Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts

Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Did students learn less during the COVID-19 pandemic? Reading and mathematics competencies before and after the first pandemic wave

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Inequality in Reading and Math Skills Forms Mainly before Kindergarten: A Replication, and Partial Correction, of “Are Schools the Great Equalizer?”

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Test Score Patterns Across Three COVID-19-Impacted School Years

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Association of Children’s Mode of School Instruction with Child and Parent Experiences and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic — COVID Experiences Survey, United States, October 8–November 13, 2020

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The potential impact of COVID-19 on student learning and how schools can respond

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The Effect of Charter Schools on Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature.

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Making Summer Count: How Summer Programs Can Boost Children's Learning

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The Covid-19 Pandemic and School Closure: Learning Loss in Mathematics in Primary EducationPreprint

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Will This School Year Be Another Casualty of the Pandemic? Key Findings from the American Educator Panels Fall 2020 COVID-19 Surveys

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To What Extent Does In-Person Schooling Contribute to the Spread of COVID-19? Evidence from Michigan and Washington

Goldhaber, D. D., Imberman, S. A., Strunk, K. O., Hopkins, B., Brown, N., Harbatkin, E., & Kilbride, T. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28455 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

The Pandemic’s Effect on Demand for Public Schools, Homeschooling, and Private Schools

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The Fiscal and Welfare Effects of Policy Responses to the Covid-19 School Closures

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The Revealed Preferences for School Reopening: Evidence from Public-School Disenrollment

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The Hurricane K atrina Effect on Mathematics Achievement in M ississippi

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School Closures and Effective In-Person Learning During Covid-19: When, Where, and for WhomPreprint

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Data and Code for: Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from U.S. School Districts

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The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data

Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Stepner, M., & The Opportunity Insights Team (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27431 · Cited by 699 · see citing works

The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data

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Zooming to Class? Experimental Evidence on College Students’ Online Learning during COVID-19

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Educational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: Inequities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

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Building Resilient Education Systems: Evidence from Large-Scale Randomized Trials in Five Countries

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School closure policies and student reading achievement: evidence across countries

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Disparate Effects of Disruptive Events on Children

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COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes: New Global Evidence from PISA

Jakubowski, M., Gajderowicz, T., & Patrinos, H. (2024) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-10666 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Learning loss and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of evidence

Cruz, N. A. D., Adona, A. J., Molato-Gayares, R., & Park, A. F. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103271 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

US State Restrictions and Excess COVID-19 Pandemic Deaths

Ruhm, C. J. (2024) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.2006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Changes in consumer behaviors and financial well-being during the coronavirus pandemic: results from the U.S. Household Pulse Survey

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COVID-19 Pandemic and the Developmental Health of Kindergarteners

Perrigo, J. L., Morales, J., JACKSON, N. J., Janus, M., Stanley, L., Wong, M. D., & Halfon, N. (2025) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.7057 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

School closures and effective in-person learning during COVID-19

Kurmann, A., & Lalé, É. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102422 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Optimal lockdowns

Hebert, D., & Curry, M. D. (2022) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-022-00992-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Promoting engagement in online learning beyond COVID‐19: Possible strategies and directions for future research

Hew, K. F., & Huang, W. (2023) · Future in Educational Research · doi:10.1002/fer3.9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Apart but Connected: Online Tutoring, Cognitive Outcomes, and Soft Skills

Carlana, M., & Ferrara, E. L. (2024) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w32272 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Assessing School District Decision-Making: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic

Christian, A., Jacob, B. A., & Singleton, J. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30520 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Societal Disruptions and Childhood ADHD Diagnosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Freedman, S. M., Marquardt, K., Salcedo, D., Simon, K. I., & Wing, C. (2023) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.1222-12708r2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The lasting impacts of remote learning in the absence of remedial policies: Evidence from Brazil

Lichand, G. F., & Dória, C. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2316300121 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Remote Learning and Educational Inequality

Zheng, Z., Jiang, S., & Cui, R. (2024) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478241272084 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Gone with the wind? Impacts of hurricanes on college enrollment and completion

Liu, F., Geng, K., & Chen, F. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103203 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Cyber versus Brick and Mortar: Achievement, Attainment, and Postsecondary Outcomes in Pennsylvania Charter High Schools

Cordes, S. A. (2024) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00399 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The Path of Student Learning Delay During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Michigan

Strunk, K. O., Hopkins, B., Kilbride, T., Imberman, S. A., & Yu, D. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w31188 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Learning disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from household surveys in Southeast Asia

Maddawin, A., Morgan, P., Park, A. F., Suryadarma, D., Long, T. Q., & Vandenberg, P. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2024.103053 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Does the Implementation of School Zoning Policies Equalize the Quality of Education? Case Study at the Junior High School Level

Rohman, A., Putranta, H., & Sidik, F. (2023) · TEM Journal · doi:10.18421/tem124-71 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

In-person learning during the pandemic: student take-up and school-level effects of remote and hybrid instruction on student outcomes

Ross, S. L., Jiang, S., Young, M. F., Meyer, J. L., & Strambler, M. J. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2407322121 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Virtual Learning in Kindergarten Through Grade 12 During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Chronic Absenteeism

Evans, W. N., Muchnick, K., & Rosenlund, O. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29569 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Racial differences in parent response to COVID schooling policies.

Baum, M. Y., & Jacob, B. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307308120 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

School turnaround in a pandemic: An examination of the outsized implications of COVID-19 on low-performing turnaround schools, districts, and their communities

Harbatkin, E., Strunk, K. O., & Mcilwain, A. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102484 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

School Closure and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Wolf, E. R., Nguyen, M., Sabo, R., Foster, R. L., Avula, D. T. K., Gilbert, J., Freymiller, C., Nelson, B. B., & Krist, A. H. (2024) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595241252350 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Teen social interactions and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kalenkoski, C. M., & Pabilonia, S. W. (2024) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-024-09712-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the academic achievement of elementary and junior high school students: analysis using administrative data from Amagasaki City

Asakawa, S., Ohtake, F., & Sano, S. (2024) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-024-09715-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Women in political power and school closure during COVID times

Danzer, N., Garcia-Torres, S., Steinhardt, M. F., & Stella, L. (2024) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/epolic/eiae033 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Learning Loss and Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Evidence

Cruz, N. A. D., Adona, A. J., Molato-Gayares, R., & Park, A. F. (2024) · doi:10.22617/wps240093-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The importance of schools in driving children’s applications for disability benefits

Levere, M., Hemmeter, J., & Wittenburg, D. (2024) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105239 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The Local Declines in Child SSI Applications and Awards During COVID

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Mobile education builds resilience during shocks in five countries

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Inequalities in student learning and screen time due to COVID-19: Evidence from Japan

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Contexts of Convenience: Generalizing from Published Evaluations of School Finance Policies

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United States: The Size and Variation of the Pandemic Learning Losses

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R < 1 as an economic constraint

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The Effects of School Closures on Homeschooling and Mental Health: Evidence from the Covid-19 PandemicPreprint

Makridis, C. A., Piano, C. E., & DeAngelis, C. A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4001953 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Who Benefits from Remote Schooling? Self-Selection and Match Effects

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Hidden Drop-outs: Secondary Education (unseen) Failure in Pandemic TimesPreprint

Alderighi, L., Ballatore, R. M., & Tonello, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4849199 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Examining Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs About Literacy Instruction

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Remote instruction adversely impacts parental mental health, less among homeschoolers

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Trends in Special Education Identification During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Michigan

Hopkins, B., Guzman, M., Imberman, S. A., Truckenmiller, A. J., Strunk, K. O., & Fisher, M. H. (2024) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737241274799 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Learning Loss and Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of EvidencePreprint

Cruz, N. A. D., Adona, A. J., Molato-Gayares, R., & Park, A. F. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4749492 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Massive Open Online Courses and Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from ColombiaPreprint

Majerowicz, S., & Zárate, R. A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4643591 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Entrepreneurial Spawning from Remote Work

Kwan, A. P., Matthies, B., Townsend, R., & Xu, T. (2025) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w33774 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Assessing School District Decision Making: In-Person Schooling and COVID-19 Transmission

Christian, A., Jacob, B. A., & Singleton, J. D. (2024) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00433 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Politics of Pandemic School Operations for Reopening and Beyond: Evidence from Virginia

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The impact of zero-COVID policies on academic performance: Evidence from primary and secondary students in China

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The Learning Crisis in the United States Three Years after Covid-19Preprint

Patrinos, H. A., Jakubowski, M., & Gajderowicz, T. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5173767 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The short-term effects of differential exposure to COVID-19 on educational outcomes in Guatemala

Ham, A., Vázquez, E., & Yáñez‐Pagans, M. (2024) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2024.2320786 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Navigating educational disruptions: the gender divide in parental involvement and children’s learning outcomes

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Learning disruptions and academic outcomes

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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the cognitive and non-cognitive skills of elementary school students

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The Path of Student Learning Delay During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Michigan

Strunk, K. O., Kilbride, T., Imberman, S. A., Walker, S., Yu, D., & Hopkins, B. (2025) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp.a.26 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Academic and health outcomes of online education for primary and secondary students: Evidence from COVID-19

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Virtual Instruction Effects Within University Courses: A Boon for Those Who Need it, a Bane for Others

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Is exposure to dialogic instruction associated with improvements in middle-school students’ argumentative writing and knowledge of argument concepts? Evidence from propensity score analyses

Ferretti, R. P., Song, Y., Zhang, H., Horne, S. V., Mead, H., Collier, Z., Sabatini, J., & May, H. (2025) · Reading & Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-025-10740-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Improving argumentative writing and argumentative knowledge of English Language Learners and non-English Language Learners through dialogic instruction: a mixed-effects regression analysis

Ferretti, R. P., Horne, S. V., May, H., Mead, H., Zhang, H., Song, Y., & Sabatini, J. (2026) · Reading & Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-025-10754-5

COVID-19 and education: an updated survey of the research

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Evaluation of the Networks for School Improvement Initiative—Networks and Intermediaries: Interim Report

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Understanding Students in Times of Transition: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Engineering Students' Math Readiness and Transition into Engineering

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Challenges Faced by People with Learning Difficulties Two Years after the COVID-19 Outbreak

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Going the distance: Hybrid vocational training for women in Nepal

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Back to school: The effect of school visits during COVID-19 on COVID-19 outcomes

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Learning during the pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan

Iqbal, S. A., & Patrinos, H. A. (2025) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-025-09736-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Trends in Special Education Identification During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Michigan

Hopkins, B., Strunk, K. O., Imberman, S. A., Truckenmiller, A. J., Guzman, M., & Fisher, M. H. (2023) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w31261 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Essays in Applied Microeconomics

Martin, J. C. (2023) · doi:10.33915/etd.12152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Apart but Connected: Online Tutoring, Cognitive Outcomes, and Soft SkillsPreprint

Carlana, M., & Ferrara, E. L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4771248 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Affirmative Action at School Entry: School Quality and LearningPreprint

Agarwal, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4894456 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Lifetime Consequences of Lost Instructional Time in the Classroom: Evidence from Shortened School YearsPreprint

Cygan‐Rehm, K. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4944885 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Onlining in the Time of Covid: Broadband Infrastructure and U.S. School District Policy During the PandemicPreprint

Flamm, K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4179333

Learning During the Pandemic: Evidence from UzbekistanPreprint

Iqbal, S. A., & Patrinos, H. A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4479174

Who Benefits from Remote Schooling? Self-Selection and Match EffectsPreprint

Bruhn, J., Campos, C., Chyn, E. T., & Tran, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4515426

Who Benefits from Remote Schooling? Self-Selection and Match EffectsPreprint

Bruhn, J., Campos, C., Chyn, E. T., & Tran, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4533255

Virtual Learning, Real Effects: Does Delivery Mode Influence Students' Attainment?Preprint

Motoki, F. Y. S., Neto, V. P., & Rodrigues, V. R. D. S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4582715

Political Economy of the Secondary School Response to Covid-19Preprint

Crockett, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4659577

Reproduction of 'Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts'

Tairoski, D. (2024) · doi:10.48152/ssrp-d1vy-4h07

Learning Disruptions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Household Surveys in Southeast Asia

Maddawin, A., Morgan, P., Park, A. F., Suryadarma, D., Trinh, L. Q., & Vandenberg, P. (2024) · doi:10.56506/yzmj3763

Going the Distance: Hybrid Vocational Training for Women in Nepal *Preprint

Janzen, S., Magnan, N., Mullally, C., Sharma, S., & Shrestha, B. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4843229

Attenuated Learning Gains

Colvin, M. K., Reesman, J. L., & Glen, T. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197762660.003.0004

The Good, Bad, and Ugly of School Closures and Virtual Learning

Colvin, M. K., Reesman, J. L., & Glen, T. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197762660.003.0002

Consequences of a welfare benefit reduction for refugee families on children’s school absence and crime

Andersen, C. M. (2024) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2024.2406815

Jan Stuhler discussion of: Women in politics during COVID

Stuhler, J. L. (2024) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/epolic/eiae049

Entrepreneurial Spawning from Remote WorkPreprint

Kwan, A. P., Matthies, B., Townsend, R., & Xu, T. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5026606

Gone with the Wind? Impacts of Hurricanes on College Enrollment and CompletionPreprint

Liu, F., Chen, F., & Geng, K. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5161658

Information and communication technologies and the COVID-19: from economic inequality to educational digital divide in central and South America

Amoedo, J. M., Blanco-Varela, B., & Romero, H. C. (2025) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2025.2502406

Entrepreneurial Spawning from Remote WorkPreprint

Kwan, A. P., Matthies, B., Townsend, R., & Xu, T. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5250739

Three Essays on Education and Health Economics

Mudrow, K. (2025) · doi:10.33915/etd.12838

The Relationship of School Modality With Stress and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Variation Across Sociodemographic Groups

Silver, D., Polikoff, M. S., Berhane, K., Kwon, A., Herting, M., Sowell, E., Kraemer, D. J. M., & Hackman, D. A. (2025) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584251349182

Digital Learning and Student Achievement: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries *Preprint

Mao, L., & Yang, L. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5337232

팬데믹 이후 국제사회의 불평등 현황과 한국의 개발 협력 과제(Post-Pandemic Inequality in Education and Its Implications on Korea’s Development Cooperation)Preprint

Oh, G. Y., Lee, E., Yoo, A., Park, C., & Lee, Y.-R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5363089

The Value of In-Person Schooling During Times of Educational Disruption: Impacts on Students' Emotional Problems and Subjective Well-BeingPreprint

Hahn, Y., Kim, H. B., Kim, M. J., & Yang, H.-S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5398766

The Value of In-Person Schooling During Times of Educational Disruption: Impacts on Students' Emotional Problems and Subjective Well-BeingPreprint

Hahn, Y., Kim, H. B., Kim, M. J., & Yang, H.-S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5398770

The pandemic learning shock that wasn't: STEM major choice resilience during COVID-19

Shakya, P. (2025) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2025.2595166

Teacher Effectiveness in Remote Instruction

Lawson, M. C., & Sass, T. R. (2026) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp.a.437

Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US States

Halloran, C., Jack, R., Okun, J., & Oster, E. (2021) · doi:10.3386/w29497 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

A comment on "Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts"

Akhtar, S., Guo, L., Hua, Y., & Nguyen, H. A. (2025) · Econstor (Econstor)

School District and Community Factors Associated with Test Score Declines During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Fahle, E. M., Kane, T. J., Patterson, T., Reardon, S. F., Staiger, D. O., & Stuart, E. A. (2025) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681251369937 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

School closures and effective in-person learning during COVID-19

Kurmann, A., & Lalé, É. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102422 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Disparities in Learning Mode Access Among K–12 Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Race/Ethnicity, Geography, and Grade Level — United States, September 2020–April 2021

Oster, E., Jack, R., Halloran, C., Schoof, J., McLeod, D., Yang, H., Roche, J., & Roche, D. (2021) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7026e2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works