Autism: The role of cholesterol in treatment
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for neuroactive steroid production, growth of myelin membranes, and normal embryonic and fetal development. It also modulates the oxytocin receptor, ligand activity and G-protein coupling of the serotonin-1A receptor. A deficit of cholesterol may perturb these biological mechanisms and thereby contribute to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), as observed in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) and some subjects with ASDs in the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE). A clinical diagnosis of SLOS can be confirmed by laboratory testing with an elevated plasma 7DHC level relative to the cholesterol level and is treatable by dietary cholesterol supplementation. Individuals with SLOS who have such cholesterol treatment display fewer autistic behaviours, infections, and symptoms of irritability and hyperactivity, with improvements in physical growth, sleep and social interactions. Other behaviours shown to improve with cholesterol supplementation include aggressive behaviours, self-injury, temper outbursts and trichotillomania. Cholesterol ought to be considered as a helpful treatment approach while awaiting an improved understanding of cholesterol metabolism and ASD. There is an increasing recognition that this single-gene disorder of abnormal cholesterol synthesis may be a model for understanding genetic causes of autism and the role of cholesterol in ASD.
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Decreased neuroactive steroid levels and sterol-related abnormal levels of cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D have been reported in ASD.
“Decreased neuroactive steroid levels [11] and sterol-related abnormal levels of cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D have been reported in ASD [12–14].”
From Sterol and lipid analyses identifies hypolipidemia and apolipoprotein disorders in autism associated with adaptive functioning deficits (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Aneja, A., & Tierney, E.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aneja, Alka
- ORCID
- Tierney, Elaine
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-170
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- OpenAlex
- W2041258414
- Semantic Scholar
- 548985c362ea2ab853528f0d321777d84087508c
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, cholesterol, cholesterol supplementation, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, 7-dehydrocholesterol, neurosteroids, myelination, oxytocin receptor, 5-HT1A receptor, dietary therapy, trichotillomania, cholesterol metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Cholesterol, Humans, Phenotype, Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
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