Feedback After Good Trials Enhances Learning
Abstract
Recent studies (Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002, 2005) have shown that learners prefer to receive feedback after they believe they had a "good" rather than "poor" trial. The present study followed up on this finding and examined whether learning would benefit if individuals received feedback after good relative to poor trials. Participants practiced a task that required them to throw beanbags at a target with their nondominant arm. Vision was prevented during and after the throws. All participants received knowledge of results (KR) on three trials in each 6-trial block. While one group (KR good) received KR for the three most effective trials in each block, another (KR poor) received feedback for the three least effective trials in each block. There were no group differences in practice. However the KR good group showed learning advantages on a delayed retention test (without KR). These results demonstrated that learning is facilitated if feedback is provided after good rather than poor trials. The findings are interpreted as evidence for a motivational function of feedback.
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Giving learners feedback after good trials rather than poor trials produces more effective learning.
“In a series of recent studies, providing learners with feedback after”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2007
Human beings appear to prefer positive information about themselves, such as positive feedback about performance or physical fitness, athleticism, health, and physical attractiveness.
“Human beings appear to have a propensity to prefer positive information about themselves, such as positive feedback about their performance (Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2007) or physical fitness, athleticism, health, and physical attractiveness (Ennigkeit & Hänsel, 2014).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2007
Data from other areas of cognitive neuroscience demonstrate that repeating something that you have successfully learned is the best way to remember it.
“Indeed there are data from other areas of cognitive neuroscience that demonstrate that repeating something that you have successfully learned is the best way to remember it (Chiviacowsky and Wulf, 2007; Karpicke and Roediger, 2008; Wulf and Shea, 2002).”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Chiviacowsky and Wulf, 2007
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Self-citationvan Maarseveen, M. J. J., Oudejans, R. R. D., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2017) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2017.12.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Enhancing performance expectancies through visual illusions facilitates motor learning in children
Bahmani, M., Wulf, G., Ghadiri, F., Karimi, S., & Lewthwaite, R. (2017) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2017.07.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced or diminished expectancies in golf putting – Which actually affects performance?
Ziv, G., Ochayon, M., & Lidor, R. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.10.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hemayattalab, R., Arabameri, E., Pourazar, M., Ardakani, M. D., & Mojtaba, K. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reduced Frequency of Knowledge of Results Enhances Learning in Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Chiviacowsky, S., Campos, T., & Domingues, M. R. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00226 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, S. (2010) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/17410381011014369 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Research Roadmap: Connected Health as an Enabler of Cancer Patient Support
Signorelli, G. R., Lehocki, F., Fernández, M. M., O'Neill, G., O’Connor, D., Brennan, L. K., Monteiro-Guerra, F., Rivero-Rodriguez, A., Hors-Fraile, S., Munoz-Penas, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14360 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Meta-analyzing enhanced expectancies on motor learning: positive effects but methodological concerns
Bacelar, M. F. B., Parma, J. O., Murrah, W. M., & Miller, M. W. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2042839 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Need and Benefit of Augmented Feedback on Service Speed in Tennis
Moran, K., Murphy, C. P., & Marshall, B. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182376a13 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
"Feedback" após boas versus más tentativas melhora a aprendizagem motora em crianças
Saemi, E., Wulf, G., Varzaneh, A. G., & Zarghami, M. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1807-55092011000400011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of Self-Controlled Feedback on Learning a Serial Motor Skill
Lim, S., Ali, A., Kim, W., Kim, J., Choi, S., & Radlo, S. J. (2015) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/23.pms.120v13x3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Balancing Our Perceptions of the Efficacy of Success-Based Feedback Manipulations on Motor Learning
Ong, N. T., & Hodges, N. J. (2017) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2017.1383227 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Relatedness support enhances motor learning
Gonzalez, D. H., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2016) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0833-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationGhorbani, S. (2019) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2018.1535486 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-control behaviors during the learning of a cascade juggling task
Laughlin, D. D., Fairbrother, J. T., Wrisberg, C. A., Alami, A., Fisher, L. A., & Huck, S. W. (2015) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.02.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Embracing excellence in healthcare: the role of positive feedback
Plunkett, A. C. (2021) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320882 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diekfuss, J. A., Grooms, D. R., Hogg, J. A., Singh, H., Slutsky‐Ganesh, A. B., Bonnette, S., Riehm, C. D., Anand, M., Nissen, K. S., Wilkerson, G. B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-020-00085-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Can Ability Conceptualizations Alter the Impact of Social Comparison in Motor Learning?
Wulf, G., Lewthwaite, R., & Hooyman, A. (2013) · Journal of Motor Learning and Development · doi:10.1123/jmld.1.1.20 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationRelatedness support enhances motivation, positive affect, and motor learning in adolescents
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Self-citationUsing principles of motor learning to enhance ACL injury prevention programs
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Chiviacowsky, S., & Harter, N. M. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.20338/bjmb.v9i1.82 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Kamp, J., Duivenvoorden, J., Kok, M., & van Hilvoorde, I. M. (2014) · RICYDE Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte · doi:10.5232/ricyde2015.03903 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Influence of visual illusion and attentional focusing instruction in motor performance
Marchant, D., Carnegie, E., Wood, G., & Ellison, P. (2018) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2018.1441165 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Goudini, R., Ashrafpoornavaee, S., & Farsi, A. (2019) · Acta Gymnica · doi:10.5507/ag.2019.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fischman, M. G. (2015) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.05.011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Positive feedback enhances motivation and skill learning in adolescents
Martinez, V. M. L., Cardozo, P. L., Kaefer, A., Wulf, G., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2024) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2024.101966 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of two different correction strategies on the snatch technique in weightlifting
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Cooperation enhances motor learning
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Self-citationTreatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Past, Present, and Future
Maas, E. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00233 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Video game-based therapy for the non-dominant hand improves manual skills and grip strength
Bostancı, H., Emir, A., Tarakçı, D., & Tarakçı, E. (2020) · Hand surgery & rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.hansur.2020.02.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of Gender Stereotypes on Balance Performance and Learning in Men
Cardozo, P. L., Chalabaëv, A., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2022) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2022.2045248 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Chiviacowsky, S., & Wulf, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Venue
- Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 40-47
- ISSN
- 0034-5377 (ISSN-L)
- 0270-1367
- 2168-3824
- OpenAlex
- W2059254035
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 13.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Keywords
- feedback timing, knowledge of results, motor learning, retention, skill acquisition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clinical Trials as Topic, Feedback, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Nevada
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