Rethinking Dog Domestication by Integrating Genetics, Archeology, and Biogeography
Open accessAbstract
The dog was the first domesticated animal but it remains uncertain when the domestication process began and whether it occurred just once or multiple times across the Northern Hemisphere. To ascertain the value of modern genetic data to elucidate the origins of dog domestication, we analyzed 49,024 autosomal SNPs in 1,375 dogs (representing 35 breeds) and 19 wolves. After combining our data with previously published data, we contrasted the genetic signatures of 121 breeds with a worldwide archeological assessment of the earliest dog remains. Correlating the earliest archeological dogs with the geographic locations of 14 so-called “ancient” breeds (defined by their genetic differentiation) resulted in a counterintuitive pattern. First, none of the ancient breeds derive from regions where the oldest archeological remains have been found. Second, three of the ancient breeds (Basenjis, Dingoes, and New Guinea Singing Dogs) come from regions outside the natural range of Canis lupus (the dog’s wild ancestor) and where dogs were introduced more than 10,000 y after domestication. These results demonstrate that the unifying characteristic among all genetically distinct so-called ancient breeds is a lack of recent admixture with other breeds likely facilitated by geographic and cultural isolation. Furthermore, these genetically distinct ancient breeds only appear so because of their relative isolation, suggesting that studies of modern breeds have yet to shed light on dog origins. We conclude by assessing the limitations of past studies and how next-generation sequencing of modern and ancient individuals may unravel the history of dog domestication.
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Dogs were domesticated from grey wolves at least 15 000-50 000 years ago, through both natural and artificial selection.
“Dogs were domesticated from grey wolves at least 15 000–50 000 years ago, through both natural and artificial selection [16,17].”
From Are dark-eyed dogs favoured by humans? Domestication as a potential driver of iris colour difference between dogs and wolves (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The introduction (p. 1) says dogs descend from gray wolves, and the Conclusion (p. 5) says clear signs of domestication were visible 15,000 years ago. The paper does not establish a 15,000–50,000-year domestication range. Its introduction describes the likely initial pathway as neither deliberate nor directed, rather than attributing that process to both natural and artificial selection. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWolves inhabit the Northern Hemisphere of Eurasia and North America, whereas domestic dogs expanded to all continents except Antarctica.
“Wolves inhabit the Northern Hemisphere of Eurasia and North America, whereas domestic dogs expanded to all continents, except Antarctica [17].”
From Are dark-eyed dogs favoured by humans? Domestication as a potential driver of iris colour difference between dogs and wolves (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Larson, G., Karlsson, E. K., Perri, A., Webster, M. T., Ho, S. Y. W., Peters, J., Stahl, P. W., Piper, P. J., Lingaas, F., Fredholm, M., Comstock, K. E., Modiano, J. F., Schelling, C., Agoulnik, A. I., Leegwater, P. A., Dobney, K., Vigne, J.-D., Vilà, C., Andersson, L., & Lindblad-Toh, K.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Division of Genetics, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo, Norway;
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Michigan–Dearborn (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Florida International University (US)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (ES)
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02142;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-05-21
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 8878-8883
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3384140
- OpenAlex
- W2031395929
- Cited by
- 540
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 20.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Association for Japanese Studies
- European Science Foundation
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/F003382/2, NE/F003382/1, NE/H005552/1, NE/H005269/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- dog domestication, dog origin, Basenji, dingo, wolf, genetic admixture, biogeography, autosomal SNPs, dog breeds
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Archaeology, Demography, Dogs, Species Specificity, Genetic Variation, Cluster Analysis, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Phylogeography
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