Generation of mice carrying a mutant apolipoprotein E gene inactivated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
Open accessAbstract
We have inactivated the endogenous apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene by using gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Two targeting plasmids were used, pJPB63 and pNMC109, both containing a neomycin-resistance gene that replaces a part of the apoE gene and disrupts its structure. ES cell colonies targeted after electroporation with plasmid pJPB63 were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by genomic Southern analysis. Of 648 G418-resistant colonies analyzed, 9 gave a positive signal after PCR amplification, and 5 of them were confirmed as targeted by Southern blot analysis. The second plasmid, pNMC109, contains the negatively selectable thymidine kinase gene in addition to the neomycin-resistance gene. After electroporation with this plasmid, 177 colonies resistant both to G418 and ganciclovir were analyzed; 39 contained a disrupted apoE gene as determined by Southern blotting. Chimeric mice were generated by blastocyst injection with 6 of the targeted lines. One of the lines gave strong chimeras, three of which transmitted the disrupted apoE gene to their progeny. Mice homozygous for the disrupted gene were produced from the heterozygotes; they appear healthy, even though they have no apolipoprotein E in their plasma.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells
Miller, S. A., Dykes, D. D., & Polesky, H. F. (1988) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1215 · Cited by 20,341 · see citing works
Diffusion-In-Gel Methods for Immunological Analysis II (Part 1 of 4)
Ouchterlony, Ö. (1962) · Chemical immunology/Fortschritte der Allergielehre/Progress in allergy/Chemical immunology and allergy · doi:10.1159/000313795 · Cited by 2,974 · see citing works
Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells
Thomas, K. R., & Capecchi, M. R. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90646-5 · Cited by 2,355 · see citing works
Doetschman, T., Eistetter, H. R., Katz, M., Schmidt, W., & Kemler, R. (1985) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.87.1.27 · Cited by 1,962 · see citing works
Mansour, S. L., Thomas, K. R., & Capecchi, M. R. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/336348a0 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
HPRT-deficient (Lesch–Nyhan) mouse embryos derived from germline colonization by cultured cells
Hooper, M., Hardy, K., Handyside, A. H., Hunter, S., & Monk, M. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/326292a0 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Thomas, K. R., & Capecchi, M. R. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346847a0 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Normal Development of Mice Deficient in β 2 M, MCClass I Proteins, and CD8 + T Cells
Koller, B. H., Marrack, P., Kappler, J. W., & Smithies, O. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2112266 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
The new mouse genetics: Altering the genome by gene targeting
Capecchi, M. R. (1989) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(89)90029-2 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Boyles, J. K., Zoellner, C. D., Anderson, L. J., Kosik, L. M., Pitas, R. E., Weisgraber, K. H., Hui, D. Y., Mahley, R. W., Gebicke‐Haerter, P. J., & Ignatius, M. J. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113943 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Lipoprotein binding to canine hepatic membranes. Metabolically distinct apo-E and apo-B,E receptors.
Hui, D. Y., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1981) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69254-9 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Shore, V. G., & SHORE, B. (1973) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00727a022 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Paigen, B., Mitchell, D., Reue, K., Morrow, A. L., Lusis, A. J., & LeBoeuf, R. C. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.11.3763 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia Associated with Apolipoprotein E Deficiency
Ghiselli, G., Schaefer, E. J., Gascon, P., & Breser, H. B. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6795720 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Koller, B. H., Hagemann, L. J., Doetschman, T., Hagaman, J. R., Huang, S., Williams, P. J., First, N. L., Maeda, N., & Smithies, O. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.22.8927 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationSherrill, B. C., & Dietschy, J. M. (1978) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62331-8 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Hasty, P., Rivera‐Pérez, J. A., Chang, C., & Bradley, A. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.11.9.4509 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Recombinant fragment assay for gene targetting based on the polymerase chain reaction
Kim, H.-S., & Smithies, O. (1988) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/16.18.8887 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Lambda Charon vectors (Ch32, 33, 34 and 35) adapted for DNA cloning in recombination-deficient hosts
Loenen, W. A. M., & Blattner, F. R. (1983) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(83)90187-7 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Extrahepatic synthesis of apolipoprotein E.
Driscoll, D. M., & Getz, G. S. (1984) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34454-0 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein genetic variation and human disease
Breslow, J. L. (1988) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1988.68.1.85 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Camus, M. C., Chapman, M. J., Forgez, P., & Laplaud, P. M. (1983) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37904-9 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Immunoregulatory plasma lipoproteins. Role of apoprotein E and apoprotein B.
Hui, D. Y., Harmony, J. A. K., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1980) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70201-4 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Genetics of coronary heart disease.
Berg, K. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ware, L. M., & Axelrad, A. A. (1972) · Virology · doi:10.1016/0042-6822(72)90385-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Rw, M., & Angelin, B. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cladaras, C., Hadzopoulou-Cladaras, M., Felber, B. K., Pavlakis, G., & Zannis, V. I. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61655-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Evolution of apolipoprotein E: mouse sequence and evidence for an 11-nucleotide ancestral unit.
Rajavashisth, T. B., Kaptein, J. S., Reue, K., & Lusis, A. J. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.23.8085 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cotransformation and gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Reid, L., Shesely, E. G., Kim, H. S., et al. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.11.5.2769 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Regulation of apolipoprotein E gene expression after injury of the rat sciatic nerve
LeBlanc, A. C., & Poduslo, J. F. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490250203 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A young type III hyperlipoproteinemic patient associated with apolipoprotein E deficiency
Mabuchi, H., Itoh, H., Takeda, M., Kajinami, K., Wakasugi, T., Koizumi, J., Takeda, R., & Asagami, C. (1989) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(89)90249-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hasty, P., Rivera‐Pérez, J. A., Chang, C., et al. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.11.9.4509-4517.1991 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Majack, R. A., Castle, C. K., Goodman, L. V., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., Shooter, E. M., & Gebicke‐Haerter, P. J. (1988) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.107.3.1207 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Millis, A. J. T., Hoyle, M., & Kent, L. (1986) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1041270304 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Structure and Expression of Mouse Apolipoprotein E Grene1
Horiuchi, K., Tajima, S., Menju, M., & Yamamoto, A. (1989) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122828 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E deficiency with a depressed mRNA of normal size
KUROSAKA, D., TERAMOTO, T., MATSUSHIMA, T., YOKOYAMA, T., YAMADA, A., AIKAWA, T., MIYAMOTO, Y., & KUROKAWA, K. (1991) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90252-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cotransformation and Gene Targeting in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Reid, L., Shesely, E. G., Kim, H., et al. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.11.5.2769-2777.1991 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rw, M. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals
Duewell, P., Kono, H., Rayner, K. J., Sirois, C. M., Vladimer, G., Bauernfeind, F. G., Abela, G. S., Franchi, L., Nuñez, G., Schnurr, M., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08938 · Cited by 4,026 · see citing works
Plump, A. S., Smith, J. D., Hayek, T., Aalto-Setälä, K., Walsh, A., Verstuyft, J. G., Rubin, E. M., & Breslow, J. L. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90362-g · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Estrogen Receptor Null Mice: What Have We Learned and Where Will They Lead Us?
Couse, J. F., & Korach, K. S. (1999) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.20.3.0370 · Cited by 2,045 · see citing works
Neuron-Astrocyte Metabolic Coupling Protects against Activity-Induced Fatty Acid Toxicity
Ioannou, M. S., Jackson, J., Sheu, S.-H., Chang, C.-L., Weigel, A. V., Liu, H., Pasolli, H. A., Xu, C. S., Pang, S., Matthies, D., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.001 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Defective cholesterol clearance limits remyelination in the aged central nervous system
Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Fitzner, D., Bosch-Queralt, M., Weil, M.-T., Su, M., Sen, P., Ruhwedel, T., Mitkovski, M., Trendelenburg, G., Lütjohann, D., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan4183 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Liu, L., MacKenzie, K. R., Putluri, N., Maletić-Savatić, M., & Bellen, H. J. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.024 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Animal models of atherosclerosis
Emini Veseli, B., Perrotta, P., De Meyer, G. R. A., Roth, L., Van der Donckt, C., Martinet, W., & De Meyer, G. R. Y. (2017) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.010 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Cholesterol metabolism in neurons and astrocytes
Pfrieger, F. W., & Ungerer, N. (2011) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.002 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Chappell, J., Harman, J. L., Narasimhan, V. M., Yu, H., Foote, K., Simons, B. D., Bennett, M. R., & Jørgensen, H. F. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.309799 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Raber, J., Wong, D., Buttini, M., Orth, M., Bellosta, S., Pitas, R. E., Mahley, R. W., & Mucke, L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10914 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Amirbekian, V., Lipinski, M. J., Briley-Saebo, K. C., Amirbekian, S., Aguinaldo, J. G. S., Weinreb, D. B., Vucic, E., Frias, J. C., Hyafil, F., Mani, V., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0606281104 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Nanocrystal Core High-Density Lipoproteins: A Multimodality Contrast Agent Platform
Cormode, D. P., Skajaa, T., van Schooneveld, M. M., Koole, R., Jarzyna, P., Lobatto, M. E., Calcagno, C., Barazza, A., Gordon, R. E., Zanzonico, P., et al. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl801958b · Cited by 328 · see citing works
LILRB4 signalling in leukaemia cells mediates T cell suppression and tumour infiltration
Deng, M., Gui, X., Kim, J., Xie, L., Chen, W., Li, Z., He, L., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Luo, W., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0615-z · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Willnow, T. E., Rohlmann, A., Horton, J., Otani, H., Braun, J. R., Hammer, R. E., & Herz, J. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00623.x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Ozaki, M., Kawashima, S., Yamashita, T., Hirase, T., Namiki, M., Inoue, N., Hirata, K.-I., Yasui, H., Sakurai, H., Yoshida, Y., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215215 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Activation of the pluripotency factor OCT4 in smooth muscle cells is atheroprotective
Cherepanova, O. A., Gomez, D., Shankman, L. S., Swiatlowska, P., Williams, J., Sarmento, O. F., Alencar, G. F., Hess, D. L., Bevard, M. H., Greene, E. S., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4109 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Wu, S., Bu, G., Onifade, M. K., Patel, S. N., LaDu, M. J., Fagan, A. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-09-03261.1998 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Adam, R. C., Mintah, I. J., Alexa-Braun, C. A., Shihanian, L. M., Lee, J. S., Banerjee, P., Hamon, S. C., Kim, H. I., Cohen, J. C., Hobbs, H. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.ra120000888 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E and the CNS Response to Injury
Laskowitz, D. T., Horsburgh, K., & Roses, A. D. (1998) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199805000-00001 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Alp, N. J., McAteer, M. A., Khoo, J., Choudhury, R. P., & Channon, K. M. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000115637.48689.77 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease
Jackson, R. J., Hyman, B. T., & Serrano-Pozo, A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00988-2 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Infectious Agents Are Not Necessary for Murine Atherogenesis
Wright, S. D., Burton, C., Hernandez, M., Hassing, H., Montenegro, J., Mundt, S., Patel, S., Card, D. J., Hermanowski-Vosatka, A., Bergstrom, J. D., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.191.8.1437 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Carlson, G. A., Borchelt, D. R., Dake, A., Turner, S., Danielson, V., Coffin, J. D., Eckman, C., Meiners, J., Nilsen, S. P., Younkin, S. G., et al. (1997) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/6.11.1951 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
ApoE deficiency leads to a progressive age-dependent blood-brain barrier leakage
Hafezi-Moghadam, A., Thomas, K. L., & Wagner, D. D. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00563.2005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase transgenic models of endothelial dysfunction
Atochin, D. N., & Huang, P. L. (2010) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-010-0867-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
A molecular pathway of neurodegeneration linking α-synuclein to ApoE and Aβ peptides
Gallardo, G., Schlüter, O. M., & Südhof, T. C. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2058 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Guo, Z., Mitchell-Raymundo, F., Yang, H., Ikeno, Y., Nelson, J., Diaz, V., Richardson, A., & Reddick, R. (2002) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00008-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Mezdour, H., Jones, R., Dengremont, C., Castro, G., & Maeda, N. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.21.13570 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationVéniant, M. M., Pierotti, V, Newland, D., Cham, C. M., Sanan, D. A., Walzem, R. L., & Young, S. G. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119511 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lineage tracing of cells involved in atherosclerosis
Albarrán-Juárez, J., Kaur, H., Grimm, M., Offermanns, S., & Wettschureck, N. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Manta, C.-P., Leibing, T., Friedrich, M., Nolte, H., Adrian, M., Schledzewski, K., Krzistetzko, J., Kirkamm, C., David Schmid, C., Xi, Y., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.058615 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
APOE2 is associated with longevity independent of Alzheimer’s disease
Shinohara, M., Kanekiyo, T., Tachibana, M., Kurti, A., Shinohara, M., Fu, Y., Zhao, J., Han, X., Sullivan, P. M., Rebeck, G. W., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62199 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cheek, J. D., Wirrig, E. E., Alfieri, C. M., James, J. F., & Yutzey, K. E. (2012) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.12.013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Intermittent Hypoxia and Hypercapnia Accelerate Atherosclerosis, Partially via Trimethylamine-Oxide
Xue, J., Zhou, D., Poulsen, O., Imamura, T., Hsiao, Y.-H., Smith, T. H., Malhotra, A., Dorrestein, P., Knight, R., & Haddad, G. G. (2017) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2017-0086oc · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Aβ42 neurotoxicity in primary co-cultures: effect of apoE isoform and Aβ conformation
Manelli, A. M., Bulfinch, L. C., Sullivan, P. M., & LaDu, M. J. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.024 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sharman, M. J., Morici, M., Hone, E., Berger, T., Taddei, K., Martins, I. J., Lim, W. L. F., Singh, S., Wenk, M. R., Ghiso, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100141 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Introducing Human <i>APOE</i> into A<i>β</i> Transgenic Mouse Models
Tai, L. M., Youmans, K. L., Jungbauer, L., Yu, C., & LaDu, M. J. (2011) · International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/810981 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pandey, R. S., Graham, L., Uyar, A., Preuss, C., Howell, G. R., & Carter, G. W. (2019) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0351-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sharman, M. J., Shui, G., Fernandis, A. Z., Lim, W. L. F., Berger, T., Hone, E., Taddei, K., Martins, I. J., Ghiso, J., Buxbaum, J. D., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1348 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Young, S., Veniant, M., Beigneux, A., Bensadoun, A., & Fong, L. (2008) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/138945008783755629 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pankiewicz, J. E., Lizińczyk, A. M., Franco, L. A., Diaz, J. R., Martá-Ariza, M., & Sadowski, M. J. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01261-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yesiltepe, M., Yin, T., Tambini, M., Bao, H., Pan, M., d’Abramo, C., Giliberto, L., Han, X., & D’Adamio, L. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01832-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“These new rat models represent an advancement compared to earlier rodent models carrying human APOE variants, as they now allow for a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between human APOE and human Aβ that was not possible in these earlier models [14–16].”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Piedrahita, J. A., Zhang, S. H., Hagaman, J. R., Oliver, P. M., & Maeda, N.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1992-05-15
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4471-4475
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC49104
- OpenAlex
- W2062108627
- Cited by
- 944
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 10.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 42630)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Animal Genetics and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Keywords
- apolipoprotein E, gene targeting, mouse embryonic stem cells, knockout mice, neomycin resistance, thymidine kinase, chimeric mice, blastocyst injection, gene inactivation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Chimera, DNA, Embryo, Mammalian, Mice, Mutant Strains, Molecular Sequence Data, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Plasmids, Recombination, Genetic, Stem Cells, Blotting, Southern, Restriction Mapping, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review