Complementary Sequence-Mediated Exon Circularization
Open accessAbstract
Exon circularization has been identified from many loci in mammals, but the detailed mechanism of its biogenesis has remained elusive. By using genome-wide approaches and circular RNA recapitulation, we demonstrate that exon circularization is dependent on flanking intronic complementary sequences. Such sequences and their distribution exhibit rapid evolutionary changes, showing that exon circularization is evolutionarily dynamic. Strikingly, exon circularization efficiency can be regulated by competition between RNA pairing across flanking introns or within individual introns. Importantly, alternative formation of inverted repeated Alu pairs and the competition between them can lead to alternative circularization, resulting in multiple circular RNA transcripts produced from a single gene. Collectively, exon circularization mediated by complementary sequences in human introns and the potential to generate alternative circularization products extend the complexity of mammalian posttranscriptional regulation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CircRNA is a highly stable single-stranded RNA with a covalently closed loop structure.
“CircRNA is a highly stable single-stranded RNA with a covalently closed loop structure (Fig. 3), including a large category of non-coding RNAs generated by backsplicing in eukaryotic cells.218–220”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [218]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kim, D., Pertea, G., Trapnell, C., Pimentel, H., Kelley, R., & Salzberg, S. L. (2013) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r36 · Cited by 12,668 · see citing works
Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency
Memczak, S., Jens, M., Elefsinioti, A., Torti, F., Krueger, J., Rybak, A., Maier, L., Mackowiak, S. D., Gregersen, L. H., Munschauer, M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11928 · Cited by 7,990 · see citing works
Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges
Hansen, T. B., Jensen, T. I., Clausen, B. H., Bramsen, J. B., Finsen, B., Damgaard, C. K., & Kjems, J. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11993 · Cited by 7,985 · see citing works
Lorenz, R., Bernhart, S. H., Höner zu Siederdissen, C., Tafer, H., Flamm, C., Stadler, P. F., & Hofacker, I. L. (2011) · Algorithms for Molecular Biology · doi:10.1186/1748-7188-6-26 · Cited by 5,098 · see citing works
Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats
Jeck, W. R., Sorrentino, J. A., Wang, K., Slevin, M. K., Burd, C. E., Liu, J., Marzluff, W. F., & Sharpless, N. E. (2013) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.035667.112 · Cited by 4,388 · see citing works
Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research.
(2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 4,239 · see citing works
Differential analysis of gene regulation at transcript resolution with RNA-seq
Trapnell, C., Hendrickson, D. G., Sauvageau, M., Goff, L., Rinn, J. L., & Pachter, L. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2450 · Cited by 3,492 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Alternative Pre-Messenger RNA Splicing
Black, D. L. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161720 · Cited by 2,704 · see citing works
Detecting and characterizing circular RNAs
Jeck, W. R., & Sharpless, N. E. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2890 · Cited by 2,685 · see citing works
Salzman, J., Gawad, C., Wang, P. L., Lacayo, N. J., & Brown, P. O. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030733 · Cited by 2,457 · see citing works
Sanger, H. L., Klotz, G., Riesner, D., Gross, H. J., & Kleinschmidt, A. K. (1976) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.73.11.3852 · Cited by 2,296 · see citing works
Circular intronic long noncoding RNAs
Zhang, Y., Zhang, X.-O., Chen, T., Xiang, J.-F., Yin, Q.-F., Xing, Y.-H., Zhu, S., Yang, L., & Chen, L.-L. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.08.017 · Cited by 2,221 · see citing works
Self-citationExpansion of the eukaryotic proteome by alternative splicing
Nilsen, T. W., & Graveley, B. R. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08909 · Cited by 2,172 · see citing works
Cell-Type Specific Features of Circular RNA Expression
Salzman, J., Chen, R. E., Olsen, M. N., Wang, P. L., & Brown, P. O. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003777 · Cited by 1,955 · see citing works
Expanded identification and characterization of mammalian circular RNAs
Guo, J. U., Agarwal, V., Guo, H., & Bartel, D. P. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0409-z · Cited by 1,578 · see citing works
Mis-splicing yields circular RNA molecules.
Cocquerelle, C., Mascrez, B., Hétuin, D., & Bailleul, B. (1993) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.7.1.7678559 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Circular transcripts of the testis-determining gene Sry in adult mouse testis
Capel, B., Swain, A., Nicolis, S. K., Hacker, A., Walter, M. A., Koopman, P. A., Goodfellow, P. N., & Lovell-Badge, R. H. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90279-y · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Predictive Identification of Exonic Splicing Enhancers in Human Genes
Fairbrother, W. G., Yeh, R., Sharp, P. A., & Burge, C. B. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1073774 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
miRNA‐dependent gene silencing involving Ago2‐mediated cleavage of a circular antisense RNA
Hansen, T. B., Wiklund, E. D., Bramsen, J. B., Villadsen, S. B., Statham, A. L., Clark, S. J., & Kjems, J. (2011) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.359 · Cited by 996 · see citing works
Burd, C. E., Jeck, W. R., Liu, Y., Sanoff, H. K., Wang, Z., & Sharpless, N. E. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001233 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Nigro, J. M., Cho, K. R., Fearon, E. R., Kern, S. E., Ruppert, J. M., Oliner, J., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90244-s · Cited by 888 · see citing works
TopHat-Fusion: an algorithm for discovery of novel fusion transcripts
Kim, D., & Salzberg, S. L. (2011) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r72 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Widespread A-to-I RNA Editing of Alu-Containing mRNAs in the Human Transcriptome
Athanasiadis, A., Rich, A. S., & Maas, S. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020391 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Systematic Identification and Analysis of Exonic Splicing Silencers
Wang, Z., Rolish, M. E., Yeo, G. W.-M., Tung, V., Mawson, M., & Burge, C. B. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.010 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Suzuki, H. (2006) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkl151 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
The hepatitis delta (δ) virus possesses a circular RNA
Kos, A., Dijkema, R., Arnberg, A. C., van der Meide, P. H., & Schellekens, H. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/323558a0 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Genomewide characterization of non-polyadenylated RNAs
Yang, L. C., Duff, M. O., Graveley, B. R., Carmichael, G., & Chen, L. (2011) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-2-r16 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Self-citationRbfox proteins regulate alternative mRNA splicing through evolutionarily conserved RNA bridges
Lovci, M. T., Ghanem, D., Marr, H., Arnold, J., Gee, S., Parra, M., Liang, T. Y., Stark, T. J., Gehman, L. T., Hoon, S., et al. (2013) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2699 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Alu element‐mediated gene silencing
Chen, L., DeCerbo, J. N., & Carmichael, G. (2008) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.94 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationSplicing with inverted order of exons occurs proximal to large introns.
Cocquerelle, C., Daubersies, P., Majérus, M.-A., Kerckaert, J. P., & Bailleul, B. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05148.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
A multi-split mapping algorithm for circular RNA, splicing, trans-splicing and fusion detection
Hoffmann, S., Otto, C., Doose, G., Andrea Tanzer, A., Langenberger, D., Christ, S., Kunz, M., Holdt, L. M., Teupser, D., Jörg Hackermüller, A., et al. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r34 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Exon circularization in mammalian nuclear extracts.
Pasman, Z., Been, M. D., & García-Blanco, M. A. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Inverted repeats are necessary for circularization of the mouse testis Sry transcript
Dubin, R. A., Kazmi, M. A., & D, H. O. M. (1995) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00639-7 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Chen, L., & Carmichael, G. (2008) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.7.21.6927 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecies-specific alternative splicing leads to unique expression of sno-lncRNAs
Zhang, X.-O., Yin, Q.-F., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, T., Zheng, P., Lu, X., Chen, L., & Yang, L. C. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-287 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs
Kristensen, L. S., Andersen, M. S., Stagsted, L. V. W., Ebbesen, K. K., Hansen, T. B., & Kjems, J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0158-7 · Cited by 4,823 · see citing works
Exon-intron circular RNAs regulate transcription in the nucleus
Li, Z., Huang, C., Bao, C., Chen, L., Lin, M., Wang, X., Zhong, G., Yu, B., Hu, W., Dai, L., et al. (2015) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2959 · Cited by 2,905 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular RNAs in the Mammalian Brain Are Highly Abundant, Conserved, and Dynamically Expressed
Rybak-Wolf, A., Stottmeister, C., Glažar, P., Jens, M., Pino, N., Giusti, S., Hanan, M., Behm, M., Bartok, O., Ashwal-Fluss, R., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.027 · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
The RNA Binding Protein Quaking Regulates Formation of circRNAs
Conn, S. J., Pillman, K. A., Toubia, J., Conn, V. M., Salmanidis, M., Phillips, C. A., Roslan, S., SCHREIBER, A. W., Gregory, P. A., & Goodall, G. J. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.014 · Cited by 2,187 · see citing works
“Recent reports indicate circRNA formation can be aided by the close proximity of circRNA splice sitesmediated by complementary base pairing of inverted repeats in the introns flanking the circRNA-forming exons and that many circRNAs rely on this for their biogenesis (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014; Liang and Wilusz, 2014;…”
The Biogenesis, Functions, and Challenges of Circular RNAs
Li, X., Yang, L. C., & Chen, L. (2018) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.034 · Cited by 2,043 · see citing works
Self-citationZheng, Q., Bao, C., Guo, W., Li, S., Chen, J., Chen, B., Luo, Y., Lyu, D., Li, Y., Shi, G., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11215 · Cited by 2,045 · see citing works
Regulation of circRNA biogenesis
Chen, L.-L., & Yang, L. (2015) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1020271 · Cited by 1,953 · see citing works
“The biogenesis of circRNAs via backsplicing is different from the canonical splicing of linear RNAs.(12) Interestingly, it is also distinct from the formation of other types of circular RNAs, including but not limited to those generated by direct single strand RNA ligation,(26) derived from intermediates of processed…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationExtensive translation of circular RNAs driven by N6-methyladenosine
Yang, Y., Fan, X., Mao, M., Song, X., Wu, P., Zhang, Y., Jin, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, L.-L., Wang, Y., et al. (2017) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2017.31 · Cited by 1,855 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular RNA: a new star of noncoding RNAs
Qu, S., Yang, X., Li, X., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Shang, R., Sun, W., Dou, K., & Li, H. (2015) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.003 · Cited by 1,808 · see citing works
“first proposed a model of alternative circularization that is similar to alternative splicing [18] (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Landscape of Circular RNA in Cancer
Vo, J. N., Cieslik, M. P., Zhang, Y., Shukla, S. K., Xiao, L., Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Dhanasekaran, S. M., Engelke, C. G., Cao, X., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.021 · Cited by 1,746 · see citing works
Self-citationThe biogenesis and emerging roles of circular RNAs
Chen, L.-L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2015.32 · Cited by 1,743 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-coding RNAs in Development and Disease: Background, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Approaches
Beermann, J., Piccoli, M.-T., Viereck, J., & Thum, T. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2015 · Cited by 1,727 · see citing works
The expanding regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of circular RNAs
Chen, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0243-y · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular RNA: metabolism, functions and interactions with proteins
Zhou, W.-Y., Cai, Z., Liu, J., Wang, D., Ju, H., & Xu, R. (2020) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-020-01286-3 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
“Inverted repeated Alu pairs in flanking introns facilitate exon circularization, while pairs in the same intron promote the extrusion of themselves and canonical splicing [34].”
BackgroundRegulatory activities of transposable elements: from conflicts to benefits
Chuong, E. B., Elde, N. C., & Feschotte, C. (2016) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.139 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Circular RNAs in cancer: opportunities and challenges in the field
Kristensen, L. S., Hansen, T. B., Venø, M. T., & Kjems, J. (2017) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2017.361 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
The emerging roles of circRNAs in cancer and oncology
Kristensen, L. S., Jakobsen, T., Hager, H., & Kjems, J. (2021) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-021-00585-y · Cited by 1,256 · see citing works
Past, present, and future of circRNAs
Patop, I. L., Wüst, S., & Kadener, S. (2019) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2018100836 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
“Evolutionary conservation of circRNAs circRNAs are present in most organisms, including Archaea, plants, yeast, and most metazoans (Danan et al , 2012; Wang et al , 2014; Broadbent et al , 2015; Lu et al , 2015; Sun et al , 2016; Ji et al , 2019).”
InfluentialLoss of a mammalian circular RNA locus causes miRNA deregulation and affects brain function
Piwecka, M., Glažar, P., Hernandez-Miranda, L. R., Memczak, S., Wolf, S. A., Rybak-Wolf, A., Filipchyk, A., Klironomos, F., Cerda Jara, C. A., Fenske, P., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam8526 · Cited by 1,210 · see citing works
Circular RNAs: diversity of form and function
Lasda, E. L., & Parker, R. (2014) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.047126.114 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
“Genome-wide RNA-sequencing analysis has now suggested there are a staggering number of circles produced by backsplicing (Table 2; Salzman et al. 2012, 2013; Jeck et al. 2013; Memczak et al. 2013; Ashwal-Fluss et al. www.rnajournal.org 1833 2014; Guo et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNovel Role of FBXW7 Circular RNA in Repressing Glioma Tumorigenesis
Yang, Y., Gao, X., Zhang, M., Yan, S., Sun, C., Xiao, F., Huang, N., Yang, X., Zhao, K., Zhou, H., et al. (2017) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djx166 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Analysis of Intron Sequences Reveals Hallmarks of Circular RNA Biogenesis in Animals
Ivanov, A., Memczak, S., Wyler, E., Torti, F., Porath, H. T., Orejuela, M. R., Piechotta, M., Levanon, E. Y., Landthaler, M., Dieterich, C., et al. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.019 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Circular non-coding RNA ANRIL modulates ribosomal RNA maturation and atherosclerosis in humans
Holdt, L. M., Stahringer, A., Sass, K., Pichler, G., Kulak, N. A., Wilfert, W., Kohlmaier, A., Herbst, A., Northoff, B. H., Nicolaou, A., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12429 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Circular RNAs: Characterization, cellular roles, and applications
Liu, C., & Chen, L. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.021 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodall, G. J., & Wickramasinghe, V. O. (2020) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-020-00306-0 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Diverse alternative back-splicing and alternative splicing landscape of circular RNAsPreprint
Zhang, X.-O., Dong, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Luo, Z. D., Zhang, J., Chen, L., & Yang, L. C. (2016) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.202895.115 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
“…of being covalently closed without open ends, circRNAs are largely missed by polyadenylated transcriptome profiling but can be captured by RNA deep-sequencing (RNA-seq) from nonpolyadenylated RNAs (Yang et al. 2011; Jeck et al. 2013; Memczak et al. 2013; Salzman et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citationWestholm, J. O., Miura, P., Olson, S., Shenker, S., Joseph, B. J., Sanfilippo, P., Celniker, S., Graveley, B. R., & Lai, E. C. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.062 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
“Flanking intronic complementarity has been confirmed as a major determinant for circularization in mammals (Zhang et al., 2014).”
Circular RNAs: analysis, expression and potential functions
Barrett, S. P., & Salzman, J. (2016) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.128074 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
“Indeed, complementary sequence-mediated circularization appears to be a more general phenomenon; it has been corroborated for several circRNAs in recent years and is now the basis of many circRNA overexpression vectors (Kramer et al., 2015; Liang and Wilusz, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTranslation and functional roles of circular RNAs in human cancer
Lei, M., Zheng, G., Ning, Q., Zheng, J., & Dong, D. (2020) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-020-1135-7 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Structure and Degradation of Circular RNAs Regulate PKR Activation in Innate Immunity
Liu, C., Li, X., Nan, F., Jiang, S., Gao, X., Guo, S.-K., Xue, W., Cui, Y., Dong, K., Ding, H., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.046 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular RNA Expression: Its Potential Regulation and Function
Salzman, J. (2016) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2016.03.002 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
“In flies, circRNA is regulated by combinatorial relations between many well-studied RNA splicing factors as well as sequences in cis, as has been shown for human cells [11,14,53].”
BackgroundCircular RNAs in Cancer: Biogenesis, Function, and Clinical Significance
Li, J., Sun, D., Pu, W., Wang, J., & Peng, Y. (2020) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.012 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Circular RNA and its mechanisms in disease: From the bench to the clinic
Han, B., Chao, J., & Yao, H. (2018) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.010 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
“With regard to intron pairing, alternative formation of inverted repeated Alu elements in flanking introns and competition between RNA pairings across flanking introns or within individual introns can lead to alternative circularization, resulting in the production of multiple circRNAs and linear transcripts from a si…”
BackgroundExon Circularization Requires Canonical Splice Signals
Starke, S., Jost, I., Roßbach, O., Schneider, T. P., Schreiner, S., Hung, L.-H., & Bindereif, A. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.002 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
“In addition, two recent mutational analyses emphasized the requirement of complementary short regions in the flanking introns for efficient circularization, based on minigene approaches (Zhang et al., 2014; Liang and Wilusz, 2014).”
Induction of tumor apoptosis through a circular RNA enhancing Foxo3 activity
Du, W. W., Fang, L., Yang, W., Wu, N., Awan, F. M., Yang, Z., & Yang, B. B. (2016) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2016.133 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
“predominantly found in the cytoplasm and contain exons, known as circRNAs.(5) A relatively smaller group of circular”
BackgroundCircular RNAs: Promising Biomarkers for Human Diseases
Zhang, Z., Yang, T., & Xiao, J. (2018) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.07.036 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Circular RNA cSMARCA5 inhibits growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Yu, J., Xu, Q., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Ma, J., Sun, S., Yang, F., & Zhou, W. (2018) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.012 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
“derived from pre-mRNAs,[10, 11, 27, 43] and circRNAs could be regulated by RNA-binding proteins [12, 43-46] post-transcriptionally, we assumed that cSMARCA5, but not mSMARCA5, was regulated by certain RNA-binding proteins post-transcriptionally in human HCC development.”
BackgroundMethodCircRNA: a novel type of biomarker for cancer
Zhang, H.-D., Jiang, L., Sun, D., Hou, J., & Ji, Z. (2017) · Breast Cancer · doi:10.1007/s12282-017-0793-9 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
“Latest studies have shown that the biogenesis of circRNAs occurs by backsplicing unlike the canonical linear RNAs splicing [29], and circRNAs are considered as co-transcriptional products.”
BackgroundZhang, M., Zhao, K., Xu, X., Yang, Y., Yan, S., Wei, P., Liu, H., Xu, J., Xiao, F., Zhou, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06862-2 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Circular RNAs are miRNA sponges and can be used as a new class of biomarker
Kulcheski, F. R., Christoff, A. P., & Margis, R. (2016) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.09.011 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Oncogenic Role of Fusion-circRNAs Derived from Cancer-Associated Chromosomal Translocations
Guarnerio, J., Bezzi, M., Jeong, J. C., Paffenholz, S. V., Berry, K., Naldini, M. M., Lo‐Coco, F., Tay, Y., Beck, A. H., & Pandolfi, P. P. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.020 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Circular RNA identification based on multiple seed matching
Gao, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhao, F. (2017) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbx014 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Chen, J., Li, Y., Zheng, Q., Bao, C., He, J. G., Chen, B., Lyu, D., Zheng, B., Xu, Y., Long, Z., et al. (2016) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.006 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Detecting circular RNAs: bioinformatic and experimental challenges
Szabo, L. A., & Salzman, J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.114 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
“…rate due to the biochemical variability of RNase R. qPCR validation has shown that some experimentally validated circRNAs are depleted by RNase R, including human CDR1as , a CAMSAP1 isoform with intron retention, MAN1A2 , NCX1 and Drosophila melanogaster Pangolin and Ank2 (REFS 3,4,7,26,57) .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNoncoding Effects of Circular RNA CCDC66 Promote Colon Cancer Growth and Metastasis
Hsiao, K., Lin, Y., Gupta, S. K., Chang, N., Yen, L., Sun, H. S., & Tsai, S. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1883 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Memczak, S., Papavasileiou, P., Peters, O., & Rajewsky, N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141214 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
The Biogenesis of Nascent Circular RNAs
Zhang, Y., Xue, W., Li, X., Zhang, J., Chen, S., Zhang, J.-L., Yang, L., & Chen, L.-L. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.058 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
“…requires the canonical spliceosomal machinery (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014; Starke et al., 2015; Wang and Wang, 2015) and is modulated by both cis- and trans-regulators (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Conn et al., 2015; Ivanov et al., 2015; Kramer et al., 2015; Starke et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMicroRNAs and complex diseases: from experimental results to computational models
Chen, X., Xie, D., Zhao, Q., & You, Z. (2017) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbx130 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Circular RNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants
Qu, L., Yi, Z., Shen, Y., Lin, L., Chen, F., Xu, Y., Wu, Z., Tang, H., Zhang, X., Tian, F., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435594 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
“Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed single-stranded RNA transcripts, comprising 65 a large class of non-coding RNAs generated by a non-canonical RNA splicing event called 66 backsplicing in eukaryotic cells (34-36).”
Self-citationCoordinated circRNA Biogenesis and Function with NF90/NF110 in Viral Infection
Li, X., Liu, C., Xue, W., Zhang, Y., Jiang, S., Yin, Q.-F., Wei, J., Yao, R.-W., Yang, L. C., & Chen, L. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.023 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
“Circularized RNA products were treated with RNase R as described (Zhang et al., 2014), concentrated by ethanol precipitation, resolved on denaturing urea polyacrylamide gel and then visualized by Ethidium bromide staining.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationIdentifying and Characterizing circRNA-Protein Interaction
Du, W. W., Zhang, C., Yang, W., Yong, T., Awan, F. M., & Yang, B. B. (2017) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.21299 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Szabo, L. A., Morey, R. E., Palpant, N. J., Wang, P. L., Afari, N., Chuan, J., Parast, M. M., Murry, C. E., Laurent, L. C., & Salzman, J. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0690-5 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
“Examples where an orthologous gene in human and mouse produces circular RNA in only one of the species may yield insights into the mechanism of its production [22].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAdvances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development
Fang, E., Liu, X., Li, M., Zhang, Z., Song, L., Zhu, B., Wu, X., Liu, J., Zhao, D., & Li, Y. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y · Cited by 601 · see citing works
DHX9 suppresses RNA processing defects originating from the Alu invasion of the human genome
Aktaş, T., Ilik, İ., Maticzka, D., Bhardwaj, V., Rodrigues, C. P., Mittler, G., Manke, T., Backofen, R., & Akhtar, A. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21715 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Circular RNAs: Identification, biogenesis and function
Ebbesen, K. K., Kjems, J., & Hansen, T. B. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.007 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
The novel roles of circRNAs in human cancer
Shang, Q., Yang, Z. H., Jia, R., & Ge, S. (2019) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-018-0934-6 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Widespread and Functional RNA Circularization in Localized Prostate Cancer
Chen, S., Huang, V., Xu, X., Livingstone, J., Soares, F., Jeon, J., Zeng, Y., Hua, J. T., Petricca, J., Guo, H., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.025 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging role of tumor-related functional peptides encoded by lncRNA and circRNA
Wu, P., Mo, Y., Miao, P., Tang, T. F., Zhong, Y. M., Deng, X., Xiong, F., Guo, C. J., Wu, X., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-020-1147-3 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
FUS affects circular RNA expression in murine embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons
Errichelli, L., Modigliani, S. D., Laneve, P., Colantoni, A., Legnini, I., Capauto, D., Rosa, A., Santis, R. D., Scarfò, R., Peruzzi, G., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14741 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
“These results are in agreement with the notion that the sequences involved in the control of back-splicing are in general in the proximal intron regions 12,21,22 .”
CircRNA in cancer: Fundamental mechanism and clinical potential
Chen, L., & Shan, G. (2021) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.004 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, H., Guo, S., Li, W., & Yu, P. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12453 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
An emerging function of circRNA-miRNAs-mRNA axis in human diseases
Rong, D., Sun, H., Li, Z., Liu, S., Dong, C., Fu, K., Tang, W., & Cao, H. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19154 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
circRNADb: A comprehensive database for human circular RNAs with protein-coding annotations
Chen, X., Han, P., Zhou, T., Guo, X., Song, X., & Li, Y. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34985 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Kramer, M. C., Liang, D., Tatomer, D. C., Gold, B., March, Z. M., Cherry, S. R., & Wilusz, J. E. (2015) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.270421.115 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
“This is consistent with previous computational analyses (Jeck et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014) as well as experiments in humans (Liang and Wilusz 2014) and S. pombe (Barrett et al. 2015) that revealed a positive correlation between exon length and circularization efficiency.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSpatio-temporal regulation of circular RNA expression during porcine embryonic brain development
Venø, M. T., Hansen, T. B., Venø, S. T., Clausen, B. H., Grebing, M., Finsen, B. R., Holm, I. E., & Kjems, J. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0801-3 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
“One confounding effect is that base pairing ability within introns counteracts the circRNA promoting effects of complementary sequences in introns across exons [17].”
BackgroundSpecific expression and functions of circular RNAs
Mısır, S., Wu, N., & Yang, B. B. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-00948-7 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Sang, Y., Chen, B., Song, X., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Han, D., Zhang, N., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Chen, T., et al. (2019) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.011 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Insights into circular RNA biology
Ebbesen, K. K., Hansen, T. B., & Kjems, J. (2016) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2016.1271524 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“1B, left).(12,13,18,35,39) The potential prevalence”
BackgroundWang, Y., Mo, Y., Gong, Z., Yang, X., Yang, M., Zhang, S., Xiong, F., Xiang, B., Zhou, M., Liao, Q., et al. (2017) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0598-7 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
“The CIRCpedia and TSCD databases contain RNA-seq data of several human cell lines and samples [27, 28].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCircular RNA biogenesis can proceed through an exon-containing lariat precursor
Barrett, S. P., Wang, P. L., & Salzman, J. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.07540 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
“Circular RNA is a pervasive aspect of eukaryotic gene expression, and recent work has begun to shed light on the regulation and biogenesis of these still largely mysterious RNAs (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014; Liang and Wilusz, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014b; Conn et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA 360° view of circular RNAs: From biogenesis to functions
Wilusz, J. E. (2018) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1478 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The circ RNA –micro RNA code: emerging implications for cancer diagnosis and treatment
Verduci, L., Strano, S., Yarden, Y., & Blandino, G. (2019) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12468 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
“Moreover, it has been shown that Alu elements can compete between them generating multiple circRNAs from a single gene locus (Jeck et al., 2013; Salzman et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmall and long non-coding RNAs: Past, present, and future
Chen, L., & Kim, V. N. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.024 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, D., Tatomer, D. C., Luo, Z., Wu, H., Yang, L. C., Chen, L., Cherry, S. R., & Wilusz, J. E. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.034 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“CIRCexplorer (Zhang et al., 2014) was used to identify circular RNAs from the population of unmapped reads.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCircular RNAs in cancer: novel insights into origins, properties, functions and implications.
Li, J., Yang, J., Zhou, P., Le, Y., Zhou, C., Wang, S., Xu, D., Lin, H., & Gong, Z. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 431 · see citing works
CircRNAs in cancer metabolism: a review
Yu, T., Wang, Y., Fan, Y., Fang, N., Wang, T., Xu, T., & Shu, Y. (2019) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0776-8 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
“Irrespective of these defects, circRNAs are qualified for a potential therapy to precisely regulate metabolism due to their extremely high stability, strong evolutionary conservation, and unique temporal and spatial expression [77, 85].”
BackgroundZhou, C., Molinié, B., Daneshvar, K., Pondick, J. V., Wang, J., Wittenberghe, N. V., Xing, Y., Giallourakis, C. C., & Mullen, A. C. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.027 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
“Transposable Elements are Enriched in the Flanking Regions of m6A-circRNAs Reverse complementary sequence in transposable elements (TEs) in the flanking regions of circRNAs promote the formation of circRNAs (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017; Liang and Wilusz, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRetrotransposons as regulators of gene expression
Elbarbary, R. A., Lucas, B. A., & Maquat, L. E. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac7247 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The emerging roles and functions of circular RNAs and their generation
Yu, C., & Kuo, H. (2019) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0523-z · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“extends this observation, confirming that the pairing between Alu repetitive elements with reverse orientation regulates the expression of linear and circular isoforms [35, 109].”
BackgroundCircular RNA participates in the carcinogenesis and the malignant behavior of cancer
Zhao, Z., & Shen, J. (2015) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1122162 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“The exons in pre-mRNAs that possess flanking intronic complementary sequences may present a preference for the 30 end of an upstream exon, which results in the circularization of exons.(15) This unique sequence-dependent feature is essential for the co-transcriptional biogenesis of circRNAs, because the production rat…”
BackgroundThe emerging landscape of circular RNA in life processes
Qu, S., Zhong, Y., Shang, R., Zhang, X., Song, W., Kjems, J., & Li, H. (2016) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2016.1220473 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationCircRNA: a rising star in gastric cancer
Li, R., Jiang, J., Shi, H., Qian, H., Zhang, X., & Xu, W. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03345-5 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscriptome-wide investigation of circular RNAs in rice
Lu, T., Cui, L., Zhou, Y., Zhu, C., Fan, D., Gong, H., Zhao, Q., Zhou, C., Zhao, Y., Lu, D., et al. (2015) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.052282.115 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
“Zhang et al. (2014) demonstrate that exon circularization is dependent on flanking intronic complementary sequences.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCircRNAs and cancer: Biomarkers and master regulators
Arnaiz, E., Solé, C., Manterola, L., Iparraguirre, L., Otaegui, D., & Lawrie, C. H. (2018) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.12.002 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Fan, X., Zhang, X., Wu, X., Guo, H., Hu, Y., Tang, F., & Huang, Y. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0706-1 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“These results agree well with previous findings in cultured cell lines [26, 27], indicating the same mechanism of circRNA formation occurs in both cell lines in vitro and mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationZeng, Y., Du, W. W., Wu, Y., Yang, Z., Awan, F. M., Li, X., Yang, W., Zhang, C., Yang, Q., Yee, A., et al. (2017) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.19764 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Plant Noncoding RNAs: Hidden Players in Development and Stress Responses
Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125218 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“Although circRNAs are present in many species, they cannot be detected by transcriptome profiling using polyadenylated RNAs owing to their non-polyadenylated loop structures, and they were only recently identified by specific RNA sequencing approaches (X.O. Zhang et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiogenesis, identification, and function of exonic circular RNAs
Chen, I., Chen, C., & Chuang, T. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1294 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“…46,866 events in 8466 human genes In-house pipeline Zhang et al. (2013)20 Intronic rRNA−&polyA−; rRNA−&RNase R+ 103 events (human) The in-house pipeline Zhang et al. (2014)15 Exonic rRNA−&polyA−; rRNA−&RNase R+ 1662 events (human) CIRCexplorer Fragment based Jeck et al. (2013)11 Exonic…”
Comparison of circular RNA prediction tools
Hansen, T. B., Venø, M. T., Damgaard, C. K., & Kjems, J. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv1458 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“…of two non-treated RNA samples derived from Hs68 fibroblast (SRR444655 and SRR444975) and two RNase R treated samples (SRR444974 and SRR445016), we compared five different circRNA predicting algorithms: find circ (7), MapSplice (17), CIRCexplorer (10), cir-cRNA finder (11), and CIRI (12).”
MethodCircles reshaping the RNA world: from waste to treasure
Liu, J., Liu, T., Wang, X., & He, A. (2017) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0630-y · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“[23], CIRI [39], and MapSplice [40], are observed surprisingly dramatic differences, specifically regarding the highly expressed circRNAs and the circRNAs derived from proximal splice sites [41].”
BackgroundCSCD: a database for cancer-specific circular RNAs
Xia, S., Feng, J. Q., Chen, K., Ma, Y., Gong, J., Cai, F., Jin, Y., Gao, Y., Xia, L., Chang, H. Y., et al. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx863 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“To identify cancer-specific circRNAs (CS-circRNAs), four popular algorithms with high performance (32): CIRI2 (31,33), find circ (5), circRNA finder (34) and Circexplorer (35,36) were utilized for detecting the back-splice junction sites of circRNAs.”
MethodThe bioinformatics toolbox for circRNA discovery and analysis
Chen, L., Wang, C., Sun, H., Wang, J., Liang, Y., Wang, Y., & Wong, G. (2020) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa001 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
“Notably, one gene can generate different circRNAs, which can be affected by the competition of RNA pairing across the flanking introns [24, 25].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWidespread noncoding circular RNA s in plants
Ye, C., Chen, L., Liu, C., Zhu, Q., & Fan, L. (2015) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13585 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationCircular RNA – New member of noncoding RNA with novel functions
Hsiao, K., Sun, H. S., & Tsai, S. (2017) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370217708978 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“Alternatively, it has been reported that complementary sequences other than Alu are capable to promote backsplice (Figure 1(a), left).(17,18) Several studies using either the cloned intronic sequence-based assay or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated intronic sequence deletion consolidate the importance of regulatory roles of intron…”
BackgroundA map of human circular RNAs in clinically relevant tissues
Maass, P. G., Glažar, P., Memczak, S., Dittmar, G. A. G., Hollfinger, I., Schreyer, L., Sauer, A. V., Toka, O., Aiuti, A., Luft, F. C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-017-1582-9 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“Intronic complementary sequences, inter alia repetitive elements, and the RNA-editing protein, ADAR1, were linked to the circularization of exons [7, 8].”
BackgroundRNA circularization strategies in vivo and in vitro
Petkovic, S., & Müller, S. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv045 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
The Diversity of Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Generation
Wu, H., Yang, L. C., & Chen, L. (2017) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2017.05.004 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, L., Long, H., Zheng, Q., Bo, X., Xiao, X., & Li, B. (2019) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-019-1046-7 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Gao, X., Xia, X., Li, F., Zhang, M., Zhou, H., Wu, X., Zhong, J., Zhao, Z., Zhao, K., Liu, D., et al. (2021) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-021-00639-4 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
CircRNAs: role in human diseases and potential use as biomarkers
Verduci, L., Tarcitano, E., Strano, S., Yarden, Y., & Blandino, G. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-03743-3 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhang, X.-O., Wang, H.-B., Zhang, Y., Lu, X., Chen, L.-L., & Yang, L.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Ling-Ling
- Yang, Li
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 134-147
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981726010
- Cited by
- 1,999
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 200 · 2023: 183 · 2022: 254 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 245 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 121 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 35.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271376, 2014CB964800, 31322018)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Circular RNAs in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- circular RNA, Alu elements, inverted repeats, post-transcriptional regulation, intron evolution, mammalian gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Exons, Humans, Introns, Mammals, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Genome, Human, Sequence Alignment, Alternative Splicing, Evolution, Molecular, Alu Elements, Embryonic Stem Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
