Indigenous impacts on North American Great Plains fire regimes of the past millennium
Open accessAbstract
This study documents the use of fire to manipulate bison herds in the northern Great Plains, showing that burning by indigenous hunters combined with climate variability to shape historical fire patterns.
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Claims the paper makes
13 of 44 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Changes in socioeconomic organization can drive abrupt, climate-independent fire regime changes.
“changes in socioeconomic organization can drive abrupt, climate-independent fire regime changes (17,64,65).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [17] 17. Bowman DMJS, et al. (2011) The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth. J Biogeogr 38:2223-2236. source
- cites [64] 64. Pausas J, Keeley J (2014) Abrupt climate-independent fire regime changes. Ecosystems 17:1109-1120. source
- cites [65] 65. Coughlan MR, Petty AM (2012) Linking humans and fire: A proposal for a trans- disciplinary fire ecology. Int J Wildland Fire 21:477-487. source
- Premisecitation
Spring burning (for a fall hunt) or fall burning (for a spring hunt) would have created attractive conditions for subsequent grazing by bison, who prefer to graze recently burned patches.
“Spring burning (for a fall hunt) or fall burning (for a spring hunt) would have created attractive conditions for subsequent grazing by bison, who prefer to graze recently burned patches (30,48).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [30] 30. Higgins KF (1986) Interpretation and Compendium of Historical Fire Accounts in the Northern Great Plains. US Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [48] 48. Allred BW, Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM, Elmore RD (2011) Ungulate preference for burned patches reveals strength of fire-grazing interaction. Ecol Evol 1:132-144. source
The Results report that bison selected recently burned areas, supporting the claim that burns could attract subsequent grazing. The Methods describe burns in several seasons, but the paper does not test spring burns for fall hunts or fall burns for spring hunts; those specific seasonal and hunting scenarios are not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
There is no universal 'hunter-gatherer' use of fire.
“Ethnographic (13,59,60) and ethnological research (7, 22, 23, 26, 61) makes clear that there is no universal”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [13] 13. Bliege Bird R, Bird DW, Codding BF, Parker CH, Jones JH (2008) The "fire stick farm- ing" hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthro- pogenic fire mosaics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:14796-14801. source
- cites [59] 59. Bliege Bird R, Tayor N, Codding BF, Bird DW (2013) Niche construction and Dreaming logic: Aboriginal patch mosaic burning and varanid lizards (Varanus gouldii) in Aus- tralia. Proc Biol Sci 280:20132297. source
- cites [60] 60. Bliege Bird R, Tayor N, Codding BF, Bird DW (2016) Economic, social and ecological contexts of hunting, sharing and fire in the Western Desert of Australia. Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the 21st Century, eds Codding BF, Kramer KL (Univ New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, NM), pp 213-230.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Distinguishing the human role in fire history is only possible because of linkages between the fire record and the archaeological record at comparable pyrogeographic scales.
“In our study, distinguishing the human role in fire history is only possible because of linkages between the fire record and the archaeological record at comparable pyrogeographic scales (17,52).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [17] 17. Bowman DMJS, et al. (2011) The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth. J Biogeogr 38:2223-2236. source
- cites [52] 52. Roos CI, et al. (2014) Pyrogeography, historical ecology, and the human dimensions of fire regimes. J Biogeogr 41:833-836. source
The 'Human Pyrogeography in a Complex World' section says that distinguishing human-caused fire activity in palaeoenvironmental records is difficult with existing methods; the Conclusions likewise say current fire-history methods may be inadequate. The paper does not say that linking fire and archaeological records at comparable pyrogeographic scales is what makes the distinction possible. The citing authors' phrase 'in our study' describes their own study, not this source's finding. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Human impacts on fire regimes are not mutually exclusive with climate influences.
“Although many scholars treat climate and human activity as mutually exclusive influences on fire activity, our study indicates that human impacts on fire regimes are not so simple (52).”
- Also stated in: § Significance · hedged
“This study indicates that climate and human activities are not mutually exclusive factors in fire histories; even relatively small groups of hunter-gatherers can enhance climate impacts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [52] 52. Roos CI, et al. (2014) Pyrogeography, historical ecology, and the human dimensions of fire regimes. J Biogeogr 41:833-836. source
- Also stated in: § Significance · hedged
- Interpretationcitation
The practice of strategic grassland burning would have increased the predictability of locating bison in the gathering basin for a particular driveline complex, effectively enhancing encounter rates.
“This practice would have increased the predictability of locating bison in the gathering basin for a particular driveline complex, effectively enhancing encounter rates (13) as hunters-gatherers do across the globe (22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [13] 13. Bliege Bird R, Bird DW, Codding BF, Parker CH, Jones JH (2008) The "fire stick farm- ing" hypothesis: Australian Aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthro- pogenic fire mosaics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:14796-14801. source
The section on anthropogenic landscapes reports that burning during Martu small-game hunts increased hunting returns and reduced hunt failures. The paper does not establish that grassland burning made bison more predictable at a driveline gathering basin, or that this effect occurs among hunter-gatherers across the globe. It also reports no significant immediate return-rate benefit when burning was used while hunting larger prey. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [22] 22. Scherjon F, Bakels C, MacDonald K, Roebroeks W (2015) Burning the land: An eth- nographic study of off-site fire use by current and historically documented foragers and implications for the interpretation of past fire practices in the landscape. Curr Anthropol 56:299-326. source
- Premisecitation
Antecedent moisture conditions (10-y averages of PDSI) are a proxy for fuel production.
“compared with decadal variability in PDSI by using 10-y averages of antecedent moisture conditions (27), a proxy for fuel production (B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] 27. Bliege Bird R, Bird DW, Codding BF (2016) People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia: Fire regimes and climate controls in hummock grasslands. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371:20150343. source
The Methods (page unavailable) use cumulative 24-month antecedent rainfall as a measure of fuel load and say rainfall affects fuel growth. This supports the general idea that prior moisture can proxy fuel production, but the paper does not use PDSI or 10-year averages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
More than half of all charcoal layers coincide with modest pluvial episodes.
“More than half of all charcoal layers coincide with modest pluvial episodes”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“However, the remaining seven charcoal deposits correspond to modest or short wet periods, which should have lower fire activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Although decadal-scale pluvial episodes persist after 1650 CE, comparable charcoal layers did not form at either of these localities.
“Furthermore, although decadal-scale pluvial episodes persist after 1650 CE, comparable charcoal layers did not form at either of these localities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Peak fire activity over the past millennium in the study area occurred coincident with the use of driveline complexes (ca. 1100-1650 CE).
“Radiocarbon-dated charcoal layers from alluvial and colluvial deposits associated with driveline complexes indicate that peak fire activity over the past millennium occurred coincident with the use of these features (ca.1100-1650 CE).”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“Dated fire deposits indicate that unusually high prairie fire activity occurred between 1100 and 1650 CE, approximately coeval with the Old Women's phase archaeology of the Two Medicine valley (ca.900-1650 CE; SI Appendix, Fig. S1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · hedged
- Findingown data
The absence of charcoal deposits in strata that predate and postdate the Old Women's phase suggests that the fire regime was qualitatively different between 1100 and 1650 CE than centuries before or after.
“The absence of charcoal deposits in strata that predate and postdate the Old Women's phase suggests that the fire regime was qualitatively different between 1100 and 1650 CE than centuries before or after.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Six of the thirteen dated charcoal deposits coincide with decadal-scale pluvial episodes.
“Six of the thirteen dated charcoal deposits coincide with decadal-scale pluvial episodes (50), as would be expected even under”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] 50. Cook ER, Woodhouse CA, Eakin CM, Meko DM, Stahle DW (2004) Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306:1015-1018. source
- Findingown data
The peak probabilities for individual fire layers for the two localities indicate that the associated driveline complexes may not have been used simultaneously.
“The peak probabilities for individual fire layers for the two localities indicate that the associated driveline complexes may not have been used simultaneously.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Comparison of dated fire deposits with Palmer Drought Severity Index reconstructions reveals strong climate-fire linkages.
“However, comparison of dated fire deposits with Palmer Drought Severity Index reconstructions reveal strong climate-fire linkages.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Although our radiocarbon records provide strong evidence for anthropogenic burning during the Old Women's phase, they also show significant relationships with climate (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingnone given
Charcoal was dispersed in alluvium, colluvium, and soils at both localities superposed above and below the fire deposits.
“Charcoal was dispersed in alluvium, colluvium, and soils at both localities superposed above and below the fire deposits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Short, mild wet periods correspond to peaks in the fire probability distribution.
“Dashed vertical black lines indicate short, mild wet periods that correspond to peaks in the fire probability distribution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Luminescence dates from driveline cairns and rock rings demonstrate that drivelines, bone bed features, and campsites were coeval.
“Luminescence dates from driveline cairns and rock rings demonstrate that drivelines, bone bed features, and campsites were coeval (71).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] 71. Feathers JK, Zedeño MN, Todd LC, Aaberg S (2017) Dating stone alignments by lu- minescence. Adv Archaeol Pract 3:378-396. source
- Interpretationreasoning
It is likely that the fire patterns identified in this study are restricted to the uplands where driveline complexes occur: a fairly large but not necessarily continuous area from central Montana into southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan.
“Therefore, it is likely that the fire patterns we have identified here are restricted to the uplands where driveline complexes occur: a fairly large but not necessarily continuous area from central Montana into southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Relatively small, mobile human populations can impact natural fire regimes, even in pyrogeographic settings in which climate exerts strong, top-down controls on fuels.
“These results indicate that relatively small, mobile human populations can impact natural fire regimes, even in pyrogeographic settings in which climate exerts strong, top-down controls on fuels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Furthermore, our study indicates that hunter-gatherers can have a significant impact on fire regimes (56) even at relatively low population densities, suggesting that population estimates or modes of economic organization may be useful, but not necessarily sufficient, proxies for human influence on fire activity (19).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Interpretationown data
The evidence supports the historical view that use of specific driveline complexes may have been rotated across the landscape.
“This supports the historical view that use of specific complexes may have been rotated across the landscape (51).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] 51. McClintock W (1999) The Old North Trail: Life, Legends, and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians (Univ Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Ethnographic diversity likely underrepresents hunter-gatherer diversity in the deep past.
“However, ethnographic diversity likely underrepresents hunter-gatherer diversity in the deep past.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The radiocarbon and stratigraphic data are strong evidence for anthropogenic burning as part of Old Women's phase bison harvesting technology.
“Given the spatial proximity to driveline complexes and the timing of fire activity relative to their use, we interpret the radiocarbon and stratigraphic data as strong evidence for anthropogenic burning as part of Old Women's phase bison harvesting technology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The asynchrony of dated fire layers from the two localities suggests that, even at the spatial scale of the Two Medicine River and the temporal scale of an individual pluvial episode, anthropogenic burning was not uniform across the area.
“The asynchrony of dated fire layers from our two localities suggests that, even at the spatial scale of the Two Medicine River and the temporal scale of an individual pluvial episode, anthropogenic burning was not uniform across the area.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Population estimates or modes of economic organization may be useful, but not necessarily sufficient, proxies for human influence on fire activity.
“suggesting that population estimates or modes of economic organization may be useful, but not necessarily sufficient, proxies for human influence on fire activity (19).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] 19. Marlon JR, et al. (2013) Global biomass burning: A synthesis and review of Holocene paleofire records and their controls. Quat Sci Rev 65:5-25. source
- Interpretationreasoning
Decadal-scale pluvial episodes were long enough to support burning at multiple driveline complexes over the course of most wet periods.
“Decadal-scale pluvial episodes were long enough to support burning at multiple driveline complexes (spaced at 8-15-km intervals along the river) over the course of most wet periods, so we would expect for the peak probabilities of more than 2 of the 13 fire layers to be synchronous if multiple drivelines were in use simultaneously at the decadal scale (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The seasonality of communal hunts, as indicated from bone bed faunal remains and ethnohistorical summaries, suggests that the drivelines were used from late fall to early spring.
“The seasonality of communal hunts, as indicated from bone bed faunal remains and ethnohistorical summaries (47), suggest that the drivelines were used from late fall to early spring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] 47. Verbicky-Todd E (1984) Communal Buffalo Hunting Among the Plains Indians: An Ethnographic and Historic Review (Alberta Culture, Historical Resources Division, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Communal bison hunts focused on bison wintering areas in the foothills, contributing to differences in the seasonality between burning for pyric herbivory and natural fires.
“Within the annual cycle, communal bison hunts focused on bison wintering areas in the foothills (40,55), contributing to differences in the seasonality between burning for pyric herbivory and natural fires (30).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [40] 40. Peck TR (2001) Bison ethology and native settlement patterns during the Old Wom- en's phase on the Northwestern Plains. PhD dissertation (Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [55] 55. Morgan RG (1991) Beaver ecology/beaver mythology. PhD dissertation (Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB). source
- cites [30] 30. Higgins KF (1986) Interpretation and Compendium of Historical Fire Accounts in the Northern Great Plains. US Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC).
- Interpretationreasoning
The records in this study do not represent indiscriminate or broad, landscape-scale burning.
“our records do not represent indiscriminate or broad, landscape-scale burning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Hunter-gatherer burning can have meaningful impacts on fire regimes.
“Although the pyric herbivory we document for the Old Women's phase was unlikely to produce carbon releases comparable to forest clearance, it indicates that hunter-gatherer burning can have meaningful impacts on fire regimes and needs to be considered as the Ancient Anthropocene hypotheses continues to be debated (56).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] 56. Lightfoot KG, Cuthrell RQ (2015) Anthropogenic burning and the Anthropocene in late-Holocene California. Holocene 25:1581-1587. source
- Interpretationreasoning
Burning too large an area or in areas too far from driveline gathering basins would undermine the goal of predicting where bison would graze.
“Burning too large an area or in areas too far from driveline gathering basins would undermine this goal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The pyric herbivory documented for the Old Women's phase was unlikely to produce carbon releases comparable to forest clearance.
“Although the pyric herbivory we document for the Old Women's phase was unlikely to produce carbon releases comparable to forest clearance, it indicates that hunter-gatherer burning can have meaningful impacts on fire regimes and needs to be considered as the Ancient Anthropocene hypotheses continues to be debated (56).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Fire use by indigenous hunters enhanced the effects of climate variability on prairie fire regimes.
“suggesting that fire use by indigenous hunters enhanced the effects of climate variability on prairie fire regimes.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“Together, these patterns suggest that anthropogenic burning during the Old Women's phase leveraged pyric herbivory when there were sufficient fuels to use fire in communal hunts, even amplifying the effects of short or modest wet periods on grassland fire regimes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · hedged
- Interpretationreasoning
The greater mobility of equestrian hunters, and probably of pedestrian hunters before the Old Women's phase, meant that fire use would have been much more widely distributed on the landscape, rather than concentrated in association with driveline complexes.
“The greater mobility of equestrian hunters, and probably of pedestrian hunters before the Old Women's phase, meant that fire use would have been much more widely distributed on the landscape, rather than concentrated in association with driveline complexes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: With the introduction of the horse in the early 1700s, hunters became much more mobile even as social and economic complexity persisted.
- Premisecitation
Communal bison hunts on the Great Plains may have primarily occurred during wet periods.
“For example, communal bison hunts on the Great Plains may have primarily occurred during wet periods (54), meaning that human activity and fire responded to the same climate signals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] 54. Reher CA, Frison GC (1980) The vore site, 48Ck302, a stratified buffalo jump in the Wyoming Black Hills. Plains Anthropol 25:1-190. source
- Interpretationreasoning
Strategic grassland burning was used to lure bison to the gathering basins of particular driveline complexes.
“Although it is possible that fire was used to initiate bison drives as well, we think it more likely that strategic grassland burning was used to lure bison to the gathering basins of particular driveline complexes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Extensive fire use by mobile foragers may be less easily distinguished from natural fires, particularly if it also leveraged climate opportunities to burn.
“Extensive fire use by mobile foragers may be less easily distinguished from natural fires, particularly if it also leveraged climate opportunities to burn.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: With the introduction of the horse in the early 1700s, hunters became much more mobile even as social and economic complexity persisted.
- Interpretationreasoning
The visibility of the anthropogenic fire regime may have been facilitated by the relatively low rates of lightning ignitions, creating greater opportunity for anthropogenic ignitions to generate distinctive fire patterns.
“The visibility of the anthropogenic fire regime may have been facilitated by the relatively low rates of lightning ignitions, creating greater opportunity for anthropogenic ignitions to generate distinctive fire patterns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Because of the potential for contamination by older carbon, the youngest dates on aggregated grass charcoal were preferred for developing the fire chronologies.
“Because of the potential for contamination by older carbon, the youngest dates on aggregated”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Human uses of fire are largely, but not exclusively, related to their impacts on food resources.
“Human uses of fire are largely, but not exclusively, related to their impacts on food resources (22).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] 22. Scherjon F, Bakels C, MacDonald K, Roebroeks W (2015) Burning the land: An eth- nographic study of off-site fire use by current and historically documented foragers and implications for the interpretation of past fire practices in the landscape. Curr Anthropol 56:299-326. source
- May combine two claims. 16
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationClimate variability provides the context for human decisions to burn relative to some specific goal, and that agency may result in human activities enhancing or buffering climate impacts on fire regimes at different scales.
“Climate variability provides the context for human decisions to burn relative to some specific goal, and that agency may result in human activities enhancing (53) or buffering (14, 15) climate impacts on fire regimes at different scales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [53] 53. Holz A, Veblen TT (2011) The amplifying effects of humans on fire regimes in tem- perate rainforests in western Patagonia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 311: 82-92. source
- cites [14] 14. Bliege Bird R, Codding BF, Kauhanen PG, Bird DW (2012) Aboriginal hunting buffers climate-driven fire-size variability in Australia's spinifex grasslands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10287-10292. source
- cites [15] 15. Swetnam TW, et al. (2016) Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371:20150168. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThis study lends support to the growing body of work indicating that coupled human-natural fire regimes should be understood as integral parts of food webs.
“our study lends support to the growing body of work that indicates that coupled human-natural fire regimes should be understood as integral parts of food webs (27,49,68).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] 27. Bliege Bird R, Bird DW, Codding BF (2016) People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia: Fire regimes and climate controls in hummock grasslands. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371:20150343. source
- cites [49] 49. Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM, Kerby J, Hamilton R (2009) Pyric herbivory: Rewilding landscapes through the recoupling of fire and grazing. Conserv Biol 23:588-598. source
- cites [68] 68. Bowman DMJS, et al. (2016) Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire re- gimes in food webs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371:20150169. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFire activity and fuels respond to previous moisture.
“As fire activity and fuels respond to previous moisture, decadal variability in the PDSI record was measured by creating a 10-y antecedent average of annual PDSI values (PDSI ant10 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] 27. Bliege Bird R, Bird DW, Codding BF (2016) People, El Niño southern oscillation and fire in Australia: Fire regimes and climate controls in hummock grasslands. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371:20150343. source
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe remaining seven charcoal deposits correspond to modest or short wet periods, which should have lower fire activity.
“However, the remaining seven charcoal deposits correspond to modest or short wet periods, which should have lower fire activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataExcluding a recent historic occupation, dates from the Kutoyis site are more representative of its total use and span 1200-1800 CE with peak probabilities between 1400 and 1650 CE.
“Excluding a recent historic occupation, dates from the Kutoyis site are more representative of its total use and span 1200-1800 CE with peak probabilities between 1400 and 1650 CE (SI Appendix, Fig. S1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe stream terrace at KAP 2 is inset into an older terrace (KAP 3).
“The stream terrace at KAP 2 is inset into an older terrace (KAP 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationStratigraphic excavations at the Kutoyis bison bone bed and processing site revealed five thermal features and at least three discrete layers of burned bison bone deposits.
“Stratigraphic excavations at the Kutoyis bison bone bed and processing site revealed five thermal features (66) and at least three discrete layers of burned bison bone deposits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [66] 66. Bethke B, Zedeño MN, Jones G, Pailes M (2018) Complementary approaches to the identification of bison processing for storage at the Kutoyis complex, Montana. J Archaeol Sci Rep 17:879-894. source
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe glacial till that is parent material for the alluvial and colluvial sediments in the study includes inherited ancient charcoal, thereby potentially contaminating bulk and aggregated radiocarbon dates and making them artificially older.
“The glacial till that is parent material for the alluvial and colluvial sediments in our study includes inherited ancient charcoal, thereby potentially contaminating bulk and aggregated radiocarbon dates and making them artificially older (SI Appendix).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningNorthwestern Plains foragers continued to use prairie fires as a tool and as a weapon but did not generate the same type of fire record as during the Old Women's phase.
“Northwestern Plains foragers continued to use prairie fires as a tool and as a weapon but did not generate the same type of fire record as during the Old Women's phase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: With the introduction of the horse in the early 1700s, hunters became much more mobile even as social and economic complexity persisted.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPast and present foragers vary widely in their home environments, as well as their social, economic, and political structures.
“Past and present foragers vary widely in their home environments, as well as their social, economic, and political structures (62,63).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [62] 62. Kelly RL (1995) The Foraging Spectrum (Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [63] 63. Arnold JE (1996) The archaeology of complex hunter-gatherers. J Archaeol Method Theory 3:77-126. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
PremisereasoningPyric herbivory for bison hunting would be useful only if the hunters could predict with a reasonable degree of certainty where bison were going to graze in the next hunting season.
“Pyric herbivory for bison hunting would be useful only if the hunters could predict with a reasonable degree of certainty where bison were going to graze in the next hunting season.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe Old Women's phase temporarily elevated population density and concentrated the impacts of anthropogenic burning.
“This temporarily elevated the population density, fostered increased economic and political complexity (29,35), and concentrated the impacts of anthropogenic burning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [29] 29. Oetelaar GA (2014) Better homes and pastures: Human agency and the construction of place in communal bison hunting on the Northern Plains. Plains Anthropol 59:9-37. source
- cites [35] 35. Zedeño MN, Ballenger JAM, Murray JR (2014) Landscape engineering and organiza- tional complexity among late prehistoric bison hunters of the Northwestern Plains. Curr Anthropol 55:23-58. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIn the study area, changes in socioeconomic organization appear to have driven abrupt, climate-independent fire regime changes first with the transition to intensive, place-based bison procurement and pemmican processing for trade, followed by the adoption of the horse and transition to equestrian bison hunting.
“This appears to have occurred in our study area first with the transition to intensive, place-based bison procurement and pemmican processing for trade (35,66), followed by the adoption of the horse and transition to equestrian bison hunting (67).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [35] 35. Zedeño MN, Ballenger JAM, Murray JR (2014) Landscape engineering and organiza- tional complexity among late prehistoric bison hunters of the Northwestern Plains. Curr Anthropol 55:23-58. source
- cites [66] 66. Bethke B, Zedeño MN, Jones G, Pailes M (2018) Complementary approaches to the identification of bison processing for storage at the Kutoyis complex, Montana. J Archaeol Sci Rep 17:879-894. source
- cites [67] 67. Ewers JC (1955) The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture, with Comparative Material from Other Western Tribes (Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Old Women's phase involved intensified, communal bison hunting using stationary landscape features and was associated with seasonal aggregation of hunting bands.
“It is important to note that the Old Women's phase involved intensified, communal bison hunting using stationary landscape features and was associated with seasonal aggregation of hunting bands.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [29] 29. Oetelaar GA (2014) Better homes and pastures: Human agency and the construction of place in communal bison hunting on the Northern Plains. Plains Anthropol 59:9-37. source
- cites [35] 35. Zedeño MN, Ballenger JAM, Murray JR (2014) Landscape engineering and organiza- tional complexity among late prehistoric bison hunters of the Northwestern Plains. Curr Anthropol 55:23-58. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe use of pyric herbivory in communal bison hunts enabled indigenous foragers to leverage even minor climate opportunities to burn, thus amplifying the effects that these wet periods had on prairie fire regimes and creating a stronger apparent climate-fire relationship.
“In our study, the use of pyric herbivory in communal bison hunts enabled indigenous foragers to leverage even minor climate opportunities to burn, thus amplifying the effects that these wet periods had on prairie fire regimes and creating a stronger apparent climate-fire relationship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningHumans and fire both respond to climate influences, but not necessarily in the same way or to the same effect.
“Humans and fire both respond to climate influences, but not necessarily in the same way or to the same effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFires, both natural and anthropogenic, persisted after 1650 CE in the historic record, and charcoal is commonly dispersed in the alluvium, colluvium, and soils that postdate this time.
“Fires, both natural and anthropogenic, persisted after this date in the historic record (30), and charcoal is commonly dispersed in the alluvium, colluvium, and soils that postdate this time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] 30. Higgins KF (1986) Interpretation and Compendium of Historical Fire Accounts in the Northern Great Plains. US Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe presence of a strong climate-fire signal does not rule out the possibility of human influence, nor should archaeologists expect that anthropogenic burning will necessarily be independent of climate effects on local fire regimes.
“Future paleofire studies should be mindful that the presence of a strong climate-fire signal does not rule out the possibility of human influence, nor should archaeologists expect that anthropogenic burning will necessarily be independent of climate effects on local fire regimes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenThe test excavations at regional bone bed sites are probably biased toward the younger deposits.
“Although the test excavations at regional bone bed sites are probably biased toward the younger deposits”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChanges in ecosystem structure associated with human uses of fire have important impacts on biodiversity (i.e., pyrodiversity) that have trophic consequences, only some of which have direct bearing on human economies and diets at the time.
“Changes in ecosystem structure associated with human uses of fire have important impacts on biodiversity (i.e., pyrodiversity) that have trophic consequences, only some of which have direct bearing on human economies and diets at the time (69).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69] 69. Zeanah DW, Codding BF, Bliege Bird R, Bird DW (2017) Mosaics of fire and water: The co-emergence of anthropogenic landscapes and intensive seed exploitation in the Australian arid zone. Aust Archaeol 83:2-19. source
The paper relies on this without support.
With the introduction of the horse in the early 1700s, hunters became much more mobile even as social and economic complexity persisted.
“With the introduction of the horse in the early 1700s, hunters became much more mobile even as social and economic complexity persisted.”
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“We also recognize humans as central components of fire regimes, as described effectively in recent work (Maezumi et al., 2018; Roos, Zedeno, Hollenback, & Erlick, 2018).”
The importance of Indigenous cultural burning in forested regions of the Pacific West, USA
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“In a study in the Northern Great Plans that involved the Blackfeet Nation, Roos et al. (2018) concluded that small groups of Indigenous bison hunters used fire in response to favorable climate conditions, thereby enhancing climate impacts in ways that might be difficult to distinguish from…”
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“Furthermore, in environmental microbiome studies, landscapes that have been long tended by Indigenous populations are often described as “ pristine ” or “ undisturbed ” (40 – 42), erasing the contributions of Indigenous peoples to these ecosystems and microbiomes (43, 44).”
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Scale in the study of Indigenous burning
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Self-citationRoos, C. I., Guiterman, C. H., Margolis, E. Q., Swetnam, T. W., Laluk, N. C., Thompson, K. F., Toya, C., Farris, C. A., Fulé, P. Z., Iniguez, J. M., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq3221 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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“, 2007), although increasing recognition of the extent and importance of earlier human-caused landscape transformations (Bowman et al., 2011; Barak et al., 2016; Liebmann et al., 2016; Roos et al., 2018) warrants extending the HRV envelope to earlier periods in time.”
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Eisenberg, C., Anderson, C. L., Collingwood, A., Sissons, R. A., Dunn, C. J., Meigs, G. W., Hibbs, D. E., Murphy, S., Kuiper, S. D., SpearChief-Morris, J., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00436 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This short MFI was historically related to a strong climate/fire linkage augmented by fires set by Indigenous peoples (Krawchuk and Moritz, 2011; Roos et al., 2018).”
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Is Anthropogenic Pyrodiversity Invisible in Paleofire Records?
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“Patch burning can be done explicitly to benefit game species, as some hunter-gatherers do [14,17], to reduce fire risk [18] or enhance horticultural productivity [19,20] as some farmers do, or to manipulate grazing patterns of livestock as some pastoralists and ranchers do [21–23].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLegacies of Indigenous land use shaped past wildfire regimes in the Basin-Plateau Region, USA
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“In particular, fire was used to drive animals and fish towards a specific location or temporarily paralyse prey to make hunting or fishing easier (Lytwyn, 2001; Roos et al., 2018; Scher-jon et al., 2015).”
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“Mounting evidence suggests that human ignitions can amplify the effect of climate on fire regimes [20,21].”
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“…on important drivers of evapotranspiration; Alley, 1984; Riley et al., 2013; Sheffield et al., 2012), PDSI is one of the most commonly used drought indices in fire literature (e.g., Hessl et al., 2004; Heyerdahl et al., 2008; Riley et al., 2013; Roos et al., 2018; Swetnam & Betancourt, 1998).”
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Active fires show an increasing elevation trend in the tropical highlands
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Boreal forest cover was reduced in the mid-Holocene with warming and recurring wildfires
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“Prescribed fires also have cultural significance in the FH (Rosen et al., 2023); for example, indigenous people practiced prescribed burning in the Great Plains to hunt for bison (Roos et al., 2018), and residents of many identities participate in social activities surrounding the burn season.”
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“It is clear from Remote Oceania and varied other contexts that land use can amplify the impacts of climate variation on fire activity 41,42,49 —an environmental lesson that may be even more salient to the contemporary world.”
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“On the other hand, recent studies, such as those by Lake et al. [23] and Roos et al. [24], highlight the importance of fire use in Native American cultures.”
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“Compounding these methodological and scalar issues is the common positioning of human activities as constantly in tension with nature (21).”
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“Similarly, studies of Indigenous burning practices have shown that local, context-specific human knowledge significantly impacts the way in which such risks are perceived and managed (e.g. Kimmerer and Lake, 2001; Roos, 2008; Roos et al., 2018; Trauernicht et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCharred particles and other paleofire proxies
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“…2023), humans played an important role in modifying the distribution of fire and herbivore ‘consumer regimes’, by regulating the frequency, timing, and extent of both fire, via intentional burning, and herbivory, via management of wild and domestic herbivores (Nowacki et al 2012, Roos et al 2018).”
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“Historically, fi res burned every 3 – 5 years in tallgrass prairie (Collins 2000), most likely due to indigenous management (Roos et al. 2018).”
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Fire refugia patch dynamics differ between prescribed fires and wildfires in longleaf pine savanna
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“The human record of burning in the NGP is well-established (Courtwright, 2011; Moore, 1972; Roos et al., 2018; Stewart, 2002; Umbanhowar, 1996), and it is reasonable to assume that in areas within the Great Plains with greater human population density, fires were more frequent.”
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“Restoring summer fi re is of particular interest among managers in the North American Great Plains, where the in fl uence of Indigenous ignitions was extensive and inter-acted with climate (Boyd 2002; Roos et al. 2018).”
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Human activity may have influenced Holocene wildfire dynamics in boreal eastern Siberia
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“Fire was also used by Indigenous peoples for a variety of purposes including habitat management and hunting ( Roos et al. 2018 ).”
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“Low population density does not exclude the possibility of human impacts on fire regimes by itself (Dietze et al., 2018; Roos et al., 2018).”
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- Authors
- Roos, C. I., Zedeño, M. N., Hollenback, K. L., & Erlick, M. M. H.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Utah State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roos, Christopher I.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-07-23
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 32
- Pages
- 8143-8148
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6094123
- OpenAlex
- W2883170767
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-0918081, BCS-1266118)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
- Keywords
- fire regimes, Great Plains, prairie fires, bison hunting, charcoal layer, paleofire, fire-climate relationships, Palmer Drought Severity Index, human impact on fire, geoarchaeology, north-central Montana, last millennium
- MeSH terms
- Wildfires, Animals, Charcoal, Climate, Ecology, Fires, Geography, Humans, Montana, North America, Population Dynamics, Time Factors, United States, Bison, Ecosystem, Geologic Sediments, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Medieval, Radiometric Dating, Droughts, Climate Change, Geographic Mapping, Grassland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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