Enhanced expectancies improve movement efficiency in runners
Abstract
We followed up on recent findings demonstrating that enhancing performers' expectancies can improve their performance. Specifically, we examined whether providing experienced runners with positive feedback regarding their movement efficiency would increase running efficiency. Two groups of experienced runners ran on a treadmill at 75% of their maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2max)) for 10 min. One group (enhanced expectancy) was provided with (fabricated) feedback about the efficiency of their running style every 2 min. A control group was not given feedback. Oxygen consumption decreased in the enhanced expectancy group across measurement times (every 2 min for 10 min), but remained the same in the control group. In addition, performance perceptions changed only in the enhanced expectancy group, indicating a perception of greater ease of running and reduced fatigue when assessed after compared with before running. Finally, positive affect increased from a pre- to a post-test in the enhanced expectancy group, in contrast to the control group. Our findings show that enhanced expectancies can have a positive effect on movement efficiency and running experience. They add to the accumulating evidence for the social-cognitive-affective-motor nature of motor performance.
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Favorable feedback enhanced running efficiency and reduced perceived effort in experienced runners.
“Stoate, Wulf, and Lewthwaite (2012) found that favorable feedback enhanced running efficiency in experienced runners, in addition to reducing perceptions of effort.”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Stoate, Wulf, and Lewthwaite (2012)
Task enjoyment and positive affect as assessed by PANAS have been related to conditions that enhance expectancies.
“Task enjoyment (Hutchinson et al., 2008) and positive affect as assessed by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) also have been related to conditions that enhance expectancies (Stoate et al., 2012).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Stoate et al., 2012
Athletes also tend to focus on movement form and body movements.
“This includes athletes (Guss-West & Wulf, 2016;Porter, Wu, & Partridge, 2010;Stoate et al., 2012).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Stoate et al., 2012
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The influence of competitor presence on pacing regulation and performance during cycling time trials
Williams, E. L. (2015) · Edge Hill University
- Authors
- Stoate, I., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wulf, Gabriele
- ORCID
- Wulf, Gabriele
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-03-23
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 815-823
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2000464833
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- expectancy, positive feedback, running efficiency, movement efficiency, oxygen consumption, subjective fatigue, positive affect, motor performance, treadmill running
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Exercise Test, Feedback, Female, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Perception, Running, Muscle Fatigue, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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