Linking Parent Involvement With Student Achievement: Do Race and Income Matter?

“…suggested for some time (Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler, 1995, 1997) that differences in involvement patterns often associated with SES are more productively examined in relation to variation in resources that often accompanies SES (e.g., Desimone, 1999; Horvat, Weininger, & Lareau, 2003; Lareau, 1989).”

“…measures of parent involvement at home or at school (Barnard, 2004; McWayne et al., 2004; Miedel & Reynolds, 1999), others have identified and studied multiple types of parent involvement (Desimone, 1999; Fan, 2001; Fan & Chen, 2001; Feuerstein, 2000; McNeal, 1999) that are measured separately.”

“Although hypothetical, such an interaction is plausible because ethnicity and SES often interact with one another to inform psychosocial outcomes (Desimone, 1999; Kessler & Neighbors, 1986).”

“…positively impacting students’ maths proficiency and achievement (Sheldon & Epstein, 2005; Sirvani, 2007b), gains in reading performance (Powell-Smith, Stoner, Shinn, & Good, 2000), as well as performance on standardised tests and academic assessments (Desimone, 1999; Domina, 2005; Jeynes, 2005).”

“However, these findings are inconsistent with more recent research (Crosnoe, 2001; Desimone, 1999).”

“Among older children, parental volunteering, contact, and communication with schools were more strongly related to achievement for EuroAmericans than for African Americans (Desimone, 1999; Muller & Kerbow, 1993).”

“academics), and provide youths with cognitively stimulating materials and experiences, have predicted better academic outcomes for children and adolescents in diverse samples, including Latino samples (Conger et al., 1993; Desimone, 1999; Eamon, 2002; Gray and Steinberg, 1999; Guo and Harris, 2000; Keith and Lichtman,…”

“, 1998), a study (Desimone, 1999) examining similar ethnic groups showed that the PARENTS’ EDUCATIONAL INVOLVEMENT 35”

“For example, minority parents have frequently reported less involvement in their children’s school affairs (Desimone, 1999), while Hispanic parents in particular have been found to communicate less with their adolescents about sexuality (Baumeister, Flores, & Marin, 1995).”

“Another reason to adapt content to learners relates to demographic and sociocultural differences among students, which can affect learning outcomes and ultimately achievement (Conchas, 2006; Desimone, 1999; Fan & Chen, 2001).”

“However, researchers including H. Cooper et al. (2000), Desimone (1999), Hill and Tyson (2009), Pomerantz et al. (2005), and Singh, Bickley, Trivette, and Keith (1995), to mention a few, found negative associations.”

“Desimone (1999) stated that parental involvement in learning at school and at”

“When considering race and ethnicity, Schneider and Coleman (1993) found that Asians had lower levels of home discussion than did Caucasians.”

“A large volume of research has shown that students whose parents are involved in their education demonstrate superior achievement in mathematics (Sheldon & Epstein, 2005; Sirvani, 2007b) and reading (Powell-Smith, Stoner, Shinn, & Good, 2000; Rasinski & Stevenson, 2005), as well as higher grade point averages and bett…”

“work and attending parent–teacher association meetings (Desimone, 1999; Keith et al., 1993; Steinberg, Lamborn, Dornbusch & Darling, 1992); (b) parental encouragement”

“Parent involvement has been consistently related to students' cognitive development and academic achievement (Desimone, 1999; Halle, Kurtz-Costes, & Mahoney, 1997; Simon, 2001; Trusty, 1999).”

“School staff and policy-makers tend to adopt participation in school-based activities and parent–teacher contacts as key measures of parental involvement (Griffith, 1996; Desimone, 1999; Weininger & Lareau, 2003).”

“While the influential work of Entwisle and Alexander (1996) seemed to indicate that SES was the primary driver of variability in parent involvement, subsequent studies indicate that race/ethnicity and SES each have a unique effect on parent involvement (e.g., Desimone, 2000;”

“Although there are research results stating that the parent socioeconomic status related to parental engagement, just like Desimone (1999) that suggest there is a significant correlation between family economic level and parental involvement.”

“To understand variation in families’ levels of involvement, research has investigated the effects of students’ background, including race/ethnicity, family structure, and socioeconomic status, on families’ involvement (Clark, 1984; Astone & McLanahan, 1991; Goyette & Xie, 1991; Lee, 1994; Singh et al., 1995; Catsambis…”

“0013-5984/2009/11001-0005$10.00 achievement (Fan & Chen, 2001), lower dropout rates (McNeal, 1999), and improved student attitudes (Desimone, 1999).”

“…are multidimensional assessments, measuring not only students’ academic knowledge but also teachers’ judgements of their effort, participation, attendance and behaviour (e.g. Bowers, 2009), as well as other factors such as the extent of parental involvement with the school (e.g. Desimone, 1999).”

“been established for children from diverse backgrounds and in different grade levels (Desimone, 1999; Jeynes, 2005, 2007).”

“This may explain why most correlational studies have found parental assistance with homework to be associated with lower achievement (Balli, Wedman, & Demo, 1997; C. Chen & Stevensen, 1989; Desimone, 1999; McDermott, Goldman, & Varenne, 1984; Miller & Kelley, 1991; Singh et al., 1995).”

“Over the past four decades, there have been numerous discussions of student achievement and school failure (Ballantine, 2001; Desimone, 1999; Ford & Wright, 1998; Gamoran, 2001; Gardner, 1993; Hilliard, 1995; Jencks & Phillips, 1998; Kozol, 2006; Moore, 1999; Steel & Aronson, 1998).”

“However, when studies focused on specific aspects of school-based PI, they tend to find that public-good PI and parent networking are more prevalent and effective forms of school-based PI for high SES or White students (Desimone, 1999; McNeal, 1999; Yan & Lin, 2005).”

“Given the significant contribution of parental involvement to student academic performance (Baker, 1996; Carr & Wilson, 1997; Desmione, 1999; Griffith, 1996; Thorkildsen & Stein, 1998), it is not surprising that researchers have attempted to account for what leads parents to become involved with…”

“This form of parental involvement in students’ academic lives is crucial in promoting achievement (Catsambis & Beveridge, 2001; Desimone, 1999; Hara, 1998; Muller, 1998; Sanders, 1998; Shaver & Walls, 1998).”

“Although the majority of such research has focused on parents of older children and adolescents (Desimone, 1999; Mau, 1997) these studies are helpful in conceptualizing the similarities and differences in parent involvement that may also exist during the transition into school.”

“The possibility that Latinos may be highly oriented to White American culture (and that non-Latinos may be highly oriented to Latino culture) is impossible to examine when research is limited to demonstrating ethnic group differences (Desimone, 1999; Tsai et al., 2002).”

“In this section, we describe six large-scale studies that have been conducted in the area of PI and academic achievement: (1) Fan and Chen [14], (2) Jeynes [10], (3) Desimone [9], (4) Keith et al.”

“It is important that across racial/ ethnic and socioeconomic groups, adolescents' perceptions of parental involvement matter more for indicators of achievement than parental reports (Desimone, 1999).”

“Despite the importance of their children's successful schooling, inner-city African American parents generally evidence patterns of low school involvement (Desimone, 1999; Ford, 1995; Ford & Webb, 1994).”

“…are less likely than their wealthier peers to participate in family involvement opportunities that require them to visit their children’s schools (desimone 1999; hickman, Greenwood, and Miller 1995; noel, Stark, and Redford 2013). although research has shown that the same parents and caregivers…”

“…(Ingersoll, Scamman, & Eckerling, 1989; Kerbow, 1996; Rumberger, 2003; Schuler, 1990) and home environment (Astone & McLanahan, 1991; Clark, 1983; Desimone, 1999; Keith, Keith, & Troutman, 1993; McLanahan, 1985), have been found to be mediating or intervening variables affecting students’…”

“This idea is supported by evidence that our ability to predict student outcomes varies depending on whether parent self-reports or student reports of parents’ behaviors are used as the independent variable (Desimone, 1999; Walker et al., 2006) and by the often modest correspondence between parent and child reports of…”

“…care may prevent families from attending school events or volunteering in the school (Hill & Taylor, 2004), although research has demonstrated that, for families in poverty, parents’ volunteering in the school does not have a significant effect on students’ academic achievement (Desimone, 1999).”

“Prior research in both the special education (Harry & Kalyanpur, 1994; Jung, 2011; Trainor, 2010) and general education literature (Desimone, 1999; Hickman, Greenwood, & Miller, 1995; Jeynes, 2003) has shown that parents’ experiences with school involvement often differ for families from diverse…”

“Children performed better and continued further in mathematics if they participated in parent-child discussions about school and if their parents were active volunteers at the school or members of the PTA or PTO (Catsambis, 2002; Desimone, 1999; Ho & Wilms, 1996; Ma, 1999; Valadez, 2002).”

“…from students (Anderson & Minke, 2007; Deslandes & Bertrand, 2005; Green et al., 2007; HooverDempsey et al., 2005; Sheldon, 2002) and invitations from teachers (e.g., Desimone, 1999; Epstein & Van Voorhis, 2001; Grolnick et al., 1997; Simon, 2004; Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch, & Hernandez, 2003).”

“It corresponds with previous research suggesting that parental involvement is a multidimensional construct (Epstein, 1995; Fan & Chen, 1999; Grolnick & Slowiaczek, 1994) and different aspects have varied effects on students’ academic achievement (Desimone, 1999; McNeal, 1999; Muller, 1998).”

“It can be also important in educational setting (Desimone, 1999).”

“…outcomes is more nuanced, depending on the type of their involvement and the measured outcomes (e.g., Crosnoe, 2001; Domina, 2005), the students’ ages (Jeynes, 2005, 2007), and on family background characteristics such as poor SES background (e.g., Reay, 1998) or race (e.g., Desimone, 2001).”

“Recognizing that research documents the numerous theoretical and academic benefits gleaned from parental involvement (see Brough, 1997; Desimone, 1999; McNeal, 1999), the last section of the interview protocol asked teachers about this middle school reform component.”

“The effect of parent involvement on student achievement varied depending on the parent’s racial/ethnic status (Desimone, 1999).”

“The influence may be of significance from infancy through adulthood (Steinberg et al., 1989; Weiss and Schwarz, 1996; Zahedani et al., 2016) and can be appreciated across a range of ethnicities (Desimone, 1999; Battle, 2002; Jeynes, 2007).”

“Studies have shown that this form of involvement is positively related to student achievement and report card grades (Desimone, 1999; Hill & Craft, 2003; Ho & Willms, 1996; Muller, 1993).”

“According to Desimone (1999), parents’ participation in school activities may establish connections between teachers and parents that have a positive influence on teachers’ impressions of and views about students.”

“Another reason to adapt content to learners relates to demographic and sociocultural differences among students, which can affect learning outcomes and ultimately achievement (Conchas, 2006; Desimone, 1999; Fan and Chen, 2001).”

“…Tobias, 1994), emotional states such as frustration, boredom, motivation, and confidence (Craig, Graesser, Sullins, & Gholson, 2004; Qu, Wang, & Johnson, 2005), and differences in demographic and sociocultural factors (Conchas, 2006; Desimone, 1999) are among the predictors of learning outcomes.”

“Most of the research regarding parental involvement has been conducted with predominately White student samples, and some studies have found that the effects of parental involvement are more influential for European American students than for minority students ( Desimone 1999; Yan and Lin 2005).”

“Other research (Desimone, 1999; Yan & Lin, 2005) has shown similar patterns with Asian, Black, Latino, and White adolescents’ academic mathematics and reading scores.”

“In addition, Desimone (1999) defines parent involvement as a set of group-specific actions, beliefs, and attitudes that that serve as an operational factor in defining categorical differences among children (and their parents) from different racial-ethnic and economic backgrounds.”

“Moreover, parent involvement promotes a strong belief about children’s wellbeing (Desimone, 1999; Heclo, 1997; Sezer, 2013).”

“Other studies have demonstrated a negative (Desimone, 1999; Fan, 2001) or no association (Domina, 2005; El Nokali, Bachman, & Votruba-Drzal, 2010) between school-based involvement activities and achievement.”

“-born and immigrant children and youth reveal that the effects of parenting practices and styles on academic outcomes differ considerably by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), generational status, and sociocultural setting (Berlin, Brooks-Gunn, Spiker, & Zaslow, 1995; Desimone, 1999; Kao, 2004; Spera, 2005).”