Cited by 1,854Tea Polyphenols and EffectsPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesCoffee research and impacts

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Tea Catechins and Polyphenols: Health Effects, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Functions

Higdon, Jane V., Frei, Balz·2003·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Abstract

Increasing interest in the health benefits of tea has led to the inclusion of tea extracts in dietary supplements and functional foods. However, epidemiologic evidence regarding the effects of tea consumption on cancer and cardiovascular disease risk is conflicting. While tea contains a number of bioactive chemicals, it is particularly rich in catechins, of which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant. Catechins and their derivatives are thought to contribute to the beneficial effects ascribed to tea. Tea catechins and polyphenols are effective scavengers of reactive oxygen species in vitro and may also function indirectly as antioxidants through their effects on transcription factors and enzyme activities. The fact that catechins are rapidly and extensively metabolized emphasizes the importance of demonstrating their antioxidant activity in vivo. In humans, modest transient increases in plasma antioxidant capacity have been demonstrated following the consumption of tea and green tea catechins. The effects of tea and green tea catechins on biomarkers of oxidative stress, especially oxidative DNA damage, appear very promising in animal models, but data on biomarkers of in vivo oxidative stress in humans are limited. Larger human studies examining the effects of tea and tea catechin intake on biomarkers of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA are needed.

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“Tea catechins have been found to be pharmacologically active (Higdon & Frei, 2003; Karori, Wachira, Wanyoko, & Ngure, 2007; Rizvi, Zaid, Anis, & Mishra, 2005; Wachira & Kamunya, 2005).”
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate shows therapeutic antioxidative effects in a murine model of colitis
Brückner, M., Westphal, S., Domschke, W., Kucharzik, T. F., & Lügering, A. (2011) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2011.08.012 · Cited by 148
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins and vascular function
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“It has also been suggested to be one of the most active known compounds in green tea, mediating most of the biological effects((1)) and accounting for 32 % of the antioxidant potential((2)).”
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The modulatory effect of polyphenols from green tea, oolong tea and black tea on human intestinal microbiota in vitro
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“Tea catechins were the most biologically active part of tea polyphenols, during the fermentation, they were oxidized to quinones, and then bisflavanol, thearubigen, theaflavin and other high molecular substances were formed (Higdon and Frei 2003).”
Background
Preservation of (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Antioxidant Properties Loaded in Heat Treated β-Lactoglobulin Nanoparticles
Li, B., Du, W., Jin, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf300307t · Cited by 146
Effect of brewing time and temperature on antioxidant capacity and phenols of white tea: Relationship with sensory properties
Pérez-Burillo, S., Giménez, R., Rufián‐Henares, J. Á., & Pastoriza, S. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.056 · Cited by 152
Inhibition of Phorbol Ester–Induced COX-2 Expression by Epigallocatechin Gallate in Mouse Skin and Cultured Human Mammary Epithelial Cells
Kundu, J. K., Na, H.-K., Chun, K., Kim, Y. K., Lee, S. J., Lee, S. S., Lee, O.-S., Sim, Y.-C., & Surh, Y. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.11.3805s · Cited by 146
Traditional Chinese medicine for pulmonary fibrosis therapy: Progress and future prospects
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“…indicate that curcumin may be an attractive new agent in the treatment of PF. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a kind of polyphenols of green tea, has been studied for its anti-oxidative (Higdon and Frei, 2003) and anti-fibrotic properties (Sriram et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2015; You et al., 2014).”
Natural Antioxidants: Function and Sources
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“FNS biochemicals, such as antioxidants, polysaccharides, pigments, fatty acids, vitamins, and more.”
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“Additionally, EGCG has been reported as the highest antioxidant activity among catechins (146).”
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Activation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase by the p38 MAPK in Response to Black Tea Polyphenols
Anter, E., Thomas, S. R., Schulz, E., Shapira, O. M., Vita, J. A., & Keaney, J. F. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m405547200 · Cited by 142
Cancer-Related Anorexia/Cachexia Syndrome and Oxidative Stress: An Innovative Approach beyond Current Treatment
Mantovani, G., Madeddu, C., Macciò, A., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Massa, E., Astara, G., & Serpe, R. (2004) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.1651.13.10 · Cited by 142
“The polyphenols have been included for their high activity as antioxidants (51): among them, the quercetin is the most effective.”
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Hot vs. cold water steeping of different teas: Do they affect antioxidant activity?
Venditti, E., Bacchetti, T., Tiano, L., Carloni, P., Greci, L., & Damiani, E. (2009) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.049 · Cited by 141
The effect of an extract of green and black tea on glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: double-blind randomized study
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Selenium-containing green tea has higher antioxidant and prebiotic activities than regular green tea
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“Polyphenols are the main bioactive constituents of green tea (Higdon and Frei, 2003; Shaheen et al., 2006), and their content varies considerably among different green teas.”
Background
Cancer chemoprevention through the induction of apoptosis by natural compounds
Kuno, T., Tsukamoto, T., Hara, A., & Tanaka, T. (2012) · Journal of Biophysical Chemistry · doi:10.4236/jbpc.2012.32018 · Cited by 136
“The compounds are able to trap and scavenge free radicals, decrease leukocyte immobilization, induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and exhibit phytoestrogenic activity [25-27].”
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Food colorants: their past, present and future
Coultate, T., & Blackburn, R. S. (2018) · Coloration Technology · doi:10.1111/cote.12334 · Cited by 138
White and green tea polyphenols inhibit pancreatic lipase in vitro
Gondoin, A., Grussu, D., Stewart, D., et al. (2010) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.029 · Cited by 137
“Indeed, a range of mechanisms have been proposed for the beneficial effects of tea and health (e.g. Higdon and Frei, 2003), which largely focus on the polyphenol components, especially the flavan-3-ols.”
Background
Paradoxical Effects of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and Antioxidant Vitamins in Diabetic Rats
Mustata, G. T., Rosca, M. G., Biemel, K. M., Reihl, O., Smith, M. A., VISWANATHAN, A., Strauch, C., Du, Y., Tang, J., Kern, T. S., et al. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.2.517 · Cited by 137
Epigallocathechin-3 gallate inhibits cardiac hypertrophy through blocking reactive oxidative species-dependent and -independent signal pathways
Li, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, C.-N., Liu, G., Wei, Y.-S., Wang, A.-B., Liu, Y.-Q., Hui, R.-T., Wei, C., Williams, G. M., et al. (2006) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.005 · Cited by 136
Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals
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Survey of Phytochemical Composition and Biological Effects of Three Extracts from a Wild Plant (Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. et Mey.): A Potential Source for Functional Food Ingredients and Drug Formulations
Zengin, G., Uysal, A., Güneş, E., & Aktumsek, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113527 · Cited by 135
Daily Consumption of an Aqueous Green Tea Extract Supplement Does Not Impair Liver Function or Alter Cardiovascular Disease Risk Biomarkers in Healthy Men
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“Although evidence from epidemiological and clinical intervention studies regarding the potential beneficial health effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP)(6) is inconclusive and sometimes conflicting [reviewed in (1)], green tea extracts (GTE) have had increasing use as ingredients of dietary supplements, beverages, an…”
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Catechin induced longevity in C. elegans: From key regulator genes to disposable soma
Saul, N., Pietsch, K., Menzel, R., Stürzenbaum, S. R., & Steinberg, C. E. W. (2009) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2009.05.005 · Cited by 133
“, 2007) are one of the best studied polyphenolic groups and a vast range of beneficial health effects have been reported for the most abundant forms including epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) (Higdon and Frei, 2003; Crespy and Williamson, 2004; Fisher and…”
Risk of Colon Cancer and Coffee, Tea, and Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink Intake: Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Zhang, X., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Buring, J. E., Flood, A. P., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E. L., Goldbohm, R. A., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., et al. (2010) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djq107 · Cited by 132
“Given that coffee and tea are good sources of caffeine (5,6), we analyzed caffeine intake using study-specific quintiles.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Dietary Flavonoids Modulate PCB-Induced Oxidative Stress, CYP1A1 Induction, and AhR-DNA Binding Activity in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Ramadass, P. (2003) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg227 · Cited by 132
“(EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), EGCG is the predominant catechin (40% of total) and has the greatest antioxidant activity (Higdon and Frei, 2003), and it is also the most widely studied polyphenol for disease prevention (Bagchi, 1999).”
Background

Authors: Higdon, J. V., & Frei, B.
Affiliations: Oregon State University (US)
Venue: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 89-143
ISSN: 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
1549-7852
DOI: 10.1080/10408690390826464
OpenAlex: W2116597521
Cited by: 1,854
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 104 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 107
FWCI: 38.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Tea Polyphenols and Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Keywords: tea catechins, polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate, green tea, antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, plasma antioxidant capacity, cancer risk, cardiovascular risk, functional foods, dietary supplements, reactive oxygen species
MeSH terms: Animals, Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Cardiovascular Diseases, Catechin, Chronic Disease, Flavonoids, Humans, Neoplasms, Phenols, Polymers, Tea, Biomarkers, Free Radical Scavengers, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress

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Tea Catechins and Polyphenols: Health Effects, Metabolism, and Antioxidant Functions

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