Mindfulness, Assessment, and Transdiagnostic Processes
Abstract
One of the most striking features of the rapidly growing literature reviewed by Brown, Ryan, and Creswell (2007, this issue) is the wide range of problems, disorders, and populations for which the ...
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The emphasis on cultivating a more gentle and flexible mode of processing seems particularly relevant for anxiety disorders, as they are characterized by a reactive relationship to experience.
“Specifically, the emphasis on cultivating a more gentle and flexible mode of processing seems particularly relevant for these disorders, as they are characterized by a reactive relationship to experience, that is, a tendency to negative self-absorption accompanied by widespread attempts to avoid external and internal events (Baer, 2007; Roemer, Erisman et al. , 2008).”
From Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2012) · cites this paper as Baer, 2007
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A Model of Mindful Parenting: Implications for Parent–Child Relationships and Prevention Research
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“…and Tate 2007), with some arguing that mindfulness represents a single quality of consciousness (i.e., present-centered awareness and attention) (Brown and Ryan 2003, 2004; Brown et al. 2007a, b) and others holding to a model that includes the five mindfulness skills (Baer 2007; Baer et al. 2006).”
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“The various exercises whereby mindfulness is cultivated can be understood as opportunities for exposure and desensitization to internal events that would habitually be avoided or suppressed, potentially enabling a more flexible stance to difficult experience (Baer, 2007).”
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“In spite of such limitations, however, a recent investigation performed by the same authors (Baer 2007) comparing long-term mindfulness meditators to nonmeditators partially confirmed and extended previous findings.”
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“Intriguing questions need answering about the relationships between facets of mindfulness, facets of functioning (especially emotion regulation and relationship functioning), and psychological well-being (Baer, 2007; Brown et al., 2007; Masicampo and Baumeister, 2007; Shaver et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBrief body-scan meditation practice improves somatosensory perceptual decision making
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“…= .10) at T2, controlling for T1 performance (however, follow-up t-tests showed that response criterion did not change significantly from T1 to T2 for either group, p’s > .20). attention during mindfulness meditation (see Baer, 2007) improved the accuracy of somatic perception in the current study.”
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“Proc., Vol. 59, September, 2020 numerous presenting concerns (Baer, 2007), and can buffer clients from the stress of life in a pandemic (Polizzi, Lynn, & Perry, 2020).”
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“associated with less suffering and greater happiness (Baer, 2007).”
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“Because mindfulness has been linked to processes facilitating non-reactivity (Baer, 2007) and better emotion-regulation”
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“…in an active mindfulness Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 87 practice, these approaches acknowledge the important relationship between clinician mind-state and clinical effectiveness (Baer, 2007; Cozolino, 2006; Kabat-Zinn, 1990; Linehan, 1993; Segal et al., 2002; Siegel, 2007a).”
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“…et al., 1999), rumination being “a style of recurrent negative thinking in which the causes, consequences and implications of negative events and feelings are repeatedly analyzed . . . dwelling on personal problems and inadequacies and reviewing what has gone wrong and why” (Baer, 2007, p. 240).”
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“Second, meditation has been proposed as a form of gradual exposure therapy, whereby prolonged exposure to anxiety-provoking thoughts and images may foster habituation [138, 139].”
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“1 Finally , we lack preventive intervention study of the effect of mindfulness on these proximal processes and distal vulnerability factors specifically among community-based nonclinical samples (Baer, 2007).”
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“Based on current literature experiential avoidance is considered to constitute a transdiagnostic risk factor as it leads to multiple disorders (Baer 2007; Barlow et al. 2004; Harvey et al. 2004).”
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“These processes are, however, known to be simultaneously targeted during mindfulness training and practice (Baer, 2003; Baer, 2007; Hofmann et al., 2010), and some (e.g., repetitive negative thinking) have been shown to mediate treatment gains following mindfulness-based interventions (Gu et al.,…”
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“Experiential avoidance as a transdiagnostic construct (Baer 2007; Barlow et al. 2004; Harvey et al. 2004) has been hypothesized to play an important role in the etiology, maintenance and modification of various forms of psychopathology (Hayes 2004), anxiety and depression in particular (for reviews, see Chawla and Ost…”
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“The word pain emerged in E3, seeming to reflect trans-diagnostic benefits of mindfulness (Baer, 2007).”
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“to coping with repetitive negative thoughts and associated negative affect not by controlling, restructuring, stopping, or otherwise controlling upsetting thoughts or emotions, but rather by fundamentally changing how one relates to so-called mental events that arise in one’s consciousness in a given moment (Baer, 200…”
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“It is important to note that Baer (2007) suggested that these three mindfulness facets are especially helpful in understanding the changes that occur with long-term meditation practice, and its relationship with symptom reduction and improved psychological functioning (Baer, 2007).”
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“…th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no tt o be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. fulness as a transdiagnostic treatment process (Baer, 2007; Barlow et al., 2011) that can influence multiple personal and interpersonal problems: Mindfulness-based interventions (e.g.,…”
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Mindfulness as a moderator in expressive writing
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Evidence for Mindfulness: Impacts on the Wellbeing and Performance of School Staff
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“…increased mindfulness that results from clinicians’ efforts to reconcile divergent multimethod assessment patterns occurs in psychological settings (Baer, 2007; Teasdale, Segal, & Williams, 2003), and has been documented in physicians as well (Sargeant, Mann, Sinclair, Van der Vleuten, &…”
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Mindfulness, Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, and Executive Dysfunction
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“Baer (2007) argues that all of these processes have the potential to inhibit mindfulness skills.”
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“Furthermore rumination, self-focused attention and experiential avoidance have all been assumed to be transdiagnostic avoidant processes that may be involved in the maintenance of psychopathology (Baer, 2007; Hayes et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMindfulness: Nurturing Global Mind-set and Leadership
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“Enhances experiential avoidance and self-compassion, which facilitates novel thinking to solve problems and refrain from resorting to stereotypes (Baer, 2007).”
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“Mevcut araştırmalar incelendiğinde, bilinçli farkındalık temelli müdahalelerin kişilerin kognitif ve duygusal süreçleri üzerinde faydalı bir etkiye neden olduğu görülmüştür (Baer, 2007; Cooper, Frone, Russell ve Mudar, 1995; Johnson ve Larson, 1982; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk ve Fresco, 2005).”
BackgroundMindfulness and gender differences in ethical beliefs
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“Mindfulness-based therapy is centred upon mindful awareness and meditation practice, which entails bringing regular awareness to internal sensations, emotions, and thoughts in a watchful, accepting, and non-judgemental way (Baer 2007; Shapiro & Carlson 2009).”
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“More recently, Baer (2007) [50] proposed that the practice of mindfulness counteracts three transdiagnostic processes that occur in various psychological disorders: selective attention, rumination and experiential avoidance.”
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The role of organizational mindfulness in firms’ globalization and global market performance
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Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V. L., Mitchell, P. B., & Ball, J. R. B. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hekmati, I., Abdollahpour Ranjbar, H., Eskin, M., Drake, C. E., & Jobson, L. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01539-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Psychological inflexibility is the rigid dominance of psychological responses in guiding action (Bond et al., 2011) and is increasingly recognized as a transdiagnostic risk factor for a range of clinical presentations (Baer, 2007; Barlow, Allen, & Choate, 2004; Levin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLiu, T., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., & Mu, S. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111223 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The core of this ability is attention and awareness of what happens in the present (Baer, 2007; Brown & Ryan, 2003), which are also crucial components of emotional regulation (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”
BackgroundPena, M., & Losada, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01423 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“events and feelings are repetitively analyzed (Baer, 2007).”
BackgroundValidation of the German Version of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ)
Böge, K., Schaeuffele, C., Jacobsen, P., Chadwick, P., Ergen, E., Hahne, I., Bergmann, N., Boettcher, J., Wingenfeld, K., Bajbouj, M., et al. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01447-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Depression Converging evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness practices demonstrates the importance of developing novel, reliable, and valid tools to measure mindfulness states and traits (Baer 2007).”
BackgroundEsmaeilzadeh, P. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/18122 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Demir, V. (2015) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Parsons, E. M., Luebbe, A. M., & Clerkin, E. M. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0738-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Validation of the Dutch Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory in Patients With Medical Illness
Bruggeman-Everts, F. Z., van der Lee, M. L., Hooft, E. F. M. V. ‘., & Nyklíček, I. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017705936 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“To investigate whether, or to what extent, mindfulness skills are a working mechanism in MBIs in these patients, there is a need for reliable and valid tools to measure mindfulness (Baer, 2007).”
BackgroundThe role of mindfulness in response to product cues and marketing communications
Bayraktar, A., Uslay, C., & Ndubisi, N. O. (2015) · International Journal of Business Environment · doi:10.1504/ijbe.2015.073180 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Can clinical psychology students benefit from brief and intensive mindfulness training?
Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P. E., Osnes, B., Visted, E., Svendsen, J. L., & Sørensen, L. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12273 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bird, A. L., Russell, P. S., Pickard, J. A., Donovan, M. O., Madsen, M., & Herbert, J. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01625-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Mindfulness has been proposed as one such transdiagnostic factor (Maliken&Katz, 2013; Smith&Dishion, 2013) that is strongly related to a number of mental health presentations, as well as parenting attitudes and behaviours (Baer, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodCheung, J. O. H., & Cheng, C. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112716 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hatch, S., Webber, J., Rej, S., Finlayson, M. L., & Kessler, D. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2102140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Mindfulness meditation is distinct from mindfulness practices, and encourages the quietening of the mind and learning to be with one’s thoughts and emotions (Baer, 2007; Brown et al., 2007; Gayner, 2019a; Kabat-Zinn, 1990; Santorelli et al., 2017; Savel & Munro, 2017).”
BackgroundCultivating Financial Mindfulness: A Dual-Process Theory
Stone, D. N. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0475-0_2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A considerable and impressive body of research suggests that mindfulness is a multidimensional construct (Baer, 2007 ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006 ) .”
BackgroundSpivak, A. L., Lipsey, M. W., Farran, D. C., & Polanin, J. R. (2015) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.145 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Barogh, Z. S., Younesi, S. J., Sedaghati, A. H., & Sedaghati, Z. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Interventions in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Vøllestad, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evanger, L. N., Flo, E., Sørensen, L., & Schanche, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231040 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…for insomnia comorbid with recurrent MDD, the chronicity of both depression and insomnia appear to be related to tendencies toward ruminative thinking (i.e., repetitive thinking about potential causes, ongoing experience, and potential consequences of one’s current symptoms and distress) (31–34).”
BackgroundCognitive Moderation of CBT: Disorder-Specific or Transdiagnostic Predictors of Treatment Response
Katz, D. E., Laposa, J. M., Hawley, L. L., Quigley, L., & Rector, N. A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10009-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…consistent with an emerging literature in which multiple psychological factors have been theorized to be transdiagnostic in nature, contributing to psychopathology across multiple disorders rather than one specific diagnosis (e.g., Baer 2007; Carleton 2016; Ehring and Watkins 2008; Ingram 1990).”
BackgroundThe Ego fixation hypothesis: Involuntary persistence of self-control
Koole, S. L., Mattie Tops, A., Strübin, S., Bouw, J., Schneider, I. K., Jostmann, N. B., Forgas, J. P., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2014) · VU Research Portal · Cited by 10 · see citing works
La méditation de pleine conscience
Berghmans, C. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70843-5.00001-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Raugh, I. M., Spilka, M. J., Luther, L., Suveg, C. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.08.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liu, T., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., & Mu, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05249-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“On the contrary, the core components of DM are attention and awareness in self-present moment experience (Baer, 2007; Brown & Ryan, 2003), which are easily affected by anxiety and depression.”
Literature Review of Good Teachers: The Attributes and Gaps of Indonesian Teachers as a Profession
Haenilah, E. Y., Hariri, H., Ridwan, R., Ochayi, O. A., Maydiantoro, A., Zainaro, M. A., Bolado, J. R. T., Kesuma, T. A. R. P., Tusianah, R., & Isnainy, U. C. A. S. (2022) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2022-0044 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The rapidity of mindfulness training is driven by the empirical fact that many people regain their health from illnesses such as cancer, chronic pain, anxiety disorders, and depression from mindfulness training (Baer, 2007).”
BackgroundLi, B., Jiang, Y., Wu, Y., & Wang, L. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030227 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“According to the characteristics of mindfulness, consumers with a high level of mindfulness have higher motivation, sensation, and competence in their information processing [30].”
BackgroundAntecedents and outcome of mindful buying
Mathur, A., & Moschis, G. P. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12565 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Soler, J., Soriano, J., Ferraz, L., Grasa, E., Carmona, C., Portella, M. J., Seto, V., Álvarez, E., & Pérez, V. (2013) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2224 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Demir, V. (2022) · ASYA STUDIES · doi:10.31455/asya.1160023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Amir, I., Aizik-Reebs, A., Yuval, K., Hadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231164958 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Despite these encouraging findings, there is very limited empirical study of targeted malleable risk processes and mechanisms of action of these mindfulness interventions among forcibly displaced people (FDP; Aizik-Reebs et al., 2022; Baer, 2007; Coffey et al., 2010; Yuval et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLevin-Aspenson, H. F., Marks, R. M., Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The growing influence of mindfulness on the work of the counselling psychologist. A review
O’Driscoll, A. (2009) · Counselling Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpscpr.2009.24.3-4.16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Galhardo, A. B., Carvalho, B., Massano‐Cardoso, I., & Cunha, M. I. V. A. (2020) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2020.1760978 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Lived Experience of Mindfulness in Adventure-Based Learning
Stuhr, P. T., & Denny, A. L. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12090630 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hatch, S., Finlayson, M. L., Rej, S., & Kessler, D. (2023) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.04.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
L'approche transdiagnostique en psychopathologie
Monestès, J. (2016) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.mones.2016.01.0085 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tao, S., Lau, E. Y. H., Li, J., & Sun, J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02628-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The concept is rooted in the broader framework of mindfulness, defined as a nonjudgmental, present-focused awareness and acceptance of one’s thoughts, emotions, and experiences (Baer, 2007; Brown & Ryan, 2003).”
Aldbyani, A., Alhimaidi, A., & Chuanxia, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1677965 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), which comprises 39 items (Baer, 2007), has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid scale in Arabic settings (Aldbyani, 2023).”
Changes in Trait Mindfulness after a Brief Mindfulness Training Program of Self-Breathing
Sakagami, M., Yokono, T., Abeywickrama, H. M., Seki, N., Miyasaka, M., & Uchiyama, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12202019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Since the intervention in this study was conducted during a period of significant social disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic, even small changes in participants’ daily routines may have contributed to positive outcomes, potentially influencing the intervention’s effectiveness.”
Result
- Authors
- Baer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baer, Ruth A.
- ORCID
- Baer, Ruth A.
- Venue
- Psychological Inquiry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-10-19
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 238-242
- ISSN
- 1047-840X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7965
- OpenAlex
- W2125443068
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Inquiry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness, transdiagnostic mechanisms, psychological assessment, mindfulness-based interventions, mental illness
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