Measurement Invariance of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale Across Adult Attachment Style
Abstract
In this study, the authors examine the measurement invariance of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale I MA AS) across adult attachment style. A I-factor mode1 and measurement invariance war supported across groups. As predicted, latent mean differences showed that securely attached individuals reported significantly more mindfulness than did insecurely attached individuals, providing construct validity evidence for the MAAS.
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“The psychometric properties of the MAAS have been demonstrated in both nonclinical (52,53) and clinical populations (54).”
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“In a study using data from undergraduate students classified with secure attachment styles (n D 228) and insecure attachment styles (n D 267), Cordon and Finney (2008) concluded that six of the MAAS items (Items 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, and 15) were “not performing well in either sample” (p. 238).”
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“While dispositional mindfulness can be increased through mindfulness-based training (Baer et al. 2008; Falkenström 2010), research has also highlighted individual differences amongst those with no prior meditation experience (Brown et al. 2007; Cordon and Finney 2008; Walach et al. 2006).”
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“The finding that attachment and mindfulness were related is consistent with other studies that have investigated this association (Cordon and Finney 2008; Goodall et al. 2012; Shaver et al. 2007; Walsh et al. 2009).”
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Tian, L., Zhang, J., & Huebner, E. S. (2014) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-014-9295-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Østerås, B., Sigmundsson, H., & Haga, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01850 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Previous studies on MAAS-A have reported strong (negative) associations between MAAS/ MAAS-A and psychological disorders (Cordon and Finney, 2008; Walsh et al., 2009; Brown et al., 2011; Kiken and Shook, 2014; Loucks et al., 2015).”
Disagreements of Studies on Mindfulness: Conceptualization and Measurements
Duan, W. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01616 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Garcia-Barrera, M. A., Kamphaus, R. W., & Bandalos, D. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0021097 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Adult attachment and Mindfulness: Examining directionality, causality, and theoretical implications
Stevenson, J. C., Millings, A., Emerson, L.-M., Sirois, F., & Rowe, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104043 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Mindfulness, on the other hand, was posited to increase one’s capacity for secure relationships by Running Head: ATTACHMENT AND MINDFULNESS 4 cultivating compassion for others (Cordon & Finney, 2008), and cultivating an open, receptive attention to relationship partners (Shaver et al., 2007).”
Goodman, R. J., Trapp, S. K., Park, E. S., & Davis, J. L. (2021) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09577-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“2006; Carlson and Brown 2005; Cordon and Finney 2008; MacKillop and Anderson 2007).”
BackgroundSolomon, T., & Esmaeili, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094998 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In addition, this measure of mindfulness showed satisfactory psychometric properties and validity inferences [35,36].”
BackgroundCaycho-Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Ventura- León, J., Carranza Esteban, R. F., Oblitas Guadalupe, L. A., Reyes-Bossio, M., García Cadena, C. H., & Cabrera-Orosco, I. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1716685 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For example, a study conducted on undergraduate college students with safe and unsafe attachments concluded that six items of the MAAS (items 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15) did not perform properly in both groups (Cordon & Finney, 2008).”
BackgroundSong, Y., Rosenzweig, E. Q., & Barger, M. M. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10032-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…fit and > 0.06 for good fit), comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (ideally > 0.90 for adequate fit and > 0.95 for good fit), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)(ideally < 0.10 for adequate fit and < 0.08 for good fit) (Alavi et al., 2020; Cordon and Finney, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat About the Different Shortened Versions of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale?
Chiesi, F., Donati, M. A., Panno, A., Giacomantonio, M., & Primi, C. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117711132 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“First, there is a general consensus that some items of the MAAS do not perform well (Black et al., 2012; Christopher, Charoensuk, Gilbert, Neary, & Pearce, 2009; Cordon & Finney, 2008; Goh et al., 2015; Medvedev et al., 2015; Osman et al., 2016; Van Dam et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAppliance of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Pilot Study
Kleen, M., & Reitsma, B. (2011) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1080/10874208.2011.570695 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…as measured by the MAAS has shown to be related to important (neuro)psychological aspects of functioning, such as exaggerated lapses of attention (Schmertz, Anderson, & Robins, 2009), physiological functioning (O’Loughlin & Zuckerman, 2007), and secure attachment styles (Cordon & Finney, 2008).”
BackgroundEmotional expression and eating in overweight and obesity
Fox, S., Conneely, S., & Egan, J. (2017) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2017.1378580 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A recent shift in perspective now proposes that mindfulness is an inherent trait (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007), with differences in levels of mindfulness prior to exposure to MBIs being reported (Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006; Cordon & Finney, 2008; Thompson & Waltz, 2007).”
BackgroundMediationg Role of Mindfulness as a Trait Between Attachment Styles and Depressive Symptoms
Linares, L., Jauregui, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Estévez, A. (2016) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1207591 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Examining Executive Functioning Using the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC)
García-Barrera, M. A., Duggan, E. C., Karr, J. E., & Reynolds, C. R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_17 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The mediating role of mentalizing between attachment and eating disorders
Redondo, I., & Luyten, P. (2018) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2018.82.3.202 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mindfulness Mediates Associations Between Attachment and Anxiety Sensitivity
Macaulay, C. B., Watt, M. C., MacLean, K., & Weaver, A. D. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0390-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Traducción y validez de contenido de una escala breve de mindfulness para adolescentes peruanos
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Ventura‐León, J., Martinez‐Munive, R., & Barboza-Palomino, M. (2018) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2018.10.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Şahin, N. H., Tasso, A. F., & Güler, M. (2023) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-023-01144-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…research supports this two-way relationship between attachment and mindfulness, indicating that decreases in attachment insecurity are inversely related to increases in levels of mindfulness in the child (Cordon and Finney 2008; Pepping and Duvenage 2016; Pickard et al. 2016; Walsh et al. 2009).”
BackgroundHasan, F., Garbett, K. M., Diedrichs, P. C., Chaudhry, A., Ahuja, L., Uglik-Marucha, E., Vitoratou, S., Dhillon, M., Shroff, H., & Lewis‐Smith, H. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101673 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bektaş, H., & Atak, I. (2019) · Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.15285/maruaebd.579985 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Adult Attachment and Fear of Missing Out: Does the Mindful Attitude Matter?
Perazzini, M., Bontempo, D., Giancola, M., D’Amico, S., & Perilli, E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11233093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Additionally, several studies [29,30] found that people with a secure attachment style reported higher mindfulness levels than insecurely attached individuals.”
BackgroundAhuja, L., Diedrichs, P. C., Garbett, K. M., Chaudhry, A., Hasan, F., Uglik‐Marucha, N., Vitoratou, S., Dhillon, M., Shroff, H., & Lewis‐Smith, H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173836 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mydani, F. N., Vand, H. D. A., Abasi, I., & Noori, M. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.28.3.4175.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Micheli, N., Porcelli, P., Barrault-Couchouron, M., & Dantzer, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.996559 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Buz, J., Á. Gómez-Martínez, M., Crego, A., Yela, J. R., & Sánchez-Zaballos, E. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211018855 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The MAAS differentiated meditators from nonmeditators (Cordon & Finney, 2008; Goh et al., 2017) but did not differentiate nonmeditators from occasional meditators (MacKillop & Anderson, 2007).”
BackgroundResultTranslation and content validity of a brief scale of mindfulness for Peruvian adolescents
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Ventura‐León, J., Martinez‐Munive, R., & Barboza-Palomino, M. (2019) · Enfermería Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.enfcle.2018.10.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Naeem, B., Aqeel, M., Maqsood, A., Yousaf, I., & Ehsan, S. (2021) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-01-2020-0004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EMBRACING MINDFULNESS: A WOMAN SUPERINTENDENT'S JOURNEY
McDonald, T. (2012) · Research Exchange (Washington State University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of a Mindful State on Ego-Salience and Self-Control
Goodman, R. J. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Study on the Reliability and Validity of Nonattachment Scale
Lee, W.-K. (2016) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2016.16.12.644 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“안정애착 을 맺은 사람들은 불안정 애착을 맺은 사람들에 비해 훨씬 더 자비심이 있고 마음챙김을 잘 하며 심리적 안 녕감을 유지할 수 있다[15].”
Erebak, S. (2021) · İş ve İnsan Dergisi · doi:10.18394/iid.776594 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Securely attached individuals stated that they were more mindful (Cordon & Finney, 2008).”
BackgroundFaheem, M., Ahmad, S., & Tayyab, H. (2024) · Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-10-2023-0288 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Iacob, V., Carmo, C., Garcês, S. F., Chiodelli, R., Walach, H., & de Jesús, S. N. (2025) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2025.2471336 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Furthermore, assessments of mindfulness are necessary to support the arguments made by researchers and clinicians that higher levels of mindfulness lead to better health results (Cordon & Finney, 2008).”
A Brief Report: A Facet-Level Analysis on Relationships Between Mindfulness and Attachment Styles
Lee‐Winn, A. E., Tse, Y. J., Holman, G. I., & Luk, J. W. (2010) · Graduate Student Journal of Psychology · doi:10.52214/gsjp.v12i.10870 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zilberberg, A. (2013) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Examination of Mindfulness and Substance Use Among College Students
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The relationship between autonomous parenting style, mindfulness level and psychological well-being
Kocaefe, T. (2013) · İstanbul Bilgi University Open Access Repository · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mindfulness: a mediator of interpersonal style in predicting academic adjustment
Osmachenko, A. J. (2013) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland)
Turino, A. T. (2014) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Wang, D., Lopez, F. G., Wiesner, M., Nguyen, Q. X., & Horn, C. L. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.09.003
Mindful environmental adaptation
Goodrich, J. E. (2018) · doi:10.17760/d20316505
Szabó, B., Futó, J., & Miklósi, M. (2023) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.67.5.260
The Innovative-Adaptive Model of the TTCT Figural Is Invariant Across Ethnicity but Not Gender
Kim, Y., Dumas, D., Acar, S., & Organisciak, P. (2025) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00169862251388487
“The chi-square value of Model 2 was not significant, χ 2 (1) = .04, p > .05, and the fit indices were very good, as shown by the fact that the CFI and TLI were above .95, and RMSEA and SRMR were less than .05.”
InfluentialMindfulness at Work and Its Relationship to Contextual Performance and Well-Being
Rauch, T. (2011) · KOPS (University of Konstanz)
Mindfulness in Educational Leadership
McDonald, T., & Gates, G. S. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-817-520251005
Kao, K.-Y., & Liang, J. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Erebak, S. (2020) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Pizarro-Carmona, A., Nunes, C., Baena, S., & JIMÉNEZ, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1932970
“The MAAS has shown evidence for validity in American undergraduates (Cordon and Finney, 2008) and psychology students (Baer et al., 2006); adult cancer population (Carlson and Brown, 2005); Chinese adolescents (Black et al., 2011); French adults (Jermann et al., 2009), German psychology students…”
- Authors
- Cordon, S. L., & Finney, S. J.
- ORCID
- Finney, Sara J.
- Venue
- Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 228-245
- ISSN
- 0748-1756 (ISSN-L)
- 1947-6302
- OpenAlex
- W76160580
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, measurement invariance, adult attachment styles, mindfulness, secure attachment, insecure attachment, construct validity, latent mean differences
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