The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 12 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Weight loss is recommended for overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes on the basis of short-term studies, but long-term effects on cardiovascular disease remain unknown. We examined whether an intensive lifestyle intervention for weight loss would decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among such patients. METHODS: In 16 study centers in the United States, we randomly assigned 5145 overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes to participate in an intensive lifestyle intervention that promoted weight loss through decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity (intervention group) or to receive diabetes support and education (control group). The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for angina during a maximum follow-up of 13.5 years. RESULTS: The trial was stopped early on the basis of a futility analysis when the median follow-up was 9.6 years. Weight loss was greater in the intervention group than in the control group throughout the study (8.6% vs. 0.7% at 1 year; 6.0% vs. 3.5% at study end). The intensive lifestyle intervention also produced greater reductions in glycated hemoglobin and greater initial improvements in fitness and all cardiovascular risk factors, except for low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The primary outcome occurred in 403 patients in the intervention group and in 418 in the control group (1.83 and 1.92 events per 100 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio in the intervention group, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.09; P=0.51). CONCLUSIONS: An intensive lifestyle intervention focusing on weight loss did not reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; Look AHEAD ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00017953.).
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Claims the paper makes
9 of 12 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Swedish Obesity Subjects (SOS) study (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01479452) reported lower cardiovascular event rates over a mean follow-up of 13.3 years in patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery;5”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] source
The Research Design and Methods passage reports a mean follow-up of 13.3 years for cardiovascular events among SOS participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline. The Conclusions passage reports a lower incidence of cardiovascular events in those who underwent bariatric surgery. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“During the first two years of the trial, the primary event rate in the control group was lower than expected.9”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Assessments and Outcomes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The “Lower-than-expected event rates” section says that, as Look AHEAD reached the 2-year mark, the DSMB found the actual event rate in the DSE group much lower than expected. The Introduction identifies DSE as the control group and describes the projected rate for the primary endpoint. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Further, we recently reported that individuals in the intervention group of Look AHEAD were more likely to experience partial diabetes remission during the first four years of the trial.19”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] source
The Results report that Look AHEAD participants receiving the intensive lifestyle intervention were significantly more likely than those receiving diabetes support and education to experience remission in each of the first four years. The Comment section describes partial remission as an obtainable outcome and notes that complete remission was rare; the reported comparison combines partial and complete remission. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the rate of self-reported fractures differed significantly between groups (2.16/100 person-years in the control group versus 2.51/100 person-years in the intervention group; p=0.011)”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intensive lifestyle intervention also produced greater reductions in hemoglobin A1c and greater initial improvements in fitness and all cardiovascular risk factors, except LDL cholesterol.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“The intervention group also had greater improvements in fitness, particularly at 1 year.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Use of antihypertensive medications, statins and insulin was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (Supplementary Appendix Fig. S2 and Fig. S3 and Table S1).”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The composite primary outcome of the first occurrence of hospitalized angina, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 821 participants (403 in the intensive lifestyle intervention group and 418 in the diabetes support and education group).”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Clinical Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The composite primary outcome (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalized angina) is a valid and sufficient measure of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the incidence rate for adjudicated fractures did not (1.64/100 person-years and 1.66/100 person-years, respectively; p=0.833) (Supplementary Appendix Table S2).”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates were not different between groups (1.83/100 person-years and 1.92/100 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio =0.95; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.09, p=0.505) (Table 2 and Fig. 2).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The primary outcome occurred in 403 patients in the intervention group and in 418 in the control group (1.83/100 person-years and 1.92/100 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio 0.95; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.09, p=0.505).”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain
“In our study, intensive lifestyle intervention focused on weight loss did not reduce cardiovascular events in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Clinical Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
- Rests on an assumption: The composite primary outcome (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalized angina) is a valid and sufficient measure of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LDL cholesterol levels were lower in the control group than the intervention group (mean difference of 1.6 mg/dl over the 10 years).”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This recommendation is based on short-term studies showing numerous benefits of weight loss, including improvements in glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors, quality of life and other obesity-related comorbidities.2”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Evidence-Based Guidelines and Blood Glucose sections (p. 58S) report improvements in cardiovascular risk factors and blood glucose with weight loss; the diabetes discussion (p. 90S) also reports improved glycemic control. The Surgery section reports improvements in obesity-related comorbidities, but says only that obesity impairs quality of life—not that short-term weight-loss studies found quality-of-life improvements. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis4 of cohort studies concluded that moderate intentional weight loss was associated with reduced mortality in “unhealthy” individuals, which included individuals with diabetes.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Main findings section reports about 13% lower mortality among unhealthy adults, defined to include people with diabetes or obesity-related conditions. The Abstract describes a meta-analysis of prospective studies. However, the reported result concerns intentional weight loss generally; our copy does not establish that the reduction was specific to moderate weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Intensive lifestyle intervention has also been shown to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes in other studies.15, 26”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Supportedcites [26] source
The Discussion reports that lifestyle changes prevented type 2 diabetes in high-risk participants, reducing its incidence by 58 percent. Figure 1 (p. 1345) likewise reports a lower risk in the intervention group than in the control group. This study supports the citing sentence as an example of another study showing prevention or delay. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other benefits identified during the early years of the trial have included improvements in urinary incontinence,20 sleep apnea,21 depression,22 quality of life,23 physical function,24 and mobility.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] source
Citation 20 is attached to urinary incontinence, not the other outcomes in the sentence. The Results report lower urinary incontinence prevalence and incidence at one year in the intensive lifestyle intervention group than in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [21] source
Citation 21 is attached to sleep apnea, not the other listed outcomes. The Results (Table 2 and the one-year OSA findings) report that intensive lifestyle intervention significantly improved obstructive sleep apnea compared with diabetes support and education among obese participants with type 2 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [22] source
Citation 22 is attached to depression, not to the other benefits listed in the sentence. The Discussion reports that, at one year, participants receiving the intensive lifestyle intervention had significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than those receiving diabetes support and education. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intensive lifestyle intervention produced clinically meaningful improvements in hemoglobin A1c, especially over the first year of the intervention, that were at least partly sustained throughout follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Intensive lifestyle intervention also produced greater reductions in hemoglobin A1c and greater initial improvements in fitness and all cardiovascular risk factors, except LDL cholesterol.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our data suggest that the event rate for the primary outcome was non-significantly lower in ILI than in DSE among individuals with no history of CVD at baseline, but non-significantly higher in ILI than in DSE among individuals with CVD at baseline.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in cardiovascular risk factors between intervention groups diminished over time, with hemoglobin A1c and systolic blood pressure showing the most sustained differences.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also no significant differences between the two trial groups with respect to the pre-specified composite secondary outcomes or any of the individual cardiovascular events making up the composite outcomes (Table 2).”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Clinical Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant interactions among the pre-specified subgroups (Fig. 3).”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Clinical Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weight loss was greater in the intervention group than the control group throughout (8.6% vs. 0.7% at 1 year; 6.0% vs. 3.5% at study end).”
- Also stated in: § Weight, Waist Circumference and Fitness · plain
“Differences in mean weight loss were greatest at 1 year (8.6% in the intervention group vs. 0.7% in the control group) but remained statistically significant throughout the trial.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Weight, Waist Circumference and Fitness · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“randomization was stratified by clinical site.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Interventions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was not blinded, but clinical assessors and end point adjudicators were masked to treatment assignment.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Study Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is unknown whether weight loss reduces the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With a planned sample size of 5000 participants, Look AHEAD had greater than 80% probability of detecting an 18% difference in major cardiovascular events between the two groups, assuming a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, a primary outcome rate of 2% per year in the control group, and a planned maximum follow-up of 13.5 years.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5,000Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Epidemiological studies in individuals with diabetes provide conflicting results, perhaps due to confounding from unintentional weight loss.3”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Weight loss is recommended for overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.1”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the intervention was stopped on September 14, 2012, the median follow-up was 9.6 years (interquartile range 8.9 to 10.3) and fewer than 4% of all randomized participants had been lost to follow-up.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > RESULTS > Study Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5,145Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, our trial was planned to test the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention and the weight losses achieved in the intervention group are representative of the best that has been achieved with current lifestyle approaches.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We do not feel this explains the negative result; the 95% confidence interval for the primary outcome excluded the benefit of 18% or more targeted in the trial’s design.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Look AHEAD showed that overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes can lose weight and maintain modest weight losses over 10 years.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consistency of intervention effects on the primary outcome among three pre-specified subgroups (sex, race or ethnicity and history of cardiovascular disease) was evaluated using interaction tests.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results were not adjusted for multiple comparisons and p<0.05 was used.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses of primary and secondary outcomes were performed using time-to-event methods according to the intention-to-treat principle as pre-specified in the protocol.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Statistical Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the corporate sponsors had any role in the trial design, data analysis, or reporting of results.”
§ Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes > METHODS > Study Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The hazard ratio for the primary outcome is constant over follow-up (proportional hazards).
“Two-sided p-values were calculated with likelihood-ratio tests from Cox proportional-hazards regression, with models containing terms for clinical site, history of cardiovascular disease, and intervention assignment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The composite primary outcome (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalized angina) is a valid and sufficient measure of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
“The primary end point was the first post-randomization occurrence of a composite cardiovascular outcome.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants lost to follow-up did not differ systematically from those retained in a way that would bias the primary outcome comparison.
“fewer than 4% of all randomized participants had been lost to follow-up.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Thus, weight loss is perhaps the most effective therapeutic approach for preventing the progression of CMD to T2D and/or CVD events.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the Look Ahead trial, 6% weight loss over eight years yielded improvements in a range of cardiovascular risk factors, including glycemic control and lipids, as well as less medication usage, and reduced hospitalizations and healthcare costs87,88.”
From Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The anthropometric component is largely satisfied by BMI, which is used to diagnose individuals as lean (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m2), or obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2).”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“because available evidence supports weight-loss therapy in these conditions.”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In persons with ABCD (both overweight or with obesity) and prediabetes and/or metabolic syndrome, weight loss is a highly effective way to prevent progression to T2D.674”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, weight reduction prevents or treats multiple CVD risk factors and additional complications of ABCD.674”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The addition of obesity medications to lifestyle interventions produces more weight loss than attributable to lifestyle intervention alone and leads to greater reductions in incident T2D and improvements in CVD risk factors.674”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Obesity medications used together with lifestyle changes can be used to sustain a greater degree of weight loss over time to preserve CMD benefits.674,759”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, obesity can exacerbate insulin resistance and accelerate progression of CMD toward these end-stage developments, and weight loss is an effective intervention in preventing and treating T2D, as well as hypertension, dyslipidemia, NAFLD/NASH, CVD risk factors, and CKD.674”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The trial’s primary outcome was cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, on which no significant differences were observed between participants assigned to ILI or a usual care group (i.e., diabetes support and education [DSE]) after a mean follow-up of 9.6 years.2”
From Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The look AHEAD study (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There was no reduction in the risk of HF or its subtypes among Look AHEAD participants that underwent the intensive lifestyle intervention.”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [118]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, exercise training and lifestyle PA interventions have failed to demonstrate a reduction in the risk of HF in limited RCTs.”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [118]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Semaglutide improved cardiovascular outcomes in this trial, whereas lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions for overweight or obesity tested in previous trials have uniformly failed to do so. 11,14”
From Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the concept of treating obesity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications has been hampered by the lack of evidence from trials indicating that lifestyle or pharmacologic interventions for overweight or obesity improve cardiovascular outcomes. 11-15”
From Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Progressive metabolic bene fi ts were seen with greater degrees of weight loss from > 5% to $ 15%”
From Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2022) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“with an overall suggestion that $ 10% weight loss may be required to see benefi ts for CVD events and mortality rate and other complications, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (50,90,92 -95).”
From Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2022) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other studies on the effect of exercise on morbidity and mortality include combined lifestyle interventions24 and populations with diseases25 26 and have fewer monitored and relatively short periods of supervised exercise.26 27”
From Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults—the Generation 100 study: randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Benefits included weight loss, improved physical fitness, increased HDL cholesterol, lowered systolic blood pressure, reduced A1C levels, reduced waist circumference, and reduced need for medications (80).”
From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Benefits included weight loss, improved physical fitness, increased HDL cholesterol, lowered systolic blood pressure, reduced A1C levels, reduced waist circumference, and reduced need for medications (87).”
From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the intensive lifestyle intervention produced multiple clinical benefits, including weight loss, improved physical fitness, increased HDL cholesterol, lowered systolic blood pressure, reduced A1C levels, reduced waist circumference, and reduced need for medications”
From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [98]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Despite the modest weight losses associated with behavioral interventions, small weight losses can lead to impressive health improvements and risk factor reductions.”
From Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Increased physical activity is an important component of lifestyle therapy.674,727”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“ILI and DSE participants did not differ significantly on baseline characteristics, as reported previously (see Table 1).2,33”
From Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The look AHEAD study (2014) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, major CV events were similar in both groups, which may be partially explained by the greater use of cardioprotective medications in the diabetes support and education group [107] .”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [107]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, lifestyle interventions that encourage increased physical activity concurrent with calorie restriction have been shown to sustain moderate weight loss. 18,19”
From Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is also more than the 1-year weight loss of 7 to 9% of the initial body weight that has been observed with concurrent intensive diet and physical activity programs. 18,19”
From Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Notably, the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular events appeared to be blunted or even absent in people with type 2 diabetes [52,53].”
From Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease? (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, more recent data from the Look Ahead (Wing 2013) and DiRECT (Lean 2018) studies suggest that significant improvements in glycaemic control, as well as sustained weight loss can be achieved in people with T2D with intensive lifestyle interventions and total dietary replacement.”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2021) · cites this paper as Wing 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While the Look AHEAD trial did not achieve its primary outcome of reducing cardiovascular events, the intensive lifestyle intervention had multiple clinical benefits that are important to the quality of life of older adults.”
From 13. Older Adults: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In South Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian populations, health is adversely affected at lower levels of BMI, and alternate criteria have been advocated, with BMI 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2 indicative of normal weight, 23 to 24.9 kg/m2 overweight, and ≥25 kg/m2 obese.674”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Physical activity and aerobic exercise guidelines are similar in persons with T2D independent of lean vs overweight/obese BMI.431,674,727,728”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The comprehensive diagnosis of ABCD requires both anthropometric and clinical components674,675”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Whether due to lifestyle therapy, obesity medications, or bariatric surgery, weight loss has been shown to (1) enhance insulin sensitivity;”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, obesity can exacerbate insulin resistance and accelerate progression of CMD toward these end-stage developments, and weight loss is an effective intervention in preventing and treating T2D, as well as hypertension, dyslipidemia, NAFLD/NASH, CVD risk factors, and CKD.674”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [674]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Prospective studies that evaluated the effect of nonsurgical weight loss interventions on CV event reduction have been disappointing [4, 5, 6, 7, 8].”
From Semaglutide for cardiovascular event reduction in people with overweight or obesity: SELECT study baseline characteristics (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Effects on weight and risk-factor control diminished after 5 years in those with low adherence to the lifestyle programme.56”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“In T2DM, as investigated in the Action for Health in Diabetes trial (Look AHEAD; 5145 T2DM patients, 59% female, mean age 58 years, mean body mass index [BMI] 36 kg/m 2 ), lifestyle intervention by nutritional counselling, meal replacement, and exercise induced an average of 8.6% weight loss, which was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c and BP.56”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the Look AHEAD trial, introducing lifestyle intervention in patients with obesity and T2DM with 10 years' follow-up, did not demonstrate a reduction in the composite CV outcome.56”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, adherence to lifestyle intervention fades over time, with continuously increasing body weight after 1 year.56”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Sucrose, a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose, represents an important source of fructose in the diet [159,173,174].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“These effects are dose-dependent; with a habitual fructose consumption between 15 and 20% of total energy intake, plasma TG increases by as much as 30-40%.”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“and can reduce development of severe retinopathy156.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [156]
In the citing paper
“Weight losses of 5% or more of initial weight help to ameliorate these complications, with larger losses producing greater health benefits.(3)”
From Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Greater weight loss reliably produces greater improvements in several cardiometabolic risk factors,(3) as well as quality of life,(41) as was observed in the STEP trials.”
From Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The previously discussed Look AHEAD study did not reduce MACE in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity, potentially because of insufficient weight loss [61].”
From The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“The previously discussed Look AHEAD study did not reduce MACE in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity, potentially because of insufficient weight loss [61].”
From The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, intensive lifestyle interventions could be implemented easier and result in up to 10% mean WL; however, there is large heterogeneity in response and long-term weight maintenance is challenging due to compensatory increases in appetite and reduction in energy expenditure during the WL state [14–16].”
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, intensive lifestyle interventions could be implemented easier and result in up to 10% mean WL; however, there is large heterogeneity in response and long-term weight maintenance is challenging due to compensatory increases in appetite and reduction in energy expenditure during the WL state [14–16].”
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, intensive lifestyle interventions could be implemented easier and result in up to 10% mean WL; however, there is large heterogeneity in response and long-term weight maintenance is challenging due to compensatory increases in appetite and reduction in energy expenditure during the WL state [14–16].”
In the citing paper
“There is no evidence to demonstrate that an increased protein intake is associated with an increased risk of diabetic nephropathy 17 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Despite lack of consensus on its role in improving glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, long‐term exercise is shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and improve quality of life (QOL) 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 (grade B: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“There are some reports in the literature suggesting that intermittently viewed CGM (i‐CGM) may be more effective than SMBG in shortening the hypoglycemic durations in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes 16 , 17 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Diabetic retinopathy is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and macroangiopathy 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Patients with diabetic foot are significantly associated with high all‐cause mortality 16 , as well as a high incidence of cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases, depression 17 , and cognitive impairment 18 , suggesting that diabetic foot lesions likely represent a risk factor for mortality and these diseases.”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Longer time spent in watching television or working in a sitting position is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes 16 , 17 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“However, one large-scale, randomised, controlled trial in people overweight or obese people with T2DM did not show a substantial effect on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes with intensive diet plus physical activity compared with control after 9.6 years (Look AHEAD 2013).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Look AHEAD 2013
In the citing paper
“However, the only long-term RCT assessing the effects of diet plus physical activity in people with T2DM was stopped early due to futility after a median follow-up of 9.6 years (Look AHEAD 2013).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Look AHEAD 2013
In the citing paper
“In recently published results, the intensive intervention clearly improved cardio-metabolic risk factors; however, there was no difference in rates of cardiovascular events between groups after a median follow-up of 9.6 years, when the trial was stopped for futility.”
From Using accelerometers to measure physical activity in large-scale epidemiological studies: issues and challenges (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“It bears mention that low-fat diets have not been particularly effective for long-term CVD risk reduction, partly due to the difficulty sustaining such a diet long-term (284,285).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [285]
In the citing paper
“Phospholipase A2 (PLA 2 ) is a family of enzymes that hydrolyse fatty acid from membrane phospholipids 125 .”
From Integrating genomics with biomarkers and therapeutic targets to invigorate cardiovascular drug development (2021) · cites this paper as [125]
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Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1056/nejmc1806491
InfoThe cited work was retracted; the date of the notice is not on record.
Cited work 10.1056/nejmc1806491 · retraction date not known · this paper published 2013-07-11
“Estruch R Ros E Salas-Salvado J Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet N Engl J Med 2013 29897867”
Cites a retracted work: 10.1056/nejmoa1200303
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2018-06-13 (notice 10.1056/nejmc1806491), not before this paper was published (2013-07-11).
Cited work 10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · retracted 2018-06-13 · notice 10.1056/nejmc1806491 · this paper published 2013-07-11
“10.1056/NEJMoa1200303”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- The Look AHEAD Research Group
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- The Look AHEAD Research Group
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2013-07-11
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-154
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC3791615
- OpenAlex
- W1957007052
- Cited by
- 2,908
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 162 · 2025: 228 · 2024: 201 · 2023: 193 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 195 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 226 · 2017: 264 · 2016: 250 · 2015: 251 · 2014: 261 · 2013: 82
- FWCI
- 221.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (M01RR01346)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (DK57151, UL1-RR024153, DK57219, DK57182, M01RR01066, DK57008, DK57178, DK57154, M01RR00051, DK57136, P30 DK48520, DK57171, DK57177, DK57149, DK57002, M01RR000056, DK56992, DK 046204, M01RR02719, M01RR01346, DK56990, DK57131, M01RR0021140, DK57078, DK57135)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (DK 046204, P30 DK48520, DK57182, DK57154, DK57002, DK57149, DK57178, M01RR01346, DK57135, DK57171, DK57151, DK57078, M01RR02719, UL1 RR 024153, DK57008, M01RR01066, M01RR000056, DK56990, DK57177, DK56992, M01RR0021140, DK57219, DK57136, DK57131, M01RR00051)
- Johns Hopkins University (M01RR02719)
- University of Pittsburgh (DK57131, DK57008, DK57154, M01RR01346, M01RR01066, DK57078, DK56990, DK57178, DK57002, DK57177, DK56992, P30 DK48520, DK 046204, M01RR02719, UL1RR024153, DK57151, M01RR0021140, DK57149, M01RR000056, M01RR00051, DK57136, DK57171, DK57219, DK57182, DK57135)
- National Institutes of Health (M01RR0021140, UL1TR000005, 046204, 5p30dk046204-15, DK48520, DK 046204, DK57002)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M01RR02719, M01RR000056, DK57135, DK57154, UL1RR024153, DK57131, M01RR00051, DK 046204, DK57008, M01RR01346, DK56992, M01RR0021140, DK57177, DK57151, P30 DK48520, M01RR01066, DK57182, DK57171, DK56990, DK57136, DK57149, DK57078, DK57219, DK57002, DK57178)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (DK57219, DK57131, DK57154, DK57151, K23HL109235, DK56992, DK57078, DK57177, M01RR0021140, DK 046204, DK57182, DK57002, DK57149, DK57008, DK57135, DK57136, DK57178, DK56990, DK57171)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (DK57219, DK57008, M01RR0021140, DK57002, DK57177, DK57171, DK57182, DK57135, DK57131, DK 046204, DK57151, DK57136, DK56990, DK57178, DK57078, DK56992, DK57149)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (M01RR0021140, DK48520, DK-57171, DK 57136, DK57149, DK 57002, DK57182, DK56990, (DK 046204, DK57008, DK57177, DK 57078, DK57219, U01DK057149, DK-57178, U01DK057151, U01DK057135, U01DK057131, U01DK056990, DK-57135, U01DK057136, DK-56992, DK57154, U01DK057178, U01DK057182, U01DK057078, R24DK084949, U01DK057154, P30DK079637, U01DK057008, U01DK057171, DK57131, U01DK057219, U01DK056992, U01DK057177, P30DK017047, P30DK048520, DK 57151)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (DK57136, DK57171, DK57182, DK57154, DK57177, DK 046204, DK57135, M01RR0021140, DK57008, DK57178, DK57002, DK57151, DK56990, DK57078, DK56992, DK57149, DK57219, DK57131)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR-0021140, M01RR002719, M01RR000056, M01RR000051, M01RR001066, M01RR001346, UL1RR024153)
- Office of Research on Women's Health (M01RR02719, DK57008, DK57135, DK56990, DK57002, P30 DK48520, DK57177, DK56992, DK57182, DK57151, DK57149, DK57219, DK57078, M01RR000056, M01RR01346, DK57171, UL1 RR 024153, DK57178, M01RR01066, M01RR00051, DK57154, DK57136, DK57131, DK 046204, M01RR0021140)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, intensive lifestyle intervention, weight loss, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, angina pectoris, diabetes support and education, HbA1c, physical activity, caloric restriction, obesity, Look AHEAD trial
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Reducing, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Weight Loss, Exercise, Treatment Failure, Overweight, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-16, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-16 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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