Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany
Abstract
This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.
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85% of the Dutch owns a bicycle and each year travels 900 km on it.
“Indeed, 85% of the Dutch owns a bicycle and each year travels 900 km on it. 26”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Biking is an endemic skill in the Netherlands.
“Biking is an endemic skill in the Netherlands and thus offers an ideal situation to disentangle the effects of learning vs practice.”
From Physical exercise keeps the brain connected: biking increases white matter integrity in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Pucher, J., & Buehler, R.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pucher, John
- Venue
- Transport Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-528
- ISSN
- 0144-1647 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5327
- OpenAlex
- W2164133872
- Cited by
- 1,591
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 75
- FWCI
- 135.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transport Reviews (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
- Social Sciences › Transportation › transportation and logistics systems
- Keywords
- cycling promotion, cycling infrastructure, traffic calming, bicycle parking, public transport integration, road safety education, motor vehicle tax, parking restrictions, land use policy, urban travel behavior, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, United States
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