Cited by 131Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

Kashdan, Todd B., Collins, R. Lorraine·2010·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

DOI 10.1080/10615800802641950

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Abstract

A few recent studies have found evidence showing that social anxiety is associated with diminished positive affect and elevated anger. However, prior work has relied on trait self-report measures of global positive mood or anger. In this preliminary study, we examined how trait social anxiety relates to moment-to-moment positive and angry emotional states as people navigate through their natural environment in a given day. Of additional interest was whether any associations were limited to social situations or were evident more broadly in non-social situations as well. For 14 days, 38 non-clinical community adults carried electronic diaries to assess their experience of positive emotions, anger, and their current social context and activity. Participants were randomly prompted up to four times per day, leading to 1702 observations. Results showed that social anxiety was associated with less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry throughout the day. In general, people felt happier when they were with other people compared to being alone. Interestingly, people with relatively higher levels of social anxiety reported fewer and less intense positive emotions and greater anger episodes across social and non-social situations.

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Background
Predictors of suicidal ideation in social anxiety disorder – evidence for the validity of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Chung, M., Forstner, A. J., Mücke, M., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Conrad, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.017 · Cited by 14
A Comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Measures: Unique Associations With Social Interaction Anxiety and Social Observation Anxiety
Kramer, S. L., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116654003 · Cited by 14
“…sensitivity or bias to social threat (Hofmann, 2007) and perceive social interactions as less rewarding than individuals with lower anxiety levels (Kashdan & Collins, 2010); thus, a useful method for better understanding social anxiety is to explore individual differences in personality variables…”
Method
The Efficacy of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Rahmani, F., Abbass, A. A., Hemmati, A., Mirghaed, S. R., & Ghaffari, N. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001097 · Cited by 14
“The presence and role of anger in SAD patients' lives were shown in several studies (Erwin et al., 2003; Gilbert and Miles, 2000; Kashdan and Collins, 2010), and Gilbert and Miles (2000) stressed these patients' hostile expectations.”
Background
Building an emotion regulation recommender algorithm for socially anxious individuals using contextual bandits
Beltzer, M. L., Ameko, M. K., Daniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12282 · Cited by 12
TelEMA: a low-cost and user-friendly telephone assessment platform
Fernandez, K. C., Johnson, M. R., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0287-9 · Cited by 12
“…2010; Smyth & Stone, 2003), behaviors such as alcohol consumption (Collins et al., 1998; Hufford, Shields, Shiffman, Paty, & Balabanis, 2002; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Ferssizidis, Collins, & Muraven, 2010; Simons, Dvorak, Batien, & Wray, 2010; Swendsen et al., 2000), drug use…”
Background
Furcht vor positiver sozialer Bewertung: Übersetzung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version der FPES
Schwarz, M., Reichenberger, J., Schwitalla, M., König, D., Wilhelm, F. H., Voderholzer, U., Hillert, A., & Jens Blechert, A. (2015) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000147 · Cited by 12
Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder: Interpersonal predictors of outcome and the mediating role of the working alliance
Cohen, J. N., Drabick, D. A. G., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.004 · Cited by 12
Social Motivation Differentiates Social Anxiety and Depression: A Daily Diary Study
Rum, R., Birg, J. A., Silva, G., Rottenberg, J. A., Clayson, P. E., & Goodman, F. R. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.11.004 · Cited by 11
High risk, high reward: Daily perceptions of social challenge and performance in social anxiety disorder
Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.006 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
From childhood maltreatment to adult inflammation: Evidence for the mediational status of social anxiety and low positive affect
Carlton, C. N., Garcia, K. M., Sullivan‐Toole, H., Stanton, K. J., McDonnell, C. G., & Richey, J. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100366 · Cited by 13
“For example, on a daily basis, individuals with symptoms of social anxiety report fewer positive emotions and positive events, report less time feeling happy and relaxed, and report less intense positive emotional experiences (Kashdan and Collins, 2010; Kashdan and Steger, 2006).”
Background
The Relationship between Anger and Heterosexual Behavior. An Investigation in a Nonclinical Sample of Urban Italian Undergraduates
Muscatello, M. R. A., Bruno, A., Scimeca, G., Pandolfo, G., Paduano, R., Micò, U., Bellinghieri, P. M., Nardo, F. D., Iannuzzo, G., Cofini, V., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01640.x · Cited by 10
Social Anxiety, Positive Experiences, and Positive Events
Kashdan, T., & Weeks, J. W. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00017-1 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
The Relationship Between Hostile Interpretation Bias and Symptoms of Depression and Social Anxiety: a Replication Across Two Samples
Marks, C. P. K., Kraft, J. D., Grant, D. M., & Wells, T. T. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09839-y · Cited by 9
Perceptions towards an interaction partner predict social anxiety: an ecological momentary assessment study
Lee, J. H. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1969339 · Cited by 11
Stand by Me: Social Ties and Health in Real Time
Goldman, A. W., & Cornwell, E. Y. (2023) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231231171112 · Cited by 13
“…et al. 2021) or perceptions of being socially isolated, which may contribute to distress and depression (Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010; Holt-Lunstad 2018), while interacting with others is associated with higher reports of momentary happiness (Bernstein et al. 2018; Kashdan and Collins 2010).”
Background
The Social Suspiciousness Scale: Development, Validation, and Implications for Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder
Linett, A., Monforton, J., MacKenzie, M. B., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09724-3 · Cited by 10
Social Anxiety and the Generation of Positivity During Dyadic Interaction: Curiosity and Authenticity Are the Keys to Success
Barber, K. C., Michaelis, M. A. M., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.011 · Cited by 9
Positivity Deficits in Social Anxiety: Emotions, Events, and Cognitions
Farmer, A. S., Kashdan, T., & Weeks, J. W. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00019-4 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
The Effect of Mind-Body Exercise on Sustainable Psychological Wellbeing Focusing on Pilates
Kim, S.-K., Shim, J. L., & Han, G.-S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11071977 · Cited by 8
Having versus not having social interactions in patients diagnosed with depression or social phobia and controls
Villanueva, J., Meyer, A. H., Mikoteit, T., Hoyer, J., Imboden, C., Bader, K., Hatzinger, M., Lieb, R., & Gloster, A. T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249765 · Cited by 6
Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Colombo, D., Gómez Penedo, J. M., Pierantonelli, M., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/46593 · Cited by 8
“First, Kashdan and Collins [70] revealed that SA was related to less time spent feeling happy and relaxed and more time spent feeling angry.”
BackgroundResult
The experience of stuttering in everyday life among adults who stutter: The impact of trait social anxiety and the social situations
Lei, X., Sasisekaran, J., & Nguyen‐Feng, V. N. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106061 · Cited by 9
Social anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and theory of mind decoding ability
Lord, K. A., Suvak, M. K., & Liverant, G. I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23242 · Cited by 6
Social Anxiety, Beliefs About Expressing Emotions and Experiencing Positive Emotions
Juretić, J., & Živčić–Bećirević, I. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/55110 · Cited by 6
Longitudinal associations of daily affective dynamics with depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms
Lakhtakia, T., Smith, S. R., Mohr, D. C., & Stamatis, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.250 · Cited by 5
Anger in social anxiety disorder
Oren‐Yagoda, R., Werber, G., & Aderka, I. M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2403149 · Cited by 5
“Thus, no previous studies have examined anger in the daily life interactions of individuals with SAD (Kashdan & Collins, 2010 examined a community sample).”
Influential
From struggle to strength: the therapeutic potential of gratitude journaling for student mental health
Kaur, S., Sharma, M., & Singh, B. (2025) · Journal of Poetry Therapy · doi:10.1080/08893675.2025.2457621 · Cited by 8
Interpersonal Rejection Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ): Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version
Kyriazos, T. A., & Giotsa, A. Z. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.1011101 · Cited by 5
“…2007; Naragon-Gainey, Watson, Gamez, & Simms, 2005; Watson, 2016; Watson, & Markon, 2009) and with high Negative Affect levels and while it has a moderately negative relation with curiosity and exploration (Ferssizidis et al., 2013; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Weeks, & Savostyanova, 2011).”
Background
Affective dynamics and emotional reactivity in social anxiety disorder
Foote, B., Lamers, F., Xiao, Y., Cui, L., Zipunnikov, V., Husky, M. M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000121 · Cited by 4
“…& Toni, 2009; Yoon & Joormann, 2012) as well as to social stressors, neutral events (Bowen, Baetz, Hawkes, & Bowen, 2006; Farmer & Kashdan, 2015; Kashdan & Collins, 2010) and even positive events such as praise (Clark & Wells, 1995; Doorley et al., 2021; Hur, Tillman, Fox, & Shackman, 2019;…”
Dimensionality, Reliability, Invariance, and Validity of the Multidimensional Social Anxiety Response Inventory–21 (MSARI–21)
Deller, J., Perrotte, J. K., Wainwright, K., Brunsman, J., & Osman, A. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1569529 · Cited by 4
“Regarding social anxiety specifically, individuals with social anxiety have been found to spend greater portions of their day feeling angry compared to those without social anxiety (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background
Network analysis of the relationship between self-injury addiction, attachment, and anxiety in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury
Zhao, L., Wang, S., Li, J., Kong, L., Zheng, D., & Yang, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07129-z · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, social anxiety not only depletes an individual’s positive psychological resources but may also undermine their social support system [35, 36].”
Development and validation of two shortened anxiety sensitive index-3 scales based on item response theory
Luo, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, J., & Zhan, P.-D. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03615-z · Cited by 3
“In this study, two instruments were employed to validate the robustness of relationships between anxiety sensitivity and negative emotions (Kashdan 2007; Kashdan and Collins 2010), as well as between anxiety sensitivity and depressive traits (Naragon-Gainey 2010).”
Influence of circadian rhythms on television viewers’ behaviour: is there a need for new programming?
Müller, H., Moeller, S., Ott, B., Maihöfner, C., & Sperling, W. (2015) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2015.1055294 · Cited by 3
“…to be in a positive mood, to produce positive feelings and to avoid discomfort (Hofmann, Richey, Kashdan, & McKnight, 2009; Kashdan & Breen, 2008; Kashdan & Collins, 2010; Kashdan, Ferssizidis, Collins, & Muraven, 2010; Kashdan, Zvolensky, & McLeish, 2008; Pond et al., 2012; Steger & Kashdan,…”
Alteración emocional en atención primaria y urgencias pediátricas. ¿Se enfadan los padres durante la atención pediátrica?
Fernández‐Castillo, A., & Vílchez‐Lara, M. J. (2015) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.1016/j.rlp.2015.06.003 · Cited by 3
“…de ansiedad social presentan más emociones negativas y mayores niveles de ira tanto en situaciones de interacción social como en las de no interacción social (Kashdan & Collins, 2010), así como que la ansiedad podría moderar los efectos de la expresión de ira y enfado (Bocharov & Knyazev, 2011).”
Background
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGER AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: A REVIEW OF THEORIES AND RESEARCH.
Iannuzzo, G., Pandolfo, G., Bonadonna, A., Lorusso, S., Crucitti, M., Lanza, G., Cicciarelli, C., & Bruno, A. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/2014.2.977 · Cited by 3
“…to different kinds of relational problems such as aggressive behavior (Norlander and Eckhardt, 2005; Brondolo et al, 1998), reduced social support, occupational stress and burnout (Deffenbacher, 1993; Iescer et al. 1999; Muscatello et al., 2006), and social anxiety (Kashdan and Collins, 2009).”
Background
Does evaluating oneself cause evaluations of others while observing a social interaction? An experimental investigation of the cognitive and emotional consequences following a false-feedback task
Ferguson, R. J., & Ouimet, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231169897 · Cited by 2
“Relatedly, there is increasing evidence that people with social anxiety may demonstrate critical or angry responses when faced with rejection or negative evaluation (e.g. Alden& Taylor, 2004; Erwin et al., 2003; Weerdmeester & Lange, 2019) and in their everyday life (Kashdan & Collins, 2010).”
Background

Authors: Kashdan, T. B., & Collins, R. L.
Affiliations: George Mason University (US)
State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Kashdan, Todd B.
ORCID: Kashdan, Todd B.
Collins, R. Lorraine
Venue: Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2009-03-26
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 259-272
ISSN: 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
1477-2205
DOI: 10.1080/10615800802641950
OpenAlex: W2106870094
Cited by: 131
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 7.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA07595, R01AA007595)
National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937, MH-73937)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: social anxiety, positive emotions, anger, ecological momentary assessment, everyday life, social environment, happiness, trait anxiety, electronic diary
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Affect, Anger, Anxiety, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Personality, Punishment, Self-Assessment, Social Behavior, Socialization

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Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach

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