The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The ASA Statement on p -Values: Context, Process, and Purpose
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24 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 No full text of the sources
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widespread use of”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistical significance is not equivalent to scientific, human, or economic significance.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a p-value near 0.05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, identical estimated effects will have different p-values if the precision of the estimates differs.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A p-value provides one approach to summarizing the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting multiple analyses of the data and reporting only those with certain p-values (typically those passing a significance threshold) renders the reported p-values essentially uninterpretable.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whenever a researcher chooses what to present based on statistical results, valid interpretation of those results is severely compromised if the reader is not informed of the choice and its basis.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller the p-value, the greater the statistical incompatibility of the data with the null hypothesis, if the underlying assumptions used to calculate the p-value hold.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Valid scientific conclusions based on p-values and related statistics cannot be drawn without at least knowing how many and which analyses were conducted, and how those analyses (including p-values) were selected for reporting.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has led to some scientific journals discouraging the use of p-values, and some scientists and statisticians recommending their abandonment, with some arguments essentially unchanged since p-values were first introduced.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical community has been deeply concerned about issues of reproducibility and replicability of scientific conclusions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the p-value can be a useful statistical measure, it is commonly misused and misinterpreted.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conclusion does not immediately become”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these measures and approaches rely on further assumptions, but they may more directly address the size of an effect (and its associated uncertainty) or whether the hypothesis is correct.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The validity of scientific conclusions, including their reproducibility, depends on more than the statistical methods themselves.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation, and is not a statement about the explanation itself.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers should recognize that a p-value without context or other evidence provides limited information.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, a relatively large p-value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This incompatibility can be interpreted as casting doubt on or providing evidence against the null hypothesis or the underlying assumptions.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Appropriately chosen techniques, properly conducted analyses and correct interpretation of statistical results also play a key role in ensuring that conclusions are sound and that uncertainty surrounding them is represented properly.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 1. Introduction
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Misunderstanding or misuse of statistical inference is only one cause of the”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peng 2015 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller p-values do not necessarily imply the presence of larger or more important effects, and larger p-values do not imply a lack of importance or even lack of effect.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In view of the prevalent misuses of and misconceptions concerning p-values, some statisticians prefer to supplement or even replace p-values with other approaches.”
§ The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose In > 4. Other Approaches
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is widespread consensus in the statistical community on the principles articulated in the ASA statement.
“according to widespread consensus in the statistical community”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the large scale of the Tabula Muris Senis dataset provides substantial power to predict subtle changes in LR interactions, the biological complexity, dependencies among communication pairs, and multiple testing burden require that these p-values be interpreted within a broader biological and statistical context [33].”
From Quantitative profiling of lifespan-dependent cell-cell communication potential reveals dynamic ligand-receptor network shifts across mouse tissues (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These types of incorrect descriptions contribute to confirmation bias, overinterpretation of results, and reporting correlation as implied causation (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is especially true of relatively large-sample-size studies (as most learning analytics studies are), which are likely to obtain statistically significant findings in relatively small variations in measures such as GPA (Field 2017; Salkind 2016 Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
From Unethical Numbers? A Meta-analysis of Library Learning Analytics Studies (2019) · cites this paper as Wasserstein and Lazar 2016
In the citing paper
“In 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement on statistical significance and the P value with six principles underlying the proper use and interpretation of this statistical tool (77).”
From Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Although we also present p values for exploratory analyses, we refrain from labeling any of them as statistically significant, following best-practice recommendations for statistical analysis [43].”
From Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Contrary to IJE author recommendations and recent guidance from the American Statistics Society, 16 Gao et al. largely base their conclusions on findings with a P -value equivalent to < 0.05 after multiple testing.”
From Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Following guidance,50 we focused on 95% CIs, rather than statistical significance. For example, unlike conventional interpretations, we did not outright interpret an effect estimate “non‐significant” if the lower or upper bound of the 95% CI was slightly above/below the null value; we interpreted them as “suggestive” of an effect.”
From Third‐wave cognitive behaviour therapies for weight management: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
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- Leek, J. (2014), “On the Scalability of Statistical Procedures: Why the p-Value Bashers Just Don't Get It,” Simply Statistics Blog, Available at http://simplystatistics.org/2014/02/14/on-the-scalability-of-statistical-procedures-why-the-p-value-bashers-just-dont-get-it/.
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Immigration Policy and the Health of Latina Mothers and Their Infants
Raffa, B. J., Swartz, J. J., Ranapurwala, S. I., Zhao, C., & Cholera, R. (2023) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-023-01476-3 · Cited by 6
Jin, Y., Arimura, H., Cui, Y., Kodama, T., Mizuno, S., & Ansai, S. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15082220 · Cited by 6
“However, since the p-values do not necessarily lead us to scientific conclusions [30,31], we utilized the survival analysis of KM curves (Figure 2b) and Spearman correlation analysis (Section 2.”
MethodZheng, M., Bernardo, C., Stocks, N. P., Hu, P., & González‐Chica, D. A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069875 · Cited by 8
Veličković, V. M., Carradice, D., Boyle, J. R., Hamady, M., Cleveland, T., Neequaye, S. K., Ignjatović, A., Bogdanović, D., Savović, J., & Siebert, U. (2023) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2023.2207009 · Cited by 6
“Additionally, they were interpreted as a qualifier of the strength of the evidence [30,31].”
BackgroundFawsitt, C. G., Thom, H. H. Z., Régnier, S. A., Lee, X. Y., Kymes, S. M., & Vase, L. (2023) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.57264/cer-2023-0021 · Cited by 6
Lexicosemantic diffusion in World Englishes: variable meaning–form relations in prospective verbs
Schneider, E. W. (2023) · English Language and Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s136067432300014x · Cited by 6
Simonson, M. A., Weber, M. J., Wilkinson, G. M., et al. (2023) · Lake and Reservoir Management · doi:10.1080/10402381.2023.2209780 · Cited by 6
“2016, Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
Intersecting Upstream Factors: Inequities in Cervical Cancer Screening in Malawi
Langa, N., Bhatta, T. R., & Amuta, A. O. (2023) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2023.2229308 · Cited by 6
Statistics, truth finding and predictions: what every gynaecologist and researcher should know
Koninckx, P. R., Wattiez, A., & Sarıdoğan, E. (2023) · Facts Views and Vision in ObGyn · doi:10.52054/fvvo.15.2.080 · Cited by 6
Tatas, Z., Koutsiouroumpa, O., Seehra, J., Mavridis, D., & Pandis, N. (2023) · European Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1093/ejo/cjad031 · Cited by 6
Wysocki, A., Czortek, P., Konowalik, K., et al. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121303 · Cited by 6
Ronquillo, C., Dahinten, V. S., Bungay, V., & Currie, L. M. (2023) · JMIR Nursing · doi:10.2196/44435 · Cited by 8
“Effect sizes are reported as per guidance by the American Statistical Association [65] and recommendations by various authors [65-67].”
MethodExploring the Interplay of Achievement Goals, Self-Efficacy, Prior Experience and Course Achievement
Pesonen, H., Leinonen, J., Haaranen, L., & Hellas, A. (2023) · Conference on United Kingdom & Ireland Computing Education Research (UKICER) · doi:10.1145/3610969.3611178 · Cited by 6
Kühnhenrich, D. (2023) · Environmental Economics and Policy Studies · doi:10.1007/s10018-023-00375-z · Cited by 10
McKechnie, T., Yang, S., Wu, K., et al. (2023) · Diseases of the Colon & Rectum · doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000003014 · Cited by 6
Evidence-based Medicine: A Narrative Review on the Evolving Opportunities and Challenges
Agrawal, S., Magoon, R., Choudhary, N., Suresh, V., Kumar, A., Nagpal, V. K., & Kaur, M. (2023) · Journal of Cardiac Critical Care TSS · doi:10.25259/jccc_51_2023 · Cited by 6
Someko, H., Yamamoto, N., Ito, T., Suzuki, T., Tsuge, T., Yabuzaki, H., Dohi, E., & Kataoka, Y. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111302 · Cited by 6
What question are we trying to answer? Embracing causal inference
Sargeant, J. M., O'Connor, A. M. C., Renter, D. G., & Ruple, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1402981 · Cited by 6
“There is a plethora of information on the uses and abuses of p -values related to inference about the effect size (i.e., null hypothesis significance testing), and the interested reader is referred to available resources on this topic [for example (15, 16)].”
BackgroundAccelerated aging and altered subclinical response to ozone exposure in young, healthy adults
Weston, W. C., Bind, M., Cascio, W. E., Devlin, R. B., Díaz-Sánchez, D., & Ward-Caviness, C. K. (2024) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/eep/dvae007 · Cited by 6
Han, H. (2024) · Stats · doi:10.3390/stats7030044 · Cited by 7
Ko, D., Evans, P. T., Lin, K. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.034529 · Cited by 6
“In accordance with guidance from the American Statistical Association 24 and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, 25 we provide quantitative interpretation of HR and 95% CI.”
Bickel, D. R., & Rahal, A. (2019) · Statistics · doi:10.1080/02331888.2019.1660342 · Cited by 6
Ogino, S., & Nishihara, R. (2016) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2016.257873 · Cited by 6
Thomas, R., Barach, P. R., Wilkinson, J. D., et al. (2017) · Progress in Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ppedcard.2017.02.002 · Cited by 6
Zahedani, M. M., Schwahn, C., Baguhl, R., Kocher, T., Below, H., & Welk, A. (2017) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12754 · Cited by 6
Graphs, Tables, and Scientific Illustrations: Visualisation as the Science of Seeing Gerontology
Caissie, L. T., Goggin, C., & Best, L. A. (2017) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980817000447 · Cited by 6
“Such practices are in keeping with the recommendations of professional associations (Wilkinson & the Task Force on Statistical Inference, 1999; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundResultGarrison, J., Done, J., & Simons, J. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.027 · Cited by 6
“sizes are more informative measures (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
Villani, D., Iannello, P., Cipresso, P., & Antonietti, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02092 · Cited by 6
“In a recent note the American Psychological Association (2010) considered the claims of American Statistical Association and stated the importance of using also BF, among others (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundOn the Jeffreys-Lindley Paradox and the Looming Reproducibility Crisis in Machine Learning
Berrar, D., & Dubitzky, W. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) · doi:10.1109/dsaa.2017.3 · Cited by 7
Correlation between tides and seismicity in Northwestern South America: The case of Colombia
Moncayo, G. A., Zuluaga, J. I., & Monsalve, G. (2018) · Journal of South American Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.11.020 · Cited by 6
Estimation versus falsification approaches in sport and exercise science
Wilkinson, M., & Winter, E. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1479116 · Cited by 6
“…decades, debate has undergone a resurgence with emphasis on shortcomings of conventional null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) (Cohen, 1994; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) and implications for sport, exercise and medicine research (Hopkins, Marshall, Batterham, & Hanin, 2009; Wilkinson, 2014).”
BackgroundAccess to Affordable Breast Cancer Care in Eastern Europe
Eniu, A. E., & Antone, N. Z. (2018) · Current Breast Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s12609-018-0285-8 · Cited by 6
Lack of confidence interval reporting in dermatology: a call to action
Hopkins, Z. H., Moreno, C., & Secrest, A. M. (2018) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.17126 · Cited by 6
Avoiding the hazards of misinterpreting treatment effects
Saad, E. D., & Tannock, I. F. (2018) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy472 · Cited by 6
To Read More Papers, or to Read Papers Better? A Crucial Point for the Reproducibility Crisis
França, T. F. A., & Monserrat, J. M. (2018) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201800206 · Cited by 6
Hidalgo, R. C., Bazán-Ramírez, A., & Vargas, G. A. (2019) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v0i35.62044 · Cited by 11
“…2016; Perezgonzalez, 2015; Ziliak, 2016; además de lo planteado en una reciente declaración de la Asociación Americana de Estadística publicada en Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016), se calculó el porcentaje de cambio (PC) pretest-postest para las variables: mindfulness, los componentes psíquico (CP) y…”
BackgroundDynamic Online Performance Optimization in Streaming Data Compression
Gibson, J. K., Lee, D., Choi, J., & Sim, A. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2018.8621867 · Cited by 6
“As this standardized distance (2) grows, the p-value [15] gets smaller.”
BackgroundSubgroup Analysis: “What Works Best for Whom and Why?”
Keller, F. (2019) · Advances in prevention science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00627-3_16 · Cited by 6
On ecological aspects of dynamics for zero slope regression for water pollution in Chile
Stehlík, M., Soza, L. N., Fabian, Z. L., et al. (2019) · Stochastic Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1080/07362994.2019.1592692 · Cited by 6
Experimentations in geography and planning: What do they tell, what do they do?
Rufat, S., & Meunier, V. (2019) · L’Espace géographique · doi:10.3917/eg.481.0057 · Cited by 6
A rail network performance metric to capture passenger experience
Hickish, B., Fletcher, D. I., & Harrison, R. F. (2019) · Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jrtpm.2019.06.002 · Cited by 6
The Push to Move Health Care Science Beyond p < .05
Lowe, N. K. (2019) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2019.07.005 · Cited by 6
Interpreting and tailoring affordance based design user-centered experiments
Chen, M., Mata, I., & Fadel, G. M. (2019) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2019.1651675 · Cited by 6
“In order to quantify the idea of statistical signi fi cance of evidence, the p-value is used (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodWhy Beta Priors: Invariance-Based Explanation
Kosheleva, O. M., Крейнович, В., & Autchariyapanitkul, K. (2020) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49728-6_8 · Cited by 6
Body mass as an estimate of female body condition in a hibernating small mammal
Wells, C. P., Wilson, J. A., Kelt, D. A., et al. (2019) · The Canadian Field-Naturalist · doi:10.22621/cfn.v133i1.2073 · Cited by 6
The role of the p-value in the multitesting problem
Martínez‐Camblor, P., Pérez‐Fernández, S., & Coto, S. D. (2019) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664763.2019.1682128 · Cited by 6
Kouvatsis, I., & Hofmann, B. A. (2019) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13410 · Cited by 6
“P-value (probability value) is the probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data (e.g., the sample mean difference) would be equal to or more extreme than its observed value (Wasserstein and Lazar 2016).”
BackgroundAssessing the Effect of Unit Champion-Initiated Audits on Fall Rates
Loresto, F., Grant, C., Solberg, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nursing Care Quality · doi:10.1097/ncq.0000000000000449 · Cited by 6
Global perspectives on manhood and masculinity
Sherr, M. E., & Adedoyin, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2019.1681229 · Cited by 6
“…journals, and the American Statistical Association’s concern with the misuse of the p-value in psychological research, a critical lens is necessary for discerning the credibility of the guidelines to inform practice (Baker, 2016; Dalmeet, 2017; Kmetz, 2019; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Weir, 2015).”
BackgroundThe perception of emotional cues by children in artificial background noise
Parada‐Cabaleiro, E., Batliner, A. M., Baird, A., & Schuller, B. W. (2020) · International Journal of Speech Technology · doi:10.1007/s10772-020-09675-1 · Cited by 6
Gap Analysis of Swine-Based Hemostasis Research: “Houses of Brick or Mansions of Straw?”
Reynolds, P. S., & Garvan, C. S. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz249 · Cited by 6
Molecular dynamics calculations of collision-induced absorption in a gas mixture of neon and krypton
Fakhardji, W., Szabó, P. P., El-Kader, M. S. A., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0006186 · Cited by 6
Long term beef production in extensive cow-calf systems in the tropical savannas of eastern Colombia
Vera, R. R., & Ramírez-Restrepo, C. A. (2020) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia · doi:10.15446/rfmvz.v67n1.87678 · Cited by 6
What makes a plant science manuscript successful for publication?
Setter, T. L., Munns, R., Stefanova, K. T., et al. (2020) · Functional Plant Biology · doi:10.1071/fp20124 · Cited by 6
Puzio, A., & Best, D. L. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.09.011 · Cited by 10
Prevalence of activities in later life across European regions
Lakomý, M. (2020) · Central European Journal of Public Policy · doi:10.2478/cejpp-2020-0006 · Cited by 6
“Finally, the decision not to use statistical significance is in line with a recommendation to use it only in necessary cases and do not overestimate its importance (Eisenhart et al., 2006; Nuzzo, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
BackgroundMerchant, A. T., Liu, J., Reynolds, M. A., Beck, J. D., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0376 · Cited by 6
Lessons worth repeating: Sidman's Tactics of Scientific Research
Branch, M. N. (2020) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.643 · Cited by 9
Girard, A., Bréheret, N., Bal, G., et al. (2021) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-020-03814-7 · Cited by 6
Research papers 101: The do’s and don'ts of scientific writing
Torres-Valladares, D., Ballinas-García, E., Villarreal-Reyes, J., et al. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.708 · Cited by 6
The association between marijuana and motor vehicle crashes
Fowles, R., & Loeb, P. D. (2021) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2021.101043 · Cited by 6
A warming Southern Ocean may compromise Antarctic blue whale foetus growth
Smith, C. (2021) · Folia Zoologica · doi:10.25225/jvb.20114 · Cited by 7
“This approach avoids reliance on hypothesis testing and P-values, which are increasingly recognised as unreliable statistical tools for any but the simplest models (Burnham & Anderson, 2014; Nuzzo, 2014; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodŁukaszyk, E., Bień‐Barkowska, K., & Bień, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041098 · Cited by 7
“05 can offer only weak evidence against the null hypothesis of no effect [26], we additionally used the more statistically robust method of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) [27–30].”
MethodNeupert, S. D., Growney, C. M., Zhu, X., Sorensen, J. K., Smith, E. L., & Hannig, J. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23040428 · Cited by 5
“In this instance, the fiducial paradigm provides a more conservative estimate of the effect, perhaps highlighting the somewhat arbitrary nature of p value cut-offs [22].”
BackgroundThe Use and Misuse of Classical Statistics: A Primer for Social Workers
Dunleavy, D. J., & Lacasse, J. R. (2021) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315211008247 · Cited by 6
“This effort can be complemented by other types of methodological and professional reform such as the improvement of study conceptualization and design (Gelman, 2016; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) and strengthening of the peer-review system (Dunleavy, 2020).”
MethodResultTzanetakis, G. N., & Koletsi, D. (2021) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.04.025 · Cited by 6
The role of gender in peer-group perceptions of climate scientists’ media statements
Armstrong, L., & Adamson, G. (2021) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625211029198 · Cited by 6
“To overcome the limitations of showing p-values alone (cf. Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016), common language effect sizes are also presented.”
BackgroundImpact of the p-Value Threshold on Interpretation of Trial Outcomes in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Bruno, A. M., Shea, A. E., Einerson, B. D., Metz, T. D., Allshouse, A. A., Scott, J. R., & Blue, N. R. (2021) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1731345 · Cited by 7
Jewson, S. P., Dallafior, T., & Comola, F. (2021) · Meteorological Applications · doi:10.1002/met.2008 · Cited by 6
Meyer, J., Kröncke, I., Bartholomä, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.698467 · Cited by 6
Collins, S., Lotfalian, M., Marx, W., Lane, M. M., Allender, S. E., Jacka, F. N., & Hoare, E. (2021) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2021.200220 · Cited by 7
Mathieson, R., & Homer, M. (2021) · Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.1080/14794802.2021.1959391 · Cited by 6
“This is essentially an independent sample t-test comparing the two groups, but with a focus on effect size, as measured by Cohen’s d, rather than on p-values (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016).”
MethodPekarskiy, S. E., Baev, A. E., Falkovskaya, А. Y., Lichikaki, V. A., Sitkova, E. S., Zyubanova, I. V., Manukyan, M. A., Tarasov, M. G., Mordovin, V. F., & Popov, S. V. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08747 · Cited by 7
Ford, K. A. M., McLay, L., France, K. G., Blampied, N. M., & Gibbs, R. M. (2021) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-021-00224-8 · Cited by 6
“…measurement and reporting of effect size and the avoidance of questionable research practices (including misinterpretation of p-values) in the case of group research (Cumming, 2014; Fritz et al., 2012; Kline, 2013; Lakens, 2013; Ranganthan et al., 2015; Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016; Wilkinson, 1999).”
MethodBickel, D. R. (2021) · International Journal of Approximate Reasoning · doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2021.11.006 · Cited by 6
Factors Influencing Digital Innovation Strategy in Organizations
Tahirkheli, S. K., & Ajigini, O. A. (2021) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.287900 · Cited by 7
Severity of Flare Reactions in Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetate Chelations
Semelka, R. C., Pereira, J. F. C., & Ramalho, M. (2021) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/rli.0000000000000841 · Cited by 6
“Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer H values.(15) All statistical analyses were performed with R 4.”
MethodIdentification of the Visually Prominent Gait Parameters for Forensic Gait Analysis
Lee, D. W., Soon, J., Choi, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042467 · Cited by 6
“First, the sample size must be large to achieve significant results [9], but the existing studies use significantly less data than the present study, thereby making them relatively less reliable.”
ResultTo Move Beyond Statistical Significance and Consider Clinical Relevance
Panteghini, M., Tonni, G., & Mansournia, M. A. (2022) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2022.02.003 · Cited by 6
Elkins, M. R., Pinto, R. Z., Verhagen, A. P., et al. (2022) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzac066 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A.
- Affiliations
- American Statistical Association, 732 North Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1943
- American Statistical Association (US)
- ORCID
- Lazar, Nicole A.
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04-02
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-133
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2293040502
- Semantic Scholar
- 81a65f23474ffceb2481836328608102950da979
- Cited by
- 6,306
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 625 · 2025: 629 · 2024: 575 · 2023: 543 · 2022: 642 · 2021: 676 · 2020: 678 · 2019: 666 · 2018: 596 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 226
- FWCI
- 649.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistics Education and Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- p-values, statistical evidence, p-value interpretation, statistical inference, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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