Cited by 231Digital Mental Health InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

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Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial

Perini, Sarah, Titov, Nickolai, Andrews, Gavin·2009·Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1080/00048670902873722

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Abstract

Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of an Internet-based clinician-assisted computerized cognitive behavioural treatment (CaCCBT) programme for depression. Method Forty-five individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for depression were randomly assigned to the Sadness programme or to a waitlist control group. In the clinician-assisted Sadness programme, participants complete six online lessons, weekly homework assignments, receive weekly email contact from a clinical psychologist, and contribute to a moderated online discussion forum with other participants. An intention-to-treat model was used for data analyses. Results A total of 20 (74%) treatment group participants completed all lessons within the 8 week programme, and post-treatment data were collected from 18/27 treatment group and 17/18 waitlist group participants. Treatment group participants reported significantly reduced symptoms of depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition and the Patient Health Questionnaire-Nine Item. Treatment group participants each received an average of eight email contacts (111 min of therapist time]. Mean within- and between-group effect sizes (Cohen's d) across the two measures of depressive symptoms were 0.98 and 0.75, respectively. Participants found the treatment programme acceptable and satisfactory. Conclusions These results replicate those from the pilot trial reported by Perini et al. and are consistent with literature indi…

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“Web-based interventions are cost-effective, supplement standard therapy [17-20], and allow for greater dissemination of psychological treatments as access to the internet bypasses geographical distance, costs, and stigma [1,15,16].”
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Sun, K. S., Lam, T. P., Lam, K. F., Piterman, L., Lo, T. L., Chao, D. V. K., & Lam, E. W. W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185831 · Cited by 16
The Effects of an E-Mental Health Program and Job Coaching on the Risk of Major Depression and Productivity in Canadian Male Workers: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Wang, J., Patten, S. B., Lam, R. W. M., Attridge, M. D., Ho, K., Schmitz, N., Marchand, A., & Lashewicz, B. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.6350 · Cited by 14
“Other well-known e-mental health programs for depression that have been evaluated by at least one RCT include Sadness [8], e-couch [9], BluePages [7], and myCompass [10].”
A Review of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy and Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depression: Implications for Mental Health Social Work Practice
O'Neal, P., Jackson, A., & McDermott, F. (2014) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2013.778307 · Cited by 14
“In a study that highlighted the emerging role of technology within clinical settings, Perini, Titov, and Andrews (2009) provided evidence for the efficacy of internetbased CBT.”
BackgroundInfluential
Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression = Tratamiento transdiagnóstico por internet de la ansiedad y la depresión
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., & Terides, M. (2012) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11842 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for major depression: a reply to the REEACT trial
Andrews, G., Hobbs, M., & Newby, J. (2016) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2015-102293 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Occupational impact of internet‐delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety: reanalysis of data from five Australian randomised controlled trials
Mackenzie, A., Harvey, S. B., Mewton, L. R., & Andrews, G. (2014) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja14.00293 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Computer-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Disorders: A Systematic Review
Amer, N. A., Abdelrazek, S., Eladrosy, W., El-bakry, H., & Shohieb, S. M. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00225-0 · Cited by 12
“…to treat psychiatric patients where the most common of these skills were behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, relaxation, self-compassion, social skills, and problem-solving (Christie et al., 2019; Miloff et al., 2015; Perini et al., 2009; Pramana et al., 2018; Yokomitsu et al., 2020).”
Distance Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Wootton, B. M., & Titov, N. (2010) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.27.2.112 · Cited by 10
“RCTs have revealed that Internet-based programs are clinically and cost effective and acceptable to patients with depression (e.g., Perini et al., 2009), generalised anxiety disorder (e.g., Titov, Andrews, Robinson, Schwencke, Johnston, Solley, & Choi, 2009), panic disorder (e.g., Klein, Richards,…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of an internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) intervention on improving depressive symptoms and work-related outcomes among nurses in Japan: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Kuribayashi, K., Imamura, K., Watanabe, K., Miyamoto, Y., Takano, A., Sawada, U., Sasaki, N., Suga, M., Sugino, A., Hidaka, Y., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2221-5 · Cited by 18
“, THIS WAY UP [28]; SPARX [29]) utilize comics and manga characters to enhance understanding and users’ motivation to learn the contents.”
Method
Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy: helping Ireland log on
Twomey, C., O'Reilly, G., & Byrne, M. (2013) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2012.5 · Cited by 11
Effektivität computer- und internetgestützter kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie bei Depression
Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Kersting, A., König, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. (2010) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248575 · Cited by 11
“Ähnlich gestaltet sich der Therapeutenkontakt auch in der Studie von Perini et al. (2009).”
Background
Rationale and design of a systematic review: Effectiveness and acceptance of technology-based psychological interventions in different clinical phases of depression management
Köhnen, M., Kriston, L., Härter, M., Dirmaier, J., & Liebherz, S. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028042 · Cited by 10
The ethical implications of using technology in psychological testing and treatment
Montalto, M. (2014) · Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1891/1559-4343.16.2.127 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, Perini, Titov, and Andrews (2009) found supporting evidence highlighting that online therapy can be particularly helpful for mental disorders such as depression.”
Background
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Applicability of Web-Based Interventions for Individuals with Depression and Quality of Life Impairment
Yang, D., Hur, J.-W., Kwak, Y. B., & Choi, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.03.15 · Cited by 10
Web-Based Interventions to Help Australian Adults Address Depression, Anxiety, Suicidal Ideation, and General Mental Well-being: Scoping Review
Skaczkowski, G., van der Kruk, S., Loxton, S., Hughes-Barton, D., Howell, C., Turnbull, D., Jensen, N., Smout, M., & Gunn, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31018 · Cited by 9
Persuasive design principle of social support in digital interventions targeting mental health symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mutter, A., Bücheler, M., Idrees, A. R., Domhardt, M., & Baumeister, H. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086728 · Cited by 10
Effectiveness and acceptance of technology-based psychological interventions for the acute treatment of unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Preprint)
Köhnen, M., Kriston, L., Härter, M. C., Baumeister, H., & Liebherz, S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24584 · Cited by 11
“TBI arms o f i n c l u d e d s t u d i e s a p p l i e d g u i d e d [25,29,31,38,46,47,55,65,70,73,84,85,88,89,91], unguided [25,45,62,65,77,95], or therapist-administered [50,91] interventions.”
Background
South African psychologists’ use of the Internet in their practices
Evans, D. J. (2014) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246314527874 · Cited by 8
Positive imagery cognitive bias modification (CBM) and internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) versus control CBM and iCBT for depression: study protocol for a parallel-group randomised controlled trial
Williams, A. D., Blackwell, S. E., Holmes, E. A., & Andrews, G. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004049 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Technology-Assisted Psychotherapy (TAP): Adapting Computerized Treatments into Traditional Psychotherapy for Depression
Overholser, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9241-0 · Cited by 9
“2005) or email correspondence from a trained mental health professional (Perini et al. 2009).”
Background
Computer-assisted Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Mobile Apps for Depression and Anxiety: Evidence-based Digital Tools for Clinical Practice
Rajeshkumar, L., Mishkind, M. C., Coleman, J. J., Pahwa, M., LaPreze, D., Solenske, S., & Wright, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000815 · Cited by 12
“42 43 – 45 Another evidence-based program for CCBT, Space from Depression , which was developed in Ireland, has been shown to be effective compared with control conditions in 2 RCTs, 46,47 but a study in women with depression and a history of breast cancer did not show a signi ﬁ cant difference in…”
Telemental Health Collaborative Care Medication Management: Implementation and Outcomes
Das, S., Wang, J., Chen, S.-Y., & Chen, C. (2021) · Telemedicine journal and e-health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2021.0401 · Cited by 7
“This approach has been used in other efficacious internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy interventions, and it was found to have a normalizing effect for clients.(33)”
Reduced Contact Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Adult Depression: A Review
Beshai, S., Wallace, L. M., McDougall, K. H., Waldmann, K., & Stea, J. N. (2016) · The Journal of psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2015.1087376 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments for depression on anhedonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pugh, D., Saunders, R., Jones, A., Dunn, B. D., & Buckman, J. E. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120165 · Cited by 7
Social media for psychological support of patients with chronic non-infectious diseases: a systematic review
Bert, F., Moro, G. L., Giacomini, G., Minutiello, E., & Siliquini, R. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad006 · Cited by 5
A Review Article on Internet-based Psychological Interventions in Primary Care. What is the Global Experience? How Reliable are Results from RCTs? Lessons Learned from the European, US and Australian Case Studies
Sogomonjan, M., Kerikmäe, T., & Ööpik, P. (2018) · TalTech Journal of European Studies · doi:10.1515/bjes-2018-0019 · Cited by 4
“…therapist-assisted computerized cognitive behavioural therapies in routine clinical practice (Jonassaint et al., 2017; Richards & Richardson, 2012; Perini et al., 2009; Ruwaard et al., 2009; Andersson et al., 2005; Berger et al., 2011; Johansson et al., 2012; Knowles et al., 2014; Andersson &…”
BackgroundMethod
Les outils numériques au service de l’éducation thérapeutique : leurre ou pertinence ? revue narrative de la littérature
Vitale, E., Genovese, V. V., & Allenet, B. (2021) · Education thérapeutique du patient - Therapeutic patient education · doi:10.1051/tpe/2021007 · Cited by 7
A report on the survey. Attitudes of Estonian healthcare professionals to internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy
Sogomonjan, M., Kerikmäe, T., Ööpik, P., & Ross, P. (2019) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2019.1637623 · Cited by 3
“…where patients were allowed to take additional medication (Berger et al., 2017; Newby et al., 2013; Bergstrom et al., 2010; Nordgren et al., 2014; Perini et al., 2009; Ruwaard et al., 2009; Andersson et al., 2005; Berger et al., 2011; Johansson et al., 2012; KayLambkin et al., 2011; Proudfoot et…”
Background
Promoting awareness of depression with a mobile application: A usability study and evaluation
Noori, S., Mansor, E., Ibrahim, N., & Hinds, J. (2016) · International Conference on User Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/iuser.2016.7857934 · Cited by 3
“application called Mobilyze! In three separate studies, Watts [15], Johannson [16] and Perini [17] evaluated the same treatment program known as “The Sadness Program” [15] and as the “Get Happy Program” in [16] and [17].”
Method
Preliminary adaptation of cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression in the Bangladeshi context: a pilot study
Ara, J., & Deeba, F. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06145-9 · Cited by 2
The Potential of Health Information Technologies to Transform Mental Health Care for Young People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Ospina-Pinillos, L., Krausz, R. M., & Hickie, I. (2020) · Innovations in Global Mental Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70134-9_128-1 · Cited by 2
The effects of stress inoculation training on coping strategies among midwives in primary health-care centers
Navaee, M., & Kaykha, H. (2019) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.4103/nms.nms_71_18 · Cited by 2
“[13] Effective coping with stress is associated with better mental health,[14] whereas ineffective coping can cause personal dissatisfaction, reduce work capacity, undermine professional commitment, and thereby, negatively affect the quality of patient care.”
Background
Differential characteristics of young and midlife adult users of psychotherapy, psychotropic medications, or both: information from a population representative sample in São Paulo, Brazil
Blay, S. L., Fillenbaum, G. G., & Peluso, É. D. T. P. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0651-2 · Cited by 4
Teleworking Employees’ Well-being and Innovativeness: A Bibliometric Analysis of Teleworking Literature
Elsamani, Y., & Kajikawa, Y. (2023) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet59654.2023.10216789 · Cited by 2
“2 Human-Computer Interaction, Futures, Computer Supported Cooperative Work [63]–[65] Titov, N Andrews, G Dear, BF treatment, icbt, depression, therapy, anxiety, phobia, social phobia, cbt, disorder, internet, cognitive, program, panic, panic disorder,”
The Use of Technology to Augment Clinical Care in Depression and Anxiety Disorders: An Evidence Map
Maher, A. R., Apaydin, E. A., Raaen, L. B., Motala, A., Shanman, R., & Hempel, S. (2019) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr2177 · Cited by 2
Using participatory design methodologies to co-design and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Mental Health eClinic (Preprint)Preprint
Ospina‐Pinillos, L., Davenport, T. A., Diaz, A. M., Navarro-Mancilla, Á. A., Scott, E. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2019) · doi:10.2196/preprints.14127 · Cited by 1
The Role of Technology in the Treatment of Depression
Pedrelli, P., Bentley, K. H., Howe, E. S., & Shapero, B. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97241-1_14 · Cited by 2
Technology-Based Approaches to Improve Mental Health Outcomes for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Topolovec‐Vranic, J., Taneva, S., Shamis, J., & Ouchterlony, D. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/27696
“Seven of the trials were community based (Christensen et al., 2004; Meyer et al., 2009; Patten, 2003; Perini et al., 2009; Spek et al., 2007; van Straten et al., 2008; Warmerdam et al., 2008), two were undertaken in the context of a health care organization (Clarke et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effectiveness of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT) in Treating Depression: A Meta-Analysis Study
Fathiyaturrahmi, L., & Safira, D. A. (2025) · Likelihood Journal of Statistics and Its Application · doi:10.54065/likelihood.560
“Research shows that the decrease in depressive symptoms in diabetic patients is greater when compared to patients without other diseases (Perini, Titov, and Andrews 2009).”
Depresyonda Kısa Süreli Rehberli İnternet Temelli Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi: Olgu Sunumu
Avcil, C. (2025) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.1463995
Tension Release Therapy: The Development of a New Integrated Behavioural Intervention for Knee Osteoarthritis
Preece, S., Brookes, N., Williams, A., Jones, R. K., Starbuck, C., Jones, A., & Walsh, N. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-125227/v1
Blended Care-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety in Real-World Settings: Pragmatic Retrospective Study (Preprint)
Lungu, A., Jun, J., Azarmanesh, O., Leykin, Y., & Chen, C. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.18723
Recent Progress in Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
孙, 玉. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.1512662
Closing the Gap for Young Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders, Utilising Today’S Technology and Moving Forward Together
Beckmann, K. M., & Hepi, A. (2013) · Sociology and Anthropology · doi:10.13189/sa.2013.010101
“Online therapies are already well established when it comes to for example treatments of depression [17].”
Background

Authors: Perini, S., Titov, N., & Andrews, G.
Affiliations: St Vincent's Hospital Sydney (AU)
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author: Titov, Nickolai
ORCID: Titov, Nickolai
Andrews, Gavin
Venue: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-01-01
Volume: 43
Issue: 6
Pages: 571-578
ISSN: 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
1440-1614
DOI: 10.1080/00048670902873722
OpenAlex: W4239050078
Cited by: 231
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 24.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of New South Wales
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, online therapy, online forums, treatment acceptability, common mental disorders, treatment efficacy
MeSH terms: Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Professional-Patient Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Patient Satisfaction, Internet, Professional Role, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial

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