The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 38 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Open accessAbstract
Significance: To interpret and respond appropriately to social cues is a fundamental aspect of human nature that becomes impaired in many mental disorders. The past decade has witnessed unprecedented excitement across neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry regarding the role of oxytocin in human social cognition and its potential therapeutic use. There is also a considerable long-established public interest in behavioral sex differences and the molecular and brain mechanisms responsible. The current findings provide the first mechanistic explanation, to our knowledge, for how this key social molecule has evolved sex-dependent actions on amygdala function to influence the salience and attractiveness of positive social attributes in women but negative ones in men.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Intranasal oxytocin produced sex- and valence-dependent changes in amygdala responses during social impression formation: it enhanced left amygdala reactivity to people who praised others in women but to people who criticized others in men. These neural effects were accompanied by opposite likeability effects, with oxytocin increasing women’s overall likeability ratings and tending to decrease men’s.
Key findings
- In a whole-brain mixed-effect ANOVA, a significant treatment × sex interaction occurred in the left amygdala for social criticism vs. praise (k = 262, P_FWE = 0.001). Oxytocin enhanced left amygdala responses to criticizing vs. praising others in males (t35 = 3.1, P = 0.004, d = 1.02) but attenuated them in females (t35 = −3.18, P = 0.003, d = 1.09).
- Separate extraction showed greater amygdala reactivity in men to those who criticized others (t35 = 3.22, P = 0.003, d = 1.04) and in women to those who praised them (t35 = 2.45, P = 0.019, d = 0.82). No such effect was found for the parallel object-directed condition.
- Oxytocin altered left amygdala–right insula functional connectivity in a treatment × sex interaction (t70 = 4.19, P_FWE = 0.009): it increased coupling in males (t35 = 3.59, P = 0.001, d = 1.18) but reduced it in females (t35 = −2.29, P = 0.03, d = 0.76) for criticizing vs. praising others. Connectivity for criticizing people in males and praising people in females was associated with likeability ratings after controlling for anxiety and mood (OXT males criticizing: r = 0.62, P = 0.02; OXT females praising: r = 0.5, P = 0.04).
- Likeability ratings showed main effects of valence (F2,140 = 213.51, P < 0.001, η²P = 0.75) and target (F1,70 = 35.83, P < 0.001, η²P = 0.34); faces paired with criticism were rated lowest (3.83 ± 0.1) and praise highest (6 ± 0.09). A treatment × sex interaction (F1,70 = 7.08, P = 0.01, η²P = 0.09) showed oxytocin increased females’ overall likeability ratings (F1,70 = 4.25, P = 0.04, η²P = 0.06) and tended to decrease males’ (F1,70 = 2.89, P = 0.09, η²P = 0.04).
Methods
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subject design: 80 healthy right-handed volunteers (age 19–27 y; M ± SD, 22.8 ± 1.7 y) were recruited; data from 6 were lost, leaving 37 females (OXT n = 21) and 37 males (OXT n = 18) in final analyses. Participants self-administered intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) or placebo and underwent fMRI after 45 min.
- During fMRI, participants completed a first-impression task in which neutral faces were paired with statements describing criticizing or praising people or nonsocial objects; faces were later presented alone and rated for likeability.
- fMRI data were analyzed with SPM8/DPARSF using a whole-brain mixed-effect ANOVA with treatment and sex as between-subject factors and valence as a within-subject factor, plus generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) functional connectivity analysis focused on amygdala coupling with salience-network regions.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. It notes that sex-dependent salience effects of oxytocin may be influenced by emotional experience and contextual factors, citing a trauma study, and that the observed effects were social-specific, with no object-directed or face-alone effects.
- Evident from the text: the final sample was 74 healthy, right-handed young adults (19–27 y), excluding smokers, medication users, pregnant women, and oral-contraceptive users, which limits generalizability.
- Evident from the text: the study used a single 24-IU intranasal oxytocin dose and one post-treatment time point, with no dose-response or longer-term behavioral follow-up; the male likeability decrease was only marginal (P = 0.09).
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This yielded a significant treatment × sex interaction in the left amygdala for social criticism vs. praise ( k = 262, familywise error (FWE) corrected P FWE = 0.001)”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we show that intranasal oxytocin treatment produces sex- and valence-dependent increases in amygdala activation when women view individuals identified as praising others but in men those who criticize them.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extraction of parameter estimates from this cluster revealed that OXT enhanced in males ( t 35 = 3.1, P = 0.004, Cohen ' s d = 1.02) but attenuated in females ( t 35 = -3.18, P = 0.003, Cohen ' s d = 1.09) left amygdala responses to criticizing vs. praising other people”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, no such effect was found in the parallel object-directed condition”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A functional connectivity analysis revealed a treatment × sex interaction for left amygdala coupling with the right insula ( t 70 = 4.19, P FWE = 0.009)”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals targeting nonsocial objects (5.1 ± 0.07) were rated more likeable than those targeting other people (4.76 ± 0.07).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 74Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Probabilistic mapping indicated that the effect was mainly localized in the laterobasal subregion of the amygdala”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Previous research has shown that the amygdala has different responses to positive and negative valence social information in men and women (11)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Similarly, in response to couple conflict, OXT decreased sympathetic activity and arousal in women but increased them in men (6).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, oxytocin may act differentially via the amygdala to enhance the salience of positive social attributes in women but negative ones in men.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women subsequently show increased liking for the faces of these individuals, whereas in men it is reduced.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extracted parameter estimates further demonstrated that OXT increased coupling strength in males ( t 35 = 3.59, P = 0.001, Cohen ' s d = 1.18) but reduced it in females ( t 35 = -2.29, P = 0.03, Cohen ' s d = 0.76) for criticizing vs. praising others”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, male ratings were generally lower than female ones following OXT ( F 1, 70 = 6.83, P = 0.01, η 2 P = 0.09) but not PLC.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The likeability of faces paired with criticism was rated lowest [mean ( M ) ± SE, 3.83 ± 0.1] and those paired with praise was rated highest (6 ± 0.09).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 74Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In line with the fMRI findings, a significant treatment × sex interaction was found ( F 1, 70 = 7.08, P = 0.01, η 2 P = 0.09), revealing that whereas OXT relative to PLC increased females ' overall likeability ratings ( F 1, 70 = 4.25, P = 0.04, η 2 P = 0.06), in males it tended to decrease them ( F 1, 70 = 2.89, P = 0.09, η 2 P = 0.04)”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with greater reactivity in men to those who criticized others ( t 35 = 3.22, P = 0.003, Cohen ' s d = 1.04) but in women to those who praised them ( t 35 = 2.45, P = 0.019, Cohen ' s d = 0.82)”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with connectivity being weaker in females ( t 35 = -2.74, P = 0.01, Cohen ' s d = 0.9) but stronger in males ( t 35 = 2.49, P = 0.02, Cohen ' s d = 0.81) for criticizers, and for praisers, in contrast, stronger in females ( t 35 = 2.03, P = 0.05, Cohen ' s d = 0.68) but weaker in males ( t 35 = -2.15, P = 0.04, Cohen ' s d = 0.71)”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals paired with positive valence characteristics are rated as more likeable and approachable but the opposite for those with negative information (22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, behavioral studies have reported that whereas OXT tends to facilitate positive social judgments (7), social approach (8), kinship recognition (5), and altruism (9) in women, in men it can facilitate negative social judgments (7), social avoidance (10), competitor recognition (5), and selfishness (9).”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, this region plays a key role in processing social salience (18) and controlling approach and avoidance behaviors (10), which OXT has been shown to modulate (3, 4, 6, 19).”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent studies in both monkeys and humans have suggested that it has not only evolved a more extensive role in social cognition in female primates but also become progressively used by males in this domain (3).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During social interactions, we make rapid judgments about new people that determine whether to approach or avoid and shape our future interactions with them (21).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The partial correlation between likeability and extraction of OXT-altered functional connectivity was computed controlling for STAI and PANAS scores because OXT might modulate anxiety and mood (45, 46).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Guastella AJ, Howard AL, Dadds MR, Mitchell P, Carson DS (2009) A randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin as an adjunct to exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(6):917 -923. source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U (2003) Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biol Psychiatry 54(12):1389 -1398. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, our findings demonstrate that whereas OXT enhances the salience of positive social attributes in women, it makes men focus more on negative ones.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, other studies have also reported that OXT effects on amygdala responses often occur with concurrent changes in its connections with, and activation of, the insula (27 -29).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Rilling JK, et al. (2012) Effects of intranasal oxytocin and vasopressin on cooperative behavior and associated brain activity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(4): 447 -461. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Striepens N, et al. (2012) Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(44):18144 -18149. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Riem MM, et al. (2012) No laughing matter: Intranasal oxytocin administration changes functional brain connectivity during exposure to infant laughter. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(5):1257 -1266. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, our neuroimaging results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that OXT exerts markedly different neural effects in men and women, with greater left amygdala response in women to individuals exhibiting socially but not nonsocially directed praise although in men to those who criticize others.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The neural basis of the opposing sex-dependent behavioral effects of oxytocin has not been established.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects rated the faces as emotionally neutral ( M ± SD, 4.98 ± 0.15) and average in attractiveness (4.37 ± 0.35) and trustworthiness (4.87 ± 0.32) using 9-point Likert scales.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies on amygdala responses to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes (14 -17, 30) and social risk (31) have also indicated that OXT may induce sex-dependent changes in amygdala activation to emotional stimuli.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Petrovic P, Kalisch R, Singer T, Dolan RJ (2008) Oxytocin attenuates affective evaluations of conditioned faces and amygdala activity. J Neurosci 28(26):6607 -6615. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Baumgartner T, Heinrichs M, Vonlanthen A, Fischbacher U, Fehr E (2008) Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron 58(4): 639 -650. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, the lack of OXT modulation in a face-alone control condition argues against confounding effects of OXT on face perception per se (25) or face sex (Tables S2 and S3).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The neural basis of the opposing sex-dependent behavioral effects of oxytocin has not been established.
“The neural basis of these opposing sex-dependent behavioral effects of OXT has not, however, been established.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This bias can be observed in much of the prior work on oxytocin in humans as well, with some neuroimaging studies indicating potential differences in the oxytocin system between sexes.13, 14, 47, 48, 49”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“This bias can be observed in much of the prior work on oxytocin in humans as well, with some neuroimaging studies indicating potential differences in the oxytocin system between sexes.13, 14, 47, 48, 49”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“For the oxytocin-fMRI and behavioral oxytocin-replication experiments, we recruited only male participants to avoid potential confounds of sex differences in oxytocin effects 21,51 , consistent with previous studies examining oxytocin effects on social cognition.”
From Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“As a result of these actions OXT treatment decreases amygdala activity in response to negative/ fearful emotions (Fig. 3) and increases the activity of cortical and subcortical regions, often in a sex-specific way (Gao et al., 2016).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Based on a growing number of findings suggesting sex-dependent effects of OXT on social cognition (Chen et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017), the second experiment additionally explored whether OXT differentially affects empathic processing in men and women.”
From Oxytocin Enhancement of Emotional Empathy: Generalization Across Cultures and Effects on Amygdala Activity (2018) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2016
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedz = 2.41reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .016
“z = 2.41, p = .008”
- Not confirmedz = 2.51reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .012
“z = 2.51, p = .006”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Fisher's z P values appear one-tailed despite a two-tailed reporting rule
MinorFor z = 2.41 and z = 2.51, the two-tailed normal P values are approximately 0.016 and 0.012, respectively. The reported values, 0.008 and 0.006, are approximately one-tailed P values, contrary to the stated reporting rule.
“Fisher ' s z = 2.41, P = 0.008) and praising people in females (OXT, r = 0.5, P = 0.04; PLC, r = -0.35; P = 0.26; Fisher ' s z = 2.51, P = 0.006)”
“All reported P values were twotailed, and P < 0.05 was considered significant.”
Citations
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Intranasal oxytocin, testosterone reactivity, and human competitiveness
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“Since sex-dependent effects of OXT have been reported by previous studies (Gao et al., 2016; Scheele et al., 2014), it is possible that OXT effects on self-serving lying might be different in females.”
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“…to positive social experiences in women but not men, an effect that is, at least in-part, mediated by differential amygdala reactivity (e.g., Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2018); however, this gender difference may be dose-dependent with males requiring a higher dose to…”
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Sindermann, C., Luo, R., Becker, B., Kendrick, K. M., & Montag, C. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/361212 · Cited by 5
“Firstly, only males were investigated and since sex-dependent effects of OXT have been reported by previous studies [21, 22] it is possible that OXT effects on self-serving lying might also be different in females.”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhao, W., Zhang, X., & Kendrick, K. M. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106624 · Cited by 7
Self-citationOxytocin differentially modulates the early neural responses to faces and non-social stimuli
Moses, E., Nelson, N. L., Taubert, J., & Pegna, A. J. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae010 · Cited by 6
“Importantly, this study will control for established OT-sex based differences (Gao et al. , 2016) and correct the asymmetry in the OT-ERP literature by recruiting cismale participants.”
BackgroundMethod“Less is more”: a dose-response account of intranasal oxytocin pharmacodynamics in the human brainPreprint
Martins, D., Broadmann, K., Veronese, M., Dipasquale, O., Mazibuko, N., Schuschnig, U., Zelaya, F., Fotopoulou, A., & Paloyelis, Y. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427062 · Cited by 7
Martins, D. A., Mazibuko, N., Zelaya, F. O., Vasilakopoulou, S., Loveridge, J., Oates, A., Maltezos, S., Mehta, M. A., Wastling, S. J., Howard, M. A., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/563056 · Cited by 9
“Second, our findings cannot be readily extrapolated to women, given the known sexual dimorphism of the OT system in the brain and behavioural responses to OT in humans (76-78).”
BackgroundMaoz, H., Grossman‐Giron, A., Baruch, N., Sedoff, O., Mama, Y., Nitzan, U., & Bitan, D. T. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116269 · Cited by 4
PVN–NAc Shell–VP Circuit OT and OTR Neurons Regulate Pair Bonding via D2R and D1R
Zhang, L., Qu, Y., Li, L., Sun, Y., Qian, W., Xiao, J., Huang, K., Han, X., Niu, H., Li, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2061-24.2025 · Cited by 4
Oxytocin Reduces the Attractiveness of Silver-Tongued Men for Women During Mid-Cycle
Gao, Z., Ma, X., Zhou, X., Xin, F., Gao, S., Kou, J., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.760695 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAssociation between salivary oxytocin levels and the amygdala and hippocampal volumes
Shou, Q., Yamada, J., Nishina, K., Matsunaga, M., Matsuda, T., & Takagishi, H. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-022-02543-5 · Cited by 4
Bradley, E., Portanova, J., Woolley, J. D., Buck, B., Painter, I. S., Hankin, M., Xu, W., & Cohen, T. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115893 · Cited by 5
Blood oxytocin levels are not associated with ADHD tendencies and emotionality in healthy adults
Wernicke, J., Zhang, Y., Felten, A., Du, J. R., Yao, S., Kou, J., Chen, Y., Kendrick, K. M., Becker, B., Reuter, M., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135312 · Cited by 7
Self-citationHenningsson, S., Leknes, S., Asperholm, M., Eikemo, M., & Westberg, L. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108164 · Cited by 4
Liu, Q., Song, X., Zhou, X., Huang, L., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zhu, S., Lan, C., Yang, W., & Zhao, W. (2023) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkad004 · Cited by 3
“We extracted the Fisher’s z scores of rsFCs with a 6 mm sphere radius at the peak coordinates (Gao et al. , 2016; Zhang et al. , 2018; Ramot et al. , 2019) connected to the amygdala subregions that were significantly correlated with total CTQ scores for subsequent statistical analysis and machine…”
MethodSelf-citationIntrinsic, dynamic and effective connectivity among large-scale brain networks modulated by oxytocinPreprint
Jiang, X., Ma, X., Geng, Y., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055038 · Cited by 4
Self-citationOxytocin modulates neurocomputational mechanisms underlying prosocial reinforcement learningPreprint
Martins, D., Lockwood, P. L., Cutler, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445739 · Cited by 4
Oral, similar to intranasal, administration of oxytocin decreases top-down social attentionPreprint
Zhuang, Q., Zheng, X., Yao, S., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.21263870 · Cited by 4
“Some previous studies in rodents have reported sex-specific behavioral and neural effects of peripherally administered OXT (Dumais et al, 2017; Tabbaa & Hammock, 2020) and some studies in humans with intranasal OXT administration have also reported sex-dependent effects (Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017), although n…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGeng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhou, F., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/343616 · Cited by 3
Self-citationOxytocin amplifies sex differences in human mate choicePreprint
Xu, L., Becker, B., Luo, R., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/416198 · Cited by 3
Self-citationZhao, W., Luo, R., Sindermann, C., Li, J., Wei, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Le, J., Quintana, D. S., Montag, C., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/552703 · Cited by 3
“With respect to personal factors, converging evidence points to the important role of biological factors including sex [14,15] and genetic variations, particularly individual differences in oxytocin-receptor gene (OXTR; located on chromosome 3p25) polymorphisms [16,17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhuang, Q., Zheng, X., Becker, B., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445212 · Cited by 3
Self-citationChung, S., Kim, H.-J., Park, C. I., Bang, M., & Lee, S.-H. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.07.012 · Cited by 3
Oxytocin and autism – A precision medicine framework to unpack mechanisms and evidence
Boulton, K., & Guastella, A. J. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106746 · Cited by 2
Sex- and Context-dependent Effects of Oxytocin on Social Reward ProcessingPreprint
Ma, X.-L., Zhao, W.-H., Luo, R., Zhou, F., Geng, Y., Xu, L., Gao, Z., Zheng, X.-X., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/274027 · Cited by 1
“, 2014) and with our previous findings both for sex-differences in amygdala responses in a social judgment task (Gao et al., 2016) and sub-liminal face-emotion task (Luo et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationXu, X., Liu, C., Zhou, X., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/501171 · Cited by 2
Self-citationFu, K., Xu, S., Zhang, Z., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.24306196 · Cited by 2
“Based on previous studies reporting effects of OT on the functional communication of the amygdala 48, 49 , separate atlas-derived bilateral masks for the amygdala, MCC, insula and vmPFC were used for SVC analyses with FWE correction 61 applied at peak level.”
MethodSelf-citationJongerius, C., Hillen, M. A., Smets, E. M. A., Mol, M. J., Kooij, E. S., de Nood, M. A., Dalmaijer, E. S., Fliers, E., Romijn, J. A., & Quintana, D. S. (2023) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-22-0377 · Cited by 1
Words or appearance? The impact of verbal behaviour and facial attraction on first impression
Gao, S., Li, Q., He, C., Yan, X., & Yin, Y. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109107 · Cited by 1
Self-citationReceiving human and android facial mimicry induces empathic experiences and oxytocin release
Hsu, C., Minato, T., Shimokawa, K., & Sato, W. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100895 · Cited by 2
Kroll, C., Schruers, K. R. J., Viechtbauer, W., Vingerhoets, C., Seidel, L., Riedl, A. M., & Hernaus, D. (2026) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2026.03.006 · Cited by 1
Zhao, Y., & Xiao, L. (2026) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-026-03105-9 · Cited by 1
Us against them: oxytocin response to competition in a small-scale human society
Debras, C. C., Colby, A. E., Martin, J. S., Baettig, V., Jud, D. C., Ista, A. C., Tayo, L. C., Trumble, B., Scaff, C., & Jaeggi, A. V. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2026.0242 · Cited by 1
Comparative Perspectives on the Function of Oxytocin in Fish and Mammals
Yokoi, S., Young, L. J., & Takeuchi, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5359-0_8 · Cited by 1
Oxytocin’s role in the interaction between emotion and cognitive control
Ganzel, A. R., Shalev, H., Hochman, S., Zultan, R., Cohen, N., & Naparstek, S. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109004 · Cited by 2
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0006 · Cited by 1
The Neurophysiology of the Retribution and Reciprocity Model: The Anatomy of Cooperation
Svingen, E. (2023) · Palgrave's Frontiers in Criminology Theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36275-0_3 · Cited by 1
Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in womenPreprint
Bethlehem, R. A. I., Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M.-C., Auyeung, B., Crockford, S. K., Deakin, J., Soubramanian, S., Sule, A., Kundu, P., Voon, V., et al. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/068585 · Cited by 7
Chen, Y.-S., Becker, B., Zhang, Y.-Y., Cui, H., Du, J., Wernicke, J., Montag, C., Kendrick, K., & Yao, S.-X. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.965830 · Cited by 34
“- 24 previously been shown to differentially influence functional connectivity between the AI and amygdala dependent upon both sex and salience (Gao et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTesting the effect of oxytocin on social grooming in bonobosPreprint
Brooks, J., Kano, F., Yeow, H., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.468796 · Cited by 1
Zheng, X., Wang, J., Yang, X. S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559242 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHow Is God “Like a Drug”? Exploring the Evolution of Social Affects and Oxytocin
Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.005.0002 · Cited by 1
Ocitocina, um “medicamento” ainda em potencial terapêutico para distúrbios psiquiátricos
de Deus, D. M. V., & de Freitas, P. S. (2017) · REVISTA HUM@NAE
On oxytocin and social behavior
Hovey, D. (2018) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Salivary sex hormone levels following oxytocin administration in autistic and typical womenPreprint
Procyshyn, T. L., Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/679282
Interaction Rituals and Embodied Choice Theory
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0003
Megachurch: An American Original (Almost)
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Dissecting Megachurch Scandals
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0014
Conclusion: Havens of Health or Habitats for the Prosperity Gospel?
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0015
Desire for Wow, or Hacking the Happy
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0009 · Cited by 1
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0010
Megachurch: The Drug That Works
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0001
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0011
The Micro-sociology of Interaction Rituals within Megachurches
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0007
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0013
Defining Religion: Sacred Moral Communities
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0004
Desire for Acceptance and Belonging
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0008
Congregations in a Time of Change
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0006
The Problem of Cooperation and Homo Duplex
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0002
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.003.0012
Martins, D., Leslie, M. R., Rodan, S., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.920090
Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Timely Update on Therapeutic Strategies
Tucker, L. D., Li, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2020) · Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.12974/2313-1047.2020.07.10
Transhumanists’ Informational View of Being and Knowledge
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0007
Utilitarian Commitments of Transhumanists and Their Sociopolitical Implications
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0005
Why We Should Reject Transhumanists’ Entire Lens on the Mind and Brain
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0003
Assessing Transhumanist Advocacy of Cognitive Bioenhancement
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0002
Evaluating the Debate Thus Far over Moral Bioenhancement
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0004
Living Virtuously as a Regulative Ideal
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0008
Jongerius, C., Hillen, M. A., Smets, E. M. A., Mol, M. J., Kooij, E. S., de Nood, M. A., Dalmaijer, E. S., Fliers, E., Romijn, J. A., & Quintana, D. S. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/x6rf4
Aboitiz, F. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54060-7_11
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0001
Investigation of whether oxytocin and trust play a role in placebo effects of marketing actionsPreprint
Schelski, D. S., Scheele, D., Schmidt, L., Hurlemann, R., Weber, B., & Plaßmann, H. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518177
“We focused on an exclusively male sample to increase the statistical power and to control for an additional source of noise due to potential gender-related (hormonal) differences of OXT effects on behaviour 58,60,61 .”
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Jeung-Maarse, H. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230918hj
Adriani, P. P. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.87.2021.tde-20122023-140053
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.002.0003
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.002.0006
Data, Methodology, and Descriptive Statistics
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.005.0001
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0003
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0004
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.005.0003
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0006
Wellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.002.0008
Nogueira-Vale, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59038-2_1
Receiving Human and Android Facial Mimicry Induces Empathy Experiences and Oxytocin ReleasePreprint
Hsu, C., Minato, T., Shimokawa, K., & Sato, W. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3ufdh
Tang, H., Fu, H., Su, S., Tong, L., Ma, Y., & Liu, C. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06783-1
“Previous research has shown that intranasal oxytocin can activate the male amyg - dala to enhance their responses to negative stimuli (Buss and Schmitt 1993; Ditzen et al. 2013; Eckstein et al. 2015; Gao et al. 2016 ).”
The role of oxytocin and cultural tightness in model-based learning of social Incongruency
Wang, J.-X., & Mu, Y. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105873
Oxytocin-induced modulation of explicit and implicit visual perspective taking
Huang, Y., Qu, C., Wei, C., & Bardi, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-40445-2 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, previous work has well-documented sex-dependent effects of OT on social cognition, including judgment 58,59 , social motivation 60,61 , cooperation and competition 62,63 , and relationship maintenance 64 , which can differ markedly between males and females 65 .”
Does intranasal oxytocin reduce symptoms of mental disorders? A meta-analysis of clinical trials
Bonnieux, J. N., Gumuchian, S. T., Harboun, A., Trespalacios, F., Bélisle, K.-A., Haddad, A., Quintus-Bosz, O., McLellan, A., Chester-Trudel, L., Garred, D., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106749
Fu, K., Xu, S., Liu, D., Zhang, Z., Liu, Q., He, J., Xu, T., Liu, C., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.11.26360155
Self-citationВВЕДЕНИЕ В ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНУЮ ЭТИКУ
СТРОЕВ, С. А. (2026) · Reputaciologiâ. · doi:10.34925/2071-9094.2026.79.1.002
Metadata
- Authors
- Gao, S., Becker, B., Luo, L., Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Yin, Y., Hu, J., Gao, Z., Gong, Q., Hurlemann, R., Yao, D., & Kendrick, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-06-20
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 7650-7654
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4941426
- OpenAlex
- W2463712686
- Semantic Scholar
- af05fbad29f511e2370f503c16a26d83b21df3a2
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 40.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31530032)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, sex differences, amygdala activation, social cognition, intranasal oxytocin, social bonding, prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxytocin, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Young Adult, Sociological Factors
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