Oxytocin facilitates social approach behavior in women
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In challenging environments including both numerous threats and scarce resources, the survival of an organism depends on its ability to quickly escape from dangers and to seize opportunities to gain rewards. The phylogenetically ancient neurohormonal oxytocin (OXT) system has been shown to influence both approach and avoidance (AA) behavior in men, but evidence for comparable effects in women is still lacking. We thus conducted a series of pharmacological behavioral experiments in a randomized double-blind study involving 76 healthy heterosexual women treated with either OXT (24 IU) or placebo intranasally. In Experiment 1, we tested how OXT influenced the social distance subjects maintained between themselves and either a female or male experimenter. In Experiment 2, we applied a reaction time based AA task. In Experiment 3 we investigated effects on peri-personal space by measuring the lateral attentional bias in a line bisection task. We found that OXT specifically decreased the distance maintained between subjects and the male but not the female experimenter and also accelerated approach toward pleasant social stimuli in the AA task. However, OXT did not influence the size of peri-personal space, suggesting that it does not alter perception of personal space per se, but rather that a social element is necessary for OXT's effects on AA behavior to become evident. Taken together, our results point to an evolutionarily adaptive mechanism by which OXT in women selectively promotes approach behavior in positive social contexts.
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Behavioral studies report that oxytocin facilitates positive social judgments, social approach, kinship recognition, and altruism in women, but negative social judgments, social avoidance, competitor recognition, and selfishness in men.
“In particular, behavioral studies have reported that whereas OXT tends to facilitate positive social judgments (7), social approach (8), kinship recognition (5), and altruism (9) in women, in men it can facilitate negative social judgments (7), social avoidance (10), competitor recognition (5), and selfishness (9).”
From Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Oxytocin enhances the salience of positive social cues to facilitate tend-and-befriend and approach behavior in females toward individuals with prosocial attributes.
“Our observations correspond to OXT enhancing the salience of positive social cues to facilitate ' tend-and-befriend ' (33) and approach behavior in females toward individuals with prosocial attributes (8).”
From Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Prevailing hypotheses suggest that oxytocin may uniquely help mitigate barriers to engaging in behavioral treatments that specifically target avoidance, which would thereby allow patients who might otherwise be unable to tolerate PE to engage effectively, complete the treatment, obtain an adequate therapeutic dose, and experience long-term remission of PTSD.
“Prevailing hypotheses suggest that oxytocin may uniquely help mitigate barriers to engaging in behavioral treatments that specifically target avoidance (Preckel et al., 2014), which would thereby allow patients who might otherwise be unable to tolerate PE to engage effectively, complete the treatment, obtain an adequate therapeutic dose, and experience long-term remission of PTSD (Frijling et al.,”
From Augmenting Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD with intranasal oxytocin: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Preckel et al., 2014
Activations in the amygdala and middle and anterior cingulate cortex have been found susceptible to intranasal oxytocin.
“whose activations have been found to be susceptible to OXT IN (Eckstein et al, 2014a, b;Preckel et al, 2014;Scheele et al, 2014a, b).”
From Oxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males (2016) · cites this paper as Preckel et al, 2014
The study tested only healthy men, and extrapolation to females is hampered given gender-dimorphic effects of OXT and fear circuits.
“First, we have only tested healthy men, and given the gender-dimorphic effects of OXT and fear circuits, the extrapolation to females is hampered (Preckel et al, 2014;Scheele et al, 2014b).”
From Oxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males (2016) · cites this paper as Preckel et al, 2014
OT has been found to increase in-group trust, pro-social behavior and neural reward sensitivity to social stimuli in men and women.
“OT has been found to increase in-group trust, pro-social behavior and neural reward sensitivity to social stimuli in men and women (eg, Groppe et al, 2013;Van IJzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012;Preckel et al, 2014;Striepens et al, 2014).”
From Intranasal oxytocin administration dampens amygdala reactivity towards emotional faces in male and female PTSD patients (2016) · cites this paper as Preckel et al, 2014
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Oxytocin Normalizes Approach–Avoidance Behavior in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder
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Oxytocin and Human Trust Behavior
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Sullivan, G. A. (2021) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
- Authors
- Preckel, K., Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-05-27
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 191-191
- ISSN
- 1662-5153 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4034412
- OpenAlex
- W1970609368
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 22.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (91132720)
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- oxytocin, social approach behavior, approach-avoidance behavior, sex differences, social distance, personal space, line bisection task, women
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