The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The causes and prevention of cancer.
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that avoidance of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections will have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer. Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increases in physical activity, and reduction of alcohol consumption and possibly red meat. A substantial reduction in breast cancer is likely to require modification of sex hormone levels, and development of practical methods for doing so is a high research priority. Resolution of the potential protective roles of specific antioxidants and other constituents of fruits and vegetables deserves major attention. Mechanistic studies of carcinogenesis indicate an important role of endogenous oxidative damage to DNA that is balanced by elaborate defense and repair processes. Also key is the rate of cell division, which is influenced by hormones, growth, cytotoxicity, and inflammation, as this determines the probability of converting DNA lesions to mutations. These mechanisms may underlie many epidemiologic observations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199404143301501 · Cited by 4,737
Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology
Steinmetz, K. A., & Potter, J. D. (1991) · Cancer Causes and Control · doi:10.1007/bf00051672 · Cited by 1,118
THE DECLINE IN GASTRIC CANCER: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN UNPLANNED TRIUMPH
HOWSON, C. P., HIYAMA, T., & WYNDER, E. L. (1986) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036288 · Cited by 829
Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms
Steinmetz, K. A., & Potter, J. D. (1991) · Cancer Causes and Control · doi:10.1007/bf00054304 · Cited by 804
A Clinical Trial of Beta Carotene to Prevent Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Cancers of the Skin
Greenberg, E. R., Baron, J. A., Stukel, T. A., Stevens, M. M., Mandel, J. S., Spencer, S. K., Elias, P. M., Lowe, N., Nierenberg, D. W., Bayrd, G., et al. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199009203231204 · Cited by 482
Effects of smoking and vitamin E on blood antioxidant status
Duthie, G., Arthur, Jr., & James, W. P. T. (1991) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.4.1061s · Cited by 162
Interspecies extrapolation in carcinogenesis: prediction between rats and mice.
Gold, L. S., Bernstein, L., Magaw, R., & Slone, T. H. (1989) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8981211 · Cited by 131
Self-citation
Cited by
The Chemistry behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays
Huang, D., Ou, B., & Prior, R. L. (2005) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf030723c · Cited by 6,162
The Free Radical Theory of Aging Matures
BECKMAN, K. B., & AMES, B. N. (1998) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.2.547 · Cited by 3,879
Self-citationTobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer
Hecht, S. S. (1999) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194 · Cited by 1,976
Kushi, L. H., Byers, T., Doyle, C., Bandera, E. V., McCullough, M., Gansler, T., Andrews, K. S., Thun, M. J., & The American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2006) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.56.5.254 · Cited by 1,901
Hussain, S. P., Hofseth, L. J., & Harris, C. C. (2003) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1046 · Cited by 1,690
McCullough, M. L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1261 · Cited by 1,191
Self-citationBlount, B. C., Mack, M. M., Wehr, C. M., MacGregor, J. T., Hiatt, R. A., Wang, G., Wickramasinghe, S. N., Everson, R. B., & Ames, B. N. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3290 · Cited by 1,139
Self-citationGlutathione in Cancer Biology and Therapy
Estrela, J. M., Ortega, A., & Obrador, E. (2006) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408360500523878 · Cited by 1,041
Carr, A. C., & Frei, B. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1086 · Cited by 940
Antioxidant and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of some phenolic and anilines compounds
Bendary, E., Francis, R. R., Ali, H. M. G., Sarwat, M. I., & El Hady, S. (2013) · Annals of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.002 · Cited by 555
Methods of in vitro toxicology
Eisenbrand, G., Pool-Zobel, B., Baker, V, Balls, M., Blaauboer, B. J., Boobis, A., Carere, A., Kevekordes, S., Lhuguenot, J.-C., Pieters, R., et al. (2002) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00118-1 · Cited by 462
Inflammation and Lung Cancer: Roles of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species
Azad, N., Rojanasakul, Y., & Vallyathan, V. (2008) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B · doi:10.1080/10937400701436460 · Cited by 409
DUBOST, N., OU, B., & BEELMAN, R. (2007) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.030 · Cited by 365
Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model
Katiyar, S. K., Korman, N. J., Mukhtar, H., & Agarwal, R. (1997) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/89.8.556 · Cited by 355
Nitric oxide-induced cellular stress and p53 activation in chronic inflammation
Hofseth, L. J., Saito, S., Hussain, S. P., Espey, M. G., Miranda, K. M., Araki, Y., Jhappan, C., Higashimoto, Y., He, P., Linke, S. P., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0237083100 · Cited by 355
Fan, C.-Y., Pan, J., Usuda, N., Yeldandi, A. V., Rao, M. S., & Reddy, J. K. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15639 · Cited by 343
Byers, T., Nestle, M., McTiernan, A., Doyle, C., Currie-Williams, A., Gansler, T., & Thun, M. (2002) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.52.2.92 · Cited by 336
Kapadia, G. J., Azuine, M. A., Tokuda, H., Takasaki, M., Mukainaka, T., Konoshima, T., & Nishino, H. (2002) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1006/phrs.2002.0992 · Cited by 238
Kay, C. D., & Holub, B. J. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002665 · Cited by 199
Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention: Pathways and Targets for Intervention
Rogers, C. J., Colbert, L. H., Greiner, J. W., Perkins, S. N., & Hursting, S. D. (2008) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200838040-00002 · Cited by 170
Sappington, D. R., Siegel, E. R., Hiatt, G., Desai, A., Penney, R. B., Jamshidi-Parsian, A., Griffin, R. J., & Boysen, G. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.021 · Cited by 143
“In parallel, tumor cells are known to increase glutathione synthesis, and intracellular glutathione concentrations in tumor cells are reported to be as high as 10 mM [1,10,22,28,40].”
BackgroundMasuda, M., Suzuki, T., Friesen, M. D., Ravanat, J.-L., Cadet, J., Pignatelli, B., Nishino, H., & Ohshima, H. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m102700200 · Cited by 144
Beddowes, E. J., Faux, S. P., & Chipman, J. K. (2003) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00058-1 · Cited by 113
Hypochlorous Acid Stimulation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Enhances Cell Survival
Midwinter, R. G., Vissers, M. C. M., & Winterbourn, C. C. (2001) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2530 · Cited by 90
Lenton, K. J., Therriault, H., Cantin, A. M., Fülöp, T., Payette, H., & Wagner, J. R. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1194 · Cited by 67
Dry matter content and stability of carotenoids in kale and spinach during drying
Lefsrud, M., Kopsell, D., Sams, C., Wills, J., & Both, A. J. (2008) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1731 · Cited by 37
Rufloxacin-induced photosensitization in yeast
Catalfo, A., Calandra, M. L., Renis, M., Serrentino, M. E., & De Guidi, G. (2007) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b608238f · Cited by 14
Rufloxacin induced photosensitization in bio-models of increasing complexity
Catalfo, A., Scifo, C., Stella, S., Belvedere, A., Renis, M., & De Guidi, G. (2005) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b406908k · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Ames, B. N., Gold, L. S., & Willett, W. C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1995-06-06
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5258-5265
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2023518603
- Cited by
- 1,319
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 25.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
