Sport of Bodybuilding
Lambert, C. P., Frank, L. L., & Evans, W. J. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004 · Cited by 134
Diet, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Risk
Bonow, R. O., & Eckel, R. H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp030053 · Cited by 128
Daly, M. E., Paisey, R., Paisey, R., Millward, B. A., Eccles, C., Williams, K., Hammersley, S., MacLeod, K. M., & Gale, T. J. (2005) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01760.x · Cited by 129
Volek, J. S., Sharman, M. J., Gómez, A. L., DiPasquale, C., Roti, M., Pumerantz, A., & Kraemer, W. J. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719359 · Cited by 164
Comparative Effects of Low-Carbohydrate High-Protein Versus Low-Fat Diets on the Kidney
Friedman, A. N., Ogden, L. G., Foster, G. D., Klein, S., Stein, R., Miller, B., Hill, J. O., Brill, C., Bailer, B., Rosenbaum, D. R., et al. (2012) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.11741111 · Cited by 121
Dietary Protein Intake and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Rebholz, C. M., Friedman, E. E., Powers, L. J., Arroyave, W. D., He, J., & Kelly, T. N. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws245 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, T., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Stern, L.
- Affiliations
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- ORCID
- Gracely, Edward J.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2003-05-22
- Volume
- 348
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2074-2081
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2154184102
- Semantic Scholar
- b42feb4332c5988f5d769f116b2b96ffdfc37bd4
- Cited by
- 1,267
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 70.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, morbid obesity, weight loss, triglycerides, insulin sensitivity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis risk factors, dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Arteriosclerosis, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Metabolic Syndrome
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