Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Open accessAbstract
In a quantitative meta-analysis, using the activation likelihood estimation method, we examined the neural regions involved in bilingual cognitive control, particularly when engaging in switching between languages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bilingual cognitive control model originally proposed as a qualitative analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. After reviewing 128 peer-reviewed articles, 10 neuroimaging studies met our inclusion criteria and in each study, bilinguals switched between languages in response to cues. We isolated regions involved in voluntary language switching, by including reported contrasts between the switching conditions and high-level baseline conditions involving similar tasks but requiring the use of only one language. Eight brain regions showed significant and reliable activation: left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, midline pre-supplementary motor area, and bilateral caudate nuclei. This quantitative result is consistent with bilingual aphasia studies that report switching deficits associated with lesions to the caudate nuclei or prefrontal cortex. It also extends the previously reported qualitative model. We discuss the implications of the findings for accounts of bilingual cognitive control.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A quantitative meta-analysis of bilingual language switching confirmed this model.
“This model was confirmed in a quantitative meta-analysis examining bilingual language switching [95]”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [95]
More activity in the bilingual network, including regions from the meta-analysis, was linked to smaller reaction-time costs on incongruent trials.
“greater activity in the bilingual network, including areas identified in the meta-analysis [95], was related to smaller RT costs for incongruent trials.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [95]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798 · see citing works
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
Laitinen, L. (1989) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(89)90128-5 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426 · see citing works
Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259 · see citing works
Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate
Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A., & Nichols, T. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1037 · Cited by 4,923 · see citing works
The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control
Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100301 · Cited by 2,974 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089910 · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas
Nachev, P., Kennard, C., & Husain, M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2478 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Grefkes, C., Wang, L. E., Zilles, K., & Fox, P. T. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20718 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation
Turkeltaub, P. E., Eden, G. F., Jones, K. M., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1131 · Cited by 1,604 · see citing works
Bias between MNI and Talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM‐152 brain template
Lancaster, J. L., Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez, D., Martinez, M., Salinas, F., Evans, A., Zilles, K., Mazziotta, J. C., & Fox, P. T. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20345 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Segalowitz, S. J., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.016 · Cited by 1,407 · see citing works
The anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009
Price, C. J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05444.x · Cited by 1,387 · see citing works
Turkeltaub, P., Eickhoff, S., Laird, A. R., Fox, M., Wiener, M., & Fox, P. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21186 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus
Grahn, J. A., Parkinson, J. A., & Owen, A. M. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.004 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts
Laird, A. R., Fox, P. M., Price, C. J., Glahn, D. C., Uecker, A. M., Lancaster, J. L., Turkeltaub, P. E., Kochunov, P., & Fox, P. T. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20136 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Language Control in the Bilingual Brain
Crinion, J., Turner, R., Grogan, A., Hanakawa, T., Noppeney, U., Devlin, J. T., Aso, T., Urayama, S., Fukuyama, H., Stockton, K., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127761 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Self-citationControl mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies
Abutalebi, J., & Green∗, D. W. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960801920602 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Self-citationA functional imaging study of translation and language switching.
Price, C. J., Green, D. W., & von Studnitz, R. E. (1999) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/122.12.2221 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage Switching and Language Representation in Spanish–English Bilinguals: An fMRI Study
Hernández, A. E., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J. C., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0810 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Is there a relation between onset age of bilingualism and enhancement of cognitive control?
Luk, G., de Sa, E., & Bialystok, E. (2011) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000010 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage control and lexical competition in bilinguals: an event-related fMRI study
Abutalebi, J., Annoni, J.-M., Zimine, I., Pegna, A. J., Seghier, M. L., Lee-Jahnke, H., Lazeyras, F., Cappa, S. F., & Khateb, A. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm182 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Coactivation Map of the Human Brain
Toro, R., Fox, P. T., & Paus, T. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn014 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
In search of the language switch: an fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals
Hernandez, A. E., Martinez, A., & Kohnert, K. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2278 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals.
Illes, J., Francis, W., Desmond, J., Gabrieli, J., Glover, G., Poldrack, R., Lee, C. J., & Wagner, A. (1999) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2186 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Hester, R., Foxe, J. J., Molholm, S., Shpaner, M., & Garavan, H. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.035 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Language Conflict in the Bilingual Brain
van Heuven, W. J. B., Schriefers, H. J., Dijkstra, T., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn030 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico-basal ganglia mechanisms
Hikosaka, O., & Isoda, M. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.006 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain
Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Rotte, M., Heinze, H.-J., Nösselt, T., & Münte, T. F. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4151026a · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Velanova, K., Wheeler, M. E., & Luna, B. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn012 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Luk, G., Anderson, J. A. E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C., & Bialystok, E. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.09.004 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationRodríguez‐Fornells, A., van der Lugt, A., Rotte, M., Britti, B., Heinze, H., & Münte, T. F. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053279559 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Neural bases of asymmetric language switching in second-language learners: an ER-fMRI study
Wang, Y., Xue, G., Chen, C., Xue, F., & Dong, Q. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.054 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Pinning down response inhibition in the brain — Conjunction analyses of the Stop-signal task
Boehler, C. N., Appelbaum, L. G., Krebs, R. M., Hopf, J., & Woldorff, M. G. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.276 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Topographical Functional Connectivity Pattern in the Perisylvian Language Networks
Xiang, H., Fonteijn, H. M. J., Norris, D. G., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp119 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Language switching in the bilingual brain: what's next?
Hernandez, A. E. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2008.12.005 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Abutalebi, J., Brambati, S., Annoni, J., Moro, A., Cappa, S., & Perani, D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3294-07.2007 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationA cerebellar thalamic cortical circuit for error-related cognitive control
Ide, J. S., & Li, C. R. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.042 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The Human Basal Ganglia Modulate Frontal-Posterior Connectivity during Attention Shifting
van Schouwenburg, M. R., den Ouden, H. E. M., & Cools, R. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1111-10.2010 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Westlye, L. T., Grydeland, H., Walhovd, K. B., & Fjell, A. M. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq101 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Bilingual aphasia and language control: a follow-up fMRI and intrinsic connectivity study.
Abutalebi, J., Rosa, P. D. D., Tettamanti, M., Green, D., & Cappa, S. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.003 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationNelson, J. R., Liu, Y., Fiez, J. A., & Perfetti, C. A. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20551 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.089 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The translating brain: cerebral activation patterns during simultaneous interpreting
Rinne, J. O., Tommola, J., Laine, M., Krause, B. J., Schmidt, D., Kaasinen, V., Teräs, M., Sipilä, H. T., & Sunnari, M. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01540-8 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Chee, M. W. L., Soon, C. S., & Lee, H. L. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321107846 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sustained and transient language control in the bilingual brain
Wang, Y., Kuhl, P. K., Chen, C., & Dong, Q. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.055 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Bilingual brain organization: A functional magnetic resonance adaptation study
Klein, D., Zatorre, R., Chen, J.-K., Milner, B., Crane, J., Belin, P., & Bouffard, M. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.012 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Brain correlates of sentence translation in Finnish???Norwegian bilinguals
Lehtonen, M., Laine, M., Niemi, J., Thomsen, T., Vorobyev, V., & Hugdahl, K. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200504250-00018 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Attentional and linguistic interactions in speech perception
Sabri, M., Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Medler, D. A., Leitl, M. D., & Liebenthal, E. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.052 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Understanding the link between bilingual aphasia and language control
Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2008) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.01.002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeaking words in two languages with one brain: Neural overlap and dissociation
Liu, H., Hu, Z., Guo, T., & Peng, D. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.030 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kuipers, J.-R., & Thierry, G. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.076 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Neural Control of Cross-language Asymmetry in the Bilingual Brain
Nakamura, K., Kouider, S., Makuuchi, M., Kuroki, C., Hanajima, R., Ugawa, Y., & Ogawa, S. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp290 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lurito (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis
Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.796377 · Cited by 1,838 · see citing works
Self-citationBilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Self-citationThe bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience
Bialystok, E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000099 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition
Kroll, J. F., & Bialystok, E. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.799170 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism.
Bialystok, E. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0025406 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children
Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2016) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728916000225 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Self-citationDeLuca, V., Rothman, J., Bialystok, E., & Pliatsikas, C. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1811513116 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains White Matter Integrity in Older Adults
Luk, G., Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Grady, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4563-11.2011 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationA control process model of code-switching
Green, D. W., & Wei, L. (2014) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.882515 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationHow does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?
Costa, A., & Sebastián‐Gallés, N. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3709 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.013 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Bilingualism Enriches the Poor
de Abreu, P. E., Cruz‐Santos, A., Neto, C. J. T. D. A., Martin, R., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612443836 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
A review of control processes and their locus in language switching
Declerck, M., & Philipp, A. M. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0836-1 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Functional alignment with anatomical networks is associated with cognitive flexibility
Medaglia, J. D., Huang, W., Karuza, E. A., Kelkar, A., Thompson-Schill, S. L., Ribeiro, A., & Bassett, D. S. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0260-9 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals
Abutalebi, J., Rosa, P. A. D., Ding, G., Weekes, B., Costa, A., & Green, D. W. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.018 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationBlanco-Elorrieta, E., & Liina Pylkkänen, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0553-17.2017 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Gullifer, J. W., Chai, X. J., Whitford, V., Pivneva, I., Baum, S. R., Klein, D., & Titone, D. A. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Neural basis of bilingual language control
Calabria, M., Costa, A., Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13879 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationBilingual language processing: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Sulpizio, S., Maschio, N. D., Fedeli, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationde Bruin, A., Roelofs, A., Dijkstra, T., & FitzPatrick, I. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.049 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Brain Circuit for Cognitive Control Is Shared by Task and Language Switching
Baene, W. D., Duyck, W., Braß, M., & Carreiras, M. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00817 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: how to turn a hazy view into the full picture
García‐Pentón, L., García, Y. F., Costello, B., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Carreiras, M. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1068944 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Liina Pylkkänen, A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2597-15.2016 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The effect of lifelong bilingualism on regional grey and white matter volume
Olsen, R. K., Pangelinan, M. M., BOGULSKI, C. A., Chakravarty, M. M., Luk, G., Grady, C. L., & Bialystok, E. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.034 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationBilingualism modulates dual mechanisms of cognitive control: evidence from ERPs.
Morales, J., Yudes, C., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.014 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Executive control in bilinguals: A concise review on fMRI studies
Pliatsikas, C., & Luk, G. (2016) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728916000249 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationImmersive bilingualism reshapes the core of the brain
Pliatsikas, C., DeLuca, V., Moschopoulou, E., & Saddy, D. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1307-9 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Rodd, J. M., Vitello, S., Woollams, A. M., & Adank, P. (2015) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.012 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Bilingualism: Pathway to Cognitive Reserve
Bialystok, E. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.003 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism
DeLuca, V., Miller, D., Pliatsikas, C., & Rothman, J. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119387725 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Ecological Validity in Bilingualism Research and the Bilingual Advantage
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Liina Pylkkänen, A. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.001 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
fMRI of Simultaneous Interpretation Reveals the Neural Basis of Extreme Language Control
Hervais‐Adelman, A., Moser‐Mercer, B., Michel, C. M., & Narly Golestani, A. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu158 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Binns, M., Ossher, L., & Freedman, M. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000023 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Cognitive control, cognitive reserve, and memory in the aging bilingual brain
Grant, A. M., Dennis, N. A., & Li, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01401 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Friesen, D. C., Luo, L., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.918630 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationDual mechanisms of cognitive control in bilinguals and monolinguals.
Morales, J., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.807812 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Language Control and Code-switching
Green, D. W. (2018) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages3020008 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationHartanto, A., Toh, W. X., & Yang, H. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13032 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Burgaleta, M., Sanjuán, A., Ventura‐Campos, N., Sebastián‐Gallés, N., & Ávila, C. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.073 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Does bilingualism contribute to cognitive reserve? Cognitive and neural perspectives.
Guzmán‐Vélez, E., & Tranel, D. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000105 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Moreno, S., Wodniecka, Z., Tays, W. J., Alain, C., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094169 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Bilingualism as a model for multitasking
Poarch, G. J., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Brain functional plasticity associated with the emergence of expertise in extreme language control
Hervais‐Adelman, A., Moser‐Mercer, B., & Narly Golestani, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.072 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Language and task switching in the bilingual brain: Bilinguals are staying, not switching, experts
Weissberger, G. H., Gollan, T. H., Bondi, M. W., Clark, L. R., & Wierenga, C. E. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.037 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Hennessy, S., Sachs, M. E., Ilari, B. S., & Habibi, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01080 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The functional overlap of executive control and language processing in bilinguals
Coderre, E. L., Smith, J. F., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Horwitz, B. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000188 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: a longitudinal study
DeLuca, V., Rothman, J., & Pliatsikas, C. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000883 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Papitto, G., Friederici, A. D., & Zaccarella, E. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116321 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Does learning a language in the elderly enhance switching ability?
Ramos, S., García, Y. F., Antón, E., Casaponsa, A., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.09.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bubbico, G., Chiacchiaretta, P., Parenti, M., di Marco, M., Panara, V., Sepede, G., Ferretti, A., & Perrucci, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00423 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Elmer, S., Hänggi, J., & Jäncke, L. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.014 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Evidence in Support of the Bilingual Advantage Theory
Olulade, O. A., Jamal, N. I., Koo, D. S., Perfetti, C. A., LaSasso, C. J., & Eden, G. F. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv152 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Grundy, J. G., Chung-Fat-Yim, A., Friesen, D. C., Mak, L., & Bialystok, E. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bilingualism and Cognitive Reserve: A Critical Overview and a Plea for Methodological Innovations
Calvo, N., García, A. M., Manoiloff, L. M. V., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00249 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Language experience changes language and cognitive ability
Bialystok, E., & Poarch, G. J. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-014-0491-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Peeters, D., & Dijkstra, T. (2017) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728917000396 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Who are the bilinguals (and monolinguals)?
Luk, G. (2014) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000625 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly executive function: The influence of culture and bilingualism
Tran, C. D., Arredondo, M. M., & Yoshida, H. (2018) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918000160 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Early stage second-language learning improves executive control: Evidence from ERP
Sullivan, M. D., Janus, M., Moreno, S., Astheimer, L. B., & Bialystok, E. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.004 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Intra-sentential code-switching
van Hell, J. G., Litcofsky, K. A., & Ting, C. Y. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107447257.020 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Two faces, two languages: An fMRI study of bilingual picture naming
Li, Y.-Q., Yang, J., Scherf, K. S., & Li, P. (2013) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.005 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bilingualism alters children's frontal lobe functioning for attentional control
Arredondo, M. M., Hu, X., Satterfield, T., & Kovelman, I. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12377 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Zou, L., Abutalebi, J., Zinszer, B. D., Yan, X., Shu, H., Peng, D., & Ding, G. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.062 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationArchila‐Suerte, P., Zevin, J. D., & Hernández, A. E. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sorge, G. B., Toplak, M. E., & Bialystok, E. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12408 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Language control in bilinguals: Intention to speak vs. execution of speech
Reverberi, C., Kuhlen, A. K., Abutalebi, J., Greulich, R. S., Costa, A., Seyed‐Allaei, S., & Haynes, J. (2015) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2015.03.004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite-matter structure in the right hemisphere predicts Mandarin Chinese learning success
Qi, Z., Han, M., Garel, K.-L. A., Chen, E. S., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2014) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2014.08.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Structural brain changes related to bilingualism: does immersion make a difference?
Stein, M., Winkler, C., Kaiser, A., & Dierks, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01116 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Liu, H., Rossi, S., Zhou, H., & Chen, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110887 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Brain network reconfiguration for language and domain-general cognitive control in bilinguals
Wu, J., Yang, J., Chen, M., Li, S., Zhang, Z., Kang, C., Ding, G., & Guo, T. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.022 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Does integrating a code-switch during comprehension engage cognitive control?
Adler, R. M., Kroff, J. R. V., & Novick, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000755 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Language and cognitive control networks in bilinguals and monolinguals
Anderson, J. A. E., Chung-Fat-Yim, A., Bellana, B., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.023 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationHeidlmayr, K. D.-M., Moutier, S., Hemforth, B., Courtin, C., Tanzmeister, R., & Isel, F. (2013) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728913000539 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Sierpowska, J., Coello, A. F., Gómez-Andrés, A., Camins, À., Castañer, S., Juncadella, M., Gabarrós, A., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.017 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Are there cognitive benefits of code-switching in bilingual children? A longitudinal study
Kuzyk, O., Friend, M., Severdija, V., Zesiger, P., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918001207 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Neurocognition of Translation and Interpreting
García, A. M. (2019) · Benjamins translation library · doi:10.1075/btl.147 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Seo, R., Stocco, A., & Prat, C. S. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Changes in executive function over time in bilingual and monolingual school-aged children.
Park, J., Weismer, S. E., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000562 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Language exposure induced neuroplasticity in the bilingual brain: A follow-up fMRI study
Tu, L., Wang, J., Abutalebi, J., Jiang, B., Pan, X., Li, M., Gao, W., Yang, Y., Liang, B., Lu, Z., et al. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.019 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationBrito, N. H., Noble, K. G., & the Pediatric Imaging, N. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12688 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Revisiting the bilingual lexical deficit: The impact of age of acquisition
Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N., Hyltenstam, K., & Norrman, G. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.020 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hervais‐Adelman, A., & Babcock, L. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728919000324 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Elmer, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00491 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Earlier and more distributed neural networks for bilinguals than monolinguals during switching
Timmer, K., Grundy, J. G., & Bialystok, E. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.017 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The relationship between cognitive control and second language proficiency
Luque, A., & Morgan‐Short, K. (2020) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100956 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zhu, J. D., Blanco-Elorrieta, E., Sun, Y., Szakay, A., & Sowman, P. F. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118797 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cattaneo, G., Calabria, M., Marne, P., Gironell, A., Abutalebi, J., & Costa, A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationSemantic interference and its control: A functional neuroimaging and connectivity study
Canini, M., Rosa, P. A. D., Catricalà, E., Strijkers, K., Branzi, F. M., Costa, A., & Abutalebi, J. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23304 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationBilingualism influences structural indices of interhemispheric organization
Felton, A., Vazquez, D., Ramos-Nuñez, A. I., Greene, M. R., Macbeth, A., Hernández, A. E., & Chiarello, C. (2016) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.10.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Enhancement of posterior brain functional networks in bilingual older adults
de Frutos‐Lucas, J., López‐Sanz, D., Cuesta, P., Bruña, R., García, S. D. L. F., Serrano, N., López, M. E., Delgado‐Losada, M. L., López-Higes, R., Marcos, A., et al. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728919000178 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of word translation processes
Jost, L. B., Radman, N., Buetler, K. A., & Annoni, J. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.034 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Zheng, B.-H., Baez, S., Su, L., Xiang, X., Weis, S., Ibáñez, A., & García, A. (2020) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105584 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sun, X., Li, L., Ding, G., Wang, R., & Li, P. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.020 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bilingual advantage in executive control when task demands are considered
Qu, L., Low, J. J. W., Zhang, T., Li, H., & Zelazo, P. D. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000376 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kang, C., Fu, Y., Wu, J., Ma, F., Lu, C., & Guo, T. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23765 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
When your heart is in your mouth: the effect of second language use on negative emotions
Dylman, A. S., & Bjärtå, A. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1540403 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ngetich, R. K., Zhou, J. A., Zhang, J., Jin, Z., & Li, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.00035 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Treffers‐Daller, J., Ongun, Z., Hofweber, J. E., & Kořenář, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561088 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Language control in bilingual language comprehension: evidence from the maze task
Wang, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01179 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Luk, G., Green, D. W., Abutalebi, J., & Grady, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Luk, Gigi
- Venue
- Language and Cognitive Processes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1479-1488
- ISSN
- 0169-0965 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0732
- PMC
- PMC4006828
- OpenAlex
- W2128376159
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Language and Cognitive Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- U.S. Public Health Service (14036-4)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (14036_4)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- language switching, bilingualism, neuronal activation, left inferior frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, pre-supplementary motor area, bilingual aphasia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
