Cited by 262Education during COVID-19 pandemicSchool Choice and PerformanceCOVID-19 Pandemic Impacts

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Did students learn less during the COVID-19 pandemic? Reading and mathematics competencies before and after the first pandemic wave

Schult, Johannes, Mahler, Nicole, Fauth, Benjamin, Lindner, Marlit A.·2022·School Effectiveness and School Improvement

DOI 10.1080/09243453.2022.2061014

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted classes in spring 2020. Temporary school closures supposedly led to a considerable learning loss, particularly for low-achieving students. Teachers faced challenges of remote learning environments. Students spent less time learning. The present study investigates the competencies of fifth graders in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, using large-scale assessments in reading and mathematics from annual mandatory tests in September (each n > 80,000). Competence scores were slightly lower in 2020 (after 2 months of school closures) compared with the three previous years (–0.07 SD for reading comprehension, –0.09 for operations, and –0.03 for numbers). Regarding mathematics, low-achieving students seem to have a learning backlog that deserves attention in future education. School characteristics such as the average sociocultural capital and the proportion of students with a migration background played a minor role in mediating the schools’ learning loss. Still, lower sociocultural capital was positively associated with larger learning loss in mathematics.

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Authors: Schult, J., Mahler, N., Fauth, B., & Lindner, M. A.
Affiliations: Institute for Educational Analysis Baden-Württemberg (IBBW), Stuttgart, Germany
University of Tübingen (DE)
Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (DE)
Corresponding author: Schult, Johannes
ORCID: Schult, Johannes
Mahler, Nicole
Fauth, Benjamin
Lindner, Marlit A.
Venue: School Effectiveness and School Improvement
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2022-04-11
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 544-563
ISSN: 0924-3453 (ISSN-L)
1744-5124
DOI: 10.1080/09243453.2022.2061014
OpenAlex: W4225792954
Cited by: 262
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 48
FWCI: 107.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: School Effectiveness and School Improvement (publishedVersion)
PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, learning loss, school closures, distance education, reading comprehension, mathematical ability, fifth grade students, low-achieving students, socio-cultural capital, migration background, school characteristics, large-scale assessment, Baden-Württemberg

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Did students learn less during the COVID-19 pandemic? Reading and mathematics competencies before and after the first pandemic wave

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