FT-IR Microspectroscopy Enhances Biological and Ecological Analysis of Algae
Abstract
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy provides an in situ, nondestructive chemical analysis of individual algal cells. Algae play key roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow through aquatic ecosystems and are pivotal in the sequestration of inorganic nutrients (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) and transformation into organic forms. However, most methods used to measure algal nutritional and physiological changes are limited to detecting whole community responses because of the relatively large quantity of material needed for analysis (i.e., milligrams to grams). The spatial resolution achievable with infrared microspectroscopy allows for the analysis of macromolecular pools (e.g., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) in individual cells that allows species specific measurements within heterogeneous microscopic communities. Initial applications characterized molecular pools within marine macroalgae and have since progressed toward ecologically based questions concerning algal physiological responses to changing nutrient availability in marine and freshwater ecosystems.
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The pattern of spectra and bands present in M. contortum and Chlamydomonas sp. conform to the spectra of green microalgae.
“The pattern of the spectra and the bands present in the two species conform to the spectra of the green microalgae [18,23,53,55].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
Biomolecular groups in Chlamydomonas sp. were identified and variation in peak intensity between NP treatments and days of growth was assessed.
“Similarly, for Chlamydomonas sp ., (Fig.3 and 4) their biomolecular groups were identified and the variation in the intensity of the peaks between NP treatments and the days of growth was assessed and is tabulated in Table 3 [9,20,23,52 -54].”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~1740 cm−1 IR band is assigned to ν(C=O) stretches of esters from lipids - Triacylglycerides (TAGs).
“~ 1740 | | m + | | m + | | m + | | s + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~2924 cm−1 IR band is assigned to (CH2) asymmetric stretches from hydrocarbons.
“~ 2924 | ~ 2912 | s + | vw + | m + | vw + | m + | vw + | s + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~3010 cm−1 IR band is assigned to (=CH) stretches from unsaturated lipids.
“~ 3010 | ~ 3014 | w + | w + | w + | vw + | w + | vw + | w + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~1654 cm−1 IR band is assigned to ν(C=O), ν(C-N) stretches and δ(N-H) deformations of Amide I from proteins.
“~ 1654 | ~ 1658 | s + | w + | s + | vw + | s + | vw + | m + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~2850 cm−1 IR band is assigned to νs(CH2) symmetric stretches.
“~ 2846 | ~ 2820 | s + | m + | s + | w + | s + | m + | vs + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~1380 cm−1 IR band is assigned to δs(CH3) symmetric bend from lipids and proteins.
“~ 1380 | | vs - | | s - | | m - | | w - |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~1658 cm−1 Raman band is assigned to cis ν(C=C) from unsaturated lipids.
“~ 1654 | ~ 1658 | s + | w + | s + | vw + | s + | vw + | m + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~1440 cm−1 Raman band is assigned to δ(CH2) scissoring from saturated lipids and hydrocarbons.
“| ~ 1440 | | s + | | s + | | s + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The ~1266 cm−1 IR band is assigned to δ(=CH) deformations from unsaturated lipids.
“~ 1266 | ~ 1264 | vw + | w + | vw + | w + | vw + | w + | vw + |”
From Response to nutrient variation on lipid productivity in green microalgae captured using second derivative FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The analysis involves measuring absorption/scattering intensity in relation to molecular vibrational modes due to biomolecules, enabling quantification.
“The analysis involves the measurement of absorption (FTIR)/scattering (Raman) intensity in relation to a range of molecular vibrational modes due to the presence of biomolecules, enabling quantification.[18,20,21].”
From Biomolecular transitions and lipid accumulation in green microalgae monitored by FTIR and Raman analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Murdock, J. N., & Wetzel, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Kansas State University (US)
- ORCID
- Murdock, Justin N.
- Venue
- Applied Spectroscopy Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 335-361
- ISSN
- 0570-4928 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-569X
- OpenAlex
- W2045583017
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Spectroscopy Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
- Keywords
- FTIR microspectroscopy, algae, seaweed, nutrient cycling, nutrient availability, freshwater algae, in situ analysis
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