Empathy for positive and negative emotions in social anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with elevated negative and diminished positive affective experience. However, little is known about the way in which individuals with SAD perceive and respond emotionally to the naturally-unfolding negative and positive emotions of others, that is, cognitive empathy and affective empathy, respectively. In the present study, participants with generalized SAD (n = 32) and demographically-matched healthy controls (HCs; n = 32) completed a behavioral empathy task. Cognitive empathy was indexed by the correlation between targets' and participants' continuous ratings of targets' emotions, whereas affective empathy was indexed by the correlation between targets' and participants' continuous self-ratings of emotion. Individuals with SAD differed from HCs only in positive affective empathy: they were less able to vicariously share others' positive emotions. Mediation analyses revealed that poor emotional clarity and negative interpersonal perceptions among those with SAD might account for this finding. Future research using experimental methodology is needed to examine whether this finding represents an inability or unwillingness to share positive affect.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Impairment of empathy, particularly the affective aspect, has been found in various psychological disorders such as social anxiety disorder, depression, and PTSD.
“Impairment of empathy, particularly the affective aspect, has been found in various psychological disorders, such as social anxiety disorder (Morrison et al. 2016), depression (O’Connor et al. 2002), and PTSD (Mazza et al. 2015).”
From Nonattachment Predicts Empathy, Rejection Sensitivity, and Symptom Reduction After a Mindfulness-Based Intervention Among Young Adults with a History of Childhood Maltreatment (2020) · cites this paper as Morrison et al. 2016
People with SAD differed from healthy controls only in positive affective empathy, but not negative affective empathy.
“Other examples of the importance of attending to positive social stimuli can be found in research showing that people with SAD differed from healthy controls only in positive affective empathy, but not negative affective empathy (76).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,769 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.
Davis, M. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113 · Cited by 10,272 · see citing works
Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis :
Hayes, A. F., & names (2015) · Cited by 7,004 · see citing works
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1 · Cited by 5,293 · see citing works
Handbook of Emotion Regulation
Lambert, K. G. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.15.1808 · Cited by 4,900 · see citing works
Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0022658 · Cited by 3,060 · see citing works
The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91 · Cited by 2,672 · see citing works
Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach
Davis, M. H. (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2454 · Cited by 2,442 · see citing works
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995) · Emotion, disclosure, & health. · doi:10.1037/10182-006 · Cited by 2,375 · see citing works
On the probable error of a coefficient of correlation deduced from a small sample
Fisher, R. A. (1921) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 2,089 · see citing works
The social neuroscience of empathy
Singer, T., & Lamm, C. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Davis, M. H. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429493898 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346 · Cited by 1,795 · see citing works
The Decomposition of Effects in Path Analysis
Alwin, D. F., & Hauser, R. M. (1975) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094445 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.107.2.179 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.2.179 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Blair, R. J. R. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Contemporary Approaches to Assessing Mediation in Communication Research
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452272054.n2 · Cited by 1,346 · see citing works
The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise
Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3085 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Self-citationHofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A large literature has now documented elevated levels of negative affect in SAD (Farmer & Kashdan, 2014; Hofmann, 2007; Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988), and a growing literature indicates that the atypical emotional functioning associated with SAD also includes low levels of positive affect (Brown,…”
BackgroundThe distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed.
Wispe, L. G. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.49 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.49 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
FRESCO, D. M., COLES, M. E., HEIMBERG, R. G., LIEBOWITZ, M. R., HAMI, S., STEIN, M. B., & GOETZ, D. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004056 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Self-citationMackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., & Rodgers, B. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00251-7 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Emotion, Disclosure, and Health
Pennebaker, J. W. (1995) · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Krebs, D. L. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.32.6.1134 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures.
Gable, S. L., Gonzaga, G. C., & Strachman, A. N. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.904 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Social phobia and interpretation of social events
Stopa, L. L., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00043-1 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Interpersonal processes in social phobia
Alden, L. E., & Taylor, C. T. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.006 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Zaki (2008) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02099.x · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Self-citationThe SAGE Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication Research
Hayes, A., Slater, M. D., & Snyder, L. B. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452272054 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder
Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1651-1 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationJoormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.705 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Rytwinski, N. K., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Liebowitz, M. R., Cissell, S., Stein, M. B., & Hofmann, S. G. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20503 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural bases of empathic accuracy
Zaki, J., Weber, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902666106 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis
Kashdan, T. B. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.003 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Krebs, D. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1134 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Jonason, P. K., & Krause, L. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.027 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Negative interpretation bias in social phobia
Amin, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. E. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00060-6 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
The Emerging Study of Positive Empathy
Morelli, S. A., Lieberman, M. D., & Zaki, J. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12157 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional and instrumental support provision interact to predict well-being.
Morelli, S. A., Lee, I. A., Arnn, M. E., & Zaki, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000084 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding empathy: Integrating counseling, developmental, and social psychology perspectives.
Gladstein, G. A. (1983) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.30.4.467 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.009 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired positive inferential bias in social phobia.
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.4.705 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.705 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Effortful Control and Its Socioemotional Consequences.
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., & Vaughan, J. (2007) · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Alexithymia in the interpersonal domain: A general deficit of empathy?
Grynberg, D., Luminet, O., Corneille, O., Grèzes, J., & Berthoz, S. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.013 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Hodges, S. D., Kiel, K. J., Kramer, A. D. I., Veach, D., & Villanueva, B. R. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209350326 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation
Davila, J., & Beck, J. G. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80037-5 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Alexithymia, empathy, and psychological symptoms in a family context
Guttman, H. A., & Laporte, L. (2002) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2002.35905 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Positive affect regulation in anxiety disorders
Eisner, L. R., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.001 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000092 · Cited by 202 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…generalized SAD and 32 HCs matched on gender, education level, and ± 3 years of age.1 Participants with SAD were part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), and a waitlist control condition (Goldin et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationFarmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.666561 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Theory of Mind Impairments in Social Anxiety Disorder
Hezel, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.010 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Two pilot studies
Hinrichsen, H., & Clark, D. M. (2003) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(03)00050-8 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Sallquist, J., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Reiser, M., Hofer, C., Zhou, Q., Liew, J., & Eggum, N. D. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013970 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-presentational concerns and social anxiety: The role of generalized impression expectancies
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., & Campbell, C. D. (1988) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(88)90032-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Yoon, K. L., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.004 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Schizophrenia patients are impaired in empathic accuracy
Lee, J., Zaki, J., Harvey, P., Ochsner, K. N., & Green, M. F. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000614 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationDay-to-Day Variability in Empathy as a Function of Daily Events and Mood
Nezlek, J. B., Feist, G. J., Wilson, F. C., & Plesko, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2332 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Reintegrating the Study of Accuracy Into Social Cognition Research
Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2011.551743 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationHughes, A. A., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Gibb, B. E., Liebowitz, M. R., & Schneier, F. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.015 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationKashdan, T. B., & Collins, R. L. (2010) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802641950 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Testing two accounts of pain underestimation
Kappesser, J., Williams, A. C. D. C., & Prkachin, K. M. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.04.003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion
Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.05.005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Alden, L. E., & Trew, J. L. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027761 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Identification of emotional facial expressions following recovery from depression
LeMoult, J., Joormann, J., Sherdell, L., Wright, Y., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016944 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.004 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Social anxiety and emotion knowledge: A meta-analysis
O’Toole, M. S., Hougaard, E., & Mennin, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.09.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613495200 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Empathy with a Rape Victim: The Role of Similarity of Experience
Barnett, M. A., Tetreault, P. A., & Masbad, I. (1987) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.2.4.255 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Measuring clarity of and attention to emotions
Palmieri, P. A., Boden, M. T., & Berenbaum, H. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890903228539 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Kashdan, T. B., Ferssizidis, P., Farmer, A. S., Adams, L. M., & McKnight, P. E. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.04.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Davis, M. H., & Oathout, H. A. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292181011 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Self-Other Discrepancy in Social Shyness
Jones, W. H., & Briggs, S. R. (1984) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62117-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Perception of other people’s mental states affects humor in social anxiety
Samson, A. C., Lackner, H. K., Weiss, E. M., & Papousek, I. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Empathic accuracy and cognition in schizotypal personality disorder.
Ripoll, L. H., Zaki, J., Pérez-Rodríguez, M., Snyder, R., Strike, K., Boussi, A., Bartz, J. A., Ochsner, K., Siever, L., & New, A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.025 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Anxiety and Empathy for Social Pain
Auyeung, K. W., & Alden, L. E. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9718-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Self in Anxiety, Stress and Depression
(1984) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)x6084-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Brown TA Barlow DH Di Nardo PA 1994 Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule Adult Version: Client interview schedule New York Oxford University Press
- Liebowitz MR 1987 Social phobia Basel, Switzerland Karger Publishers
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sub-Acute Effects of Psilocybin on Empathy, Creative Thinking, and Subjective Well-Being
Mason, N. L., Mischler, E., Uthaug, M. V., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2019) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1580804 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Abramson, L., Uzefovsky, F., Toccaceli, V., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.023 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L., Toennes, S. W., Reckweg, J. T., de Sousa Fernandes Perna, E. B., Kuypers, K. P. C., van Oorsouw, K., Riba, J., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05817-8 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Social Anxiety and Empathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Pittelkow, M.-M., Rot, M. A. H., Seidel-Koulaxis, L. J., Feyel, N., & Roest, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102357 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kiraga, M. K., Mason, N. L., Uthaug, M. V., van Oorsouw, K. I. M., Toennes, S. W., Ramaekers, J. G., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.721537 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Graser, J., & Stangier, U. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000192 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Joss, D., Lazar, S. W., & Teicher, M. H. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01322-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Social anxiety is negatively associated with theory of mind and empathic accuracy.
Alvi, T., Kouros, C. D., Lee, J., Fulford, D., & Tabak, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000493 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Santiesteban, I., Gibbard, C. R., Drucks, H., Clayton, N. S., Banissy, M. J., & Bird, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04535-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Social anxiety and behavioral assessments of social cognition: A systematic review
Alvi, T., Kumar, D., & Tabak, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.130 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
McCrackin, S. D., & Itier, R. J. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117605 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Psychometric Assessment of Empathy: Development and Validation of the Perth Empathy Scale
Brett, J. D., Becerra, R., Maybery, M. T., & Preece, D. A. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221086987 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Brain and behavioral alterations in subjects with social anxiety dominated by empathic embarrassment
Tei, S., Kauppi, J., Jankowski, K. F., Fujino, J., Monti, R. P., Tohka, J., Abe, N., Murai, T., Takahashi, H., & Hari, R. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1918081117 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Affective empathy and prosocial behavior in rodents
Kim, S.-W., Kim, M., & Shin, H. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.05.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards emotion recognition from contextual information using machine learning
Ortega, M. G. S., Rodríguez, L.-F., & Gutierrez-Garcia, J. O. (2019) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-019-01485-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Association of theory of mind and empathy abilities in adolescents with social anxiety disorder
Öztürk, Y., Özyurt, G., Turan, S., Mutlu, C., Tufan, A. E., & Akay, A. P. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00707-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bilevicius, E., Kolesar, T. A., Smith, S. D., Trapnell, P. D., & Kornelsen, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8070128 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The influence of parenting and temperament on empathy development in toddlers.
Wagers, K. B., & Kiel, E. J. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000505 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Empathic Accuracy in Clinical Populations
Rum, Y., & Perry, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00457 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prosocial Helping Behavior: Conceptual Issues and Neural Mechanisms
Rigney, N., & Hong, W. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.03.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Understanding and taking stock of positive emotion disturbance
Gruber, J., Villanueva, C. M., Burr, E. K., Purcell, J. R., & Karoly, H. C. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12515 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Associations between cognitive and affective empathy and internalizing symptoms in late childhood
Bray, K. O., Anderson, V. A., Pantelis, C., Pozzi, E., Schwartz, O., Vijayakumar, N., Richmond, S., Deane, C., Allen, N. B., & Whittle, S. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.034 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
CSA Study Group, Hoertel, N., Rotenberg, L., Blanco, C., de Raykeer, R. P., Hanon, C., Kaladjian, A., & Limosin, F. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-01026-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effect of Anxiety on Empathy: An Observational Study Among Nurses
Ayuso-Murillo, D., Sánchez, A. C., Santiago-Magdalena, C. R., Mesa, A. L., de Gracia, E. B., Peláez, A. L., & Herrera‐Peco, I. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8020140 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Accurate Empathy, Social Rejection, and Social Anxiety Disorder
Auyeung, K. W., & Alden, L. E. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619885410 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Tan, X. F., Yang, Y., & Yu, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.069 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Social ties, fears and bias during the COVID-19 pandemic: Fragile and flexible mindsets
Tei, S., & Fujino, J. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01210-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psilocybin increases emotional empathy in patients with major depression
Jungwirth, J., von Rotz, R., Dziobek, I., Vollenweider, F. X., & Preller, K. H. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02875-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Friend vs. Foe: Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Women With Different Hormonal States
Kimmig, A.-C. S., Wildgruber, D., Wendel, S.-M. U., Poromaa, I. S., & Derntl, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.608768 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neural dynamics during emotional video engagement relate to anxiety
Nan, J., Balasubramani, P. P., Ramanathan, D., & Mishra, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.993606 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Social anxiety is associated with personal distress and disrupted recognition of negative emotions
Israelashvili, J., Dijk, C., & Fischer, A. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24587 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Geiger, E. J., Pruessner, L., Barnow, S., & Joormann, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.056 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bajouk, O., & Hansenne, M. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118799337 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emotional and socio-cognitive processing in young children with symptoms of anxiety
Howe-Davies, H., Hobson, C. W., Waters, C. S., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02050-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Luoma, J., & Lear, M. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.733893 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Other examples of the importance of attending to positive social stimuli can be found in research showing that people with SAD differed from healthy controls only in positive affective empathy, but not negative affective empathy (76).”
BackgroundEmpathy and Anxiety in Young Girls with Fragile X Syndrome
Miller, J. G., Bartholomay, K., Lee, C. H., Bruno, J., Lightbody, A., & Reiss, A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05105-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Association Between Depression Symptoms and Emotional-Communication Dynamics
Gregory, A. J. P., Dirks, M. A., Nitschke, J. P., Wong, J. M., Human, L. J., & Bartz, J. A. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231194963 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Brain That Understands Diversity: A Pilot Study Focusing on the Triple Network
Otsuka, T., Kokubun, K., Okamoto, M., & Yamakawa, Y. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15030233 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kade, S. A., du Toit, S. A., Danielson, C. T., Schweizer, S., Morrison, A. S., Ong, D. C., Prasad, A., Holder, L. J., Han, J., Torok, M. H., et al. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2314981 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMoutinho, R., Castro, S. L., & Silva, S. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101610 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Winters, D. E., Pruitt, P. J., Gambin, M., Fukui, S., Cyders, M. A., Pierce, B. J., Lay, K., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01242-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bai, Q., Cui, Z., Hou, R., & Wang, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78637-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Factors impacting the experience of empathic distress in social anxiety: a path analysis approach
Cosmoiu, A., & Nedelcea, C. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.2003284 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Examining Individual Differences in Social Reward Valuation: a Person-Based Approach
Smeijers, D., Uzieblo, K., Glennon, J. C., Driessen, J. M. A., & Brazil, I. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09934-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effects of emotional valence and intensity on cognitive and affective empathy after insula lesions
Holtmann, O., Schloßmacher, I., Franz, M., Mönig, C., Tenberge, J., Preul, C., Schwindt, W., Bruchmann, M., Melzer, N., Miltner, W. H. R., et al. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac362 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Social anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and theory of mind decoding ability
Lord, K. A., Suvak, M. K., & Liverant, G. I. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23242 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Early Adolescent Cognitive and Affective Empathy
Dillon-Owens, C., Nostrand, D. F.-V., Ojanen, T. J., Buchholz, C., & Valdes, O. M. (2022) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000499 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Higher Social Anxiety Severity Predicts Better Cognitive Empathy Performance in Women but Not Men
Berg, S., Bedwell, J., Dvorak, R., & Tone, E. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120965496 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Individual-psychological predictors of adolescents’ adaptive behavior
Dolgova, V. I., Rokitskaya, Y. A., & Саламатов, А. А. (2018) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2226-3365.1801.03 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bayraktutan, M., Oğuzhanoğlu, N. K., & Uğurlu, T. T. (2019) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.24719 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cui, D., Liu, L., Wei, B., & Li, Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03537-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ma, S., Maresh, E. L., Coppola, A. M., Richard, K. E., Beltrán, D. G., Koban, L., Sbarra, D. A., & Andrews‐Hanna, J. R. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qcj45 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lashkari, A., Brett, J. D., Abdolpour, G., & Mazidi, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1533611 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Empathy in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Umutlu, D., Memiş, Ç. Ö., Umutlu, Y., Sevinçok, D., & Sevinçok, L. (2021) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2021.1952034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Simonsen, S., & Bo, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23136 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maresh, E. L., & Andrews‐Hanna, J. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_33 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The neural basis of affective empathy: What is known from rodents
Peng, S., Li, M., Yang, X., & Xie, W. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110347 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alvi, T., Rosenfield, D., Sunahara, C. S., Wallmark, Z., Lee, J., & Tabak, B. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221104735 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Uğurpala, C., Tükel, R., Ziylan, E. Ç., Ertekin, E., & Berberoğlu, E. (2023) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001696 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Features of experiencing psychological problems in deviant adolescents
Альфонсасовна, Б. О., & Андреевич, Л. Р. (2017) · National Psychological Journal · doi:10.11621/npj.2017.0413 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Batenova, J. V., & Dolgova, V. I. (2019) · Perspectives of science and education · doi:10.32744/pse.2019.3.24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hu, R., & Cui, X. (2021) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03100-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
RetractedYetim, O., Çakır, R., & Tamam, L. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06324-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gómez‐Baya, D., Millones, D. L. M., Garcia, A. J., & López-Bermúdez, E. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6010017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social anxiety, depression, and emotional congruence
Alvi, T. (2020) · SMU Scholar (Southern Methodist University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ergenlerde Duygusal Özerkliğin Yordayıcısı Olarak Empati ve Pozitif Negatif Duygu
Uzun, A. E., Deniz, M. E., Deniz, M., & Gülgün, U. Z. U. N. (2023) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2023..-1228625 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kerbage, G., Akkari, C., Hachem, N., Murr, M. E., Mir, R. E., Atme, C. A., Haddad, G., Khalil, R. A., El‐Hayek, E., Harb, F., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13162022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА ЛЮДЕЙ В СИТУАЦИИ КОНТРОЛЯ
Долгова, В. И., Вахитова, Ю. Р., Komarova, M., & Тельцова, Е. П. (2018) · Вестник Южно-Уральского государственного гуманитарно-педагогического университета · doi:10.25588/cspu.2018.01.20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Öztürk, H., Şaylıgil, Ö., & Yıldız, Z. (2021) · Acta bioethica · doi:10.4067/s1726-569x2021000100087 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Correlational Study of Schizotypy and Empathy among Independent College Students
陈, 思. (2024) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2024.133246 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dolgova, V. I., Kapitanets, E. G., Yashina, M., & Крыжановская, Н. В. (2019) · International Scientific-Practical Conference "Business Cooperation as a Resource of Sustainable Economic Development and Investment Attraction" (ISPCBC) · doi:10.2991/ispcbc-19.2019.6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dolgova, V. I., Mamylina, N. V., Гольева, Г. Ю., Kapitanets, E. G., & Kondratieva, O. (2019) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2019.76104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Use of Gamification in Social Phobia
Simões-Silva, V., Maravalhas, V., Cunha, A. R., Soares, M. I., & Marques, A. J. (2020) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7472-0.ch009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Monitoring Of Body`s Functional Systems In Students As Health Promotion Technique
Dolgova, V., Belousova, N. A., & Mamylina, N. (2021) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2021.06.04.24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Empathic Communication Among Women with High or Low Social Anxiety
Byrne, S. E., & Rapee, R. M. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10248-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
İndirim Perakendeciliği Müşterilerinin e-WOM Motivasyonlarının Netnografik İncelemesi
Çam, M. S. (2022) · International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.29228/itamder.57493 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tasković, M., & Stojiljković, S. (2022) · Godišnjak Studijske grupe za psihologiju · doi:10.46630/gpsi.19.2022.08
Features of social perception in adolescence
Goncharevich, N. A., Шайдурова, О. В., Ростовцева, М. В., & Kovalevich, I. A. (2017) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2226-3365.1701.06
The good, the bad, and the intoxicated
Mason, N. L. (2021) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210608nm
Social Anxiety and Emotion Regulation in Romantic RelationshipsPreprint
Schodt, K. B., & Mickelson, K. D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3995297
The Relationship of Covıd-19 Related Anxiety with Positive and Negative Emotions of Individuals
Özdoğan, B., Sayar, G. H., & Ünübol, H. (2022) · doi:10.35365/ctjpp.22.3.03
A Bayesian Latent Variable Model for Analysis of Empathic Accuracy
Nghiem, L. H., Tabak, B. A., Wallmark, Z., Alvi, T., & Cao, J. (2022) · Emerging topics in statistics and biostatistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14525-4_10
The Use of Gamification in Social Phobia
Simões-Silva, V., Maravalhas, V., Cunha, A. R., Soares, M. I., & Marques, A. J. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7589-8.ch060
Otsuka, T., Kokubun, K., Okamoto, M., & Yamakawa, Y. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.23290953
Distinct Empathy Profiles in Autism and Social Anxiety: A Comparative Study
Tikochinsky, S., Ben‐Itzchak, E., & Zukerman, G. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70075
Maternal empathy and emotional availability: the moderating role of child negative affectivity
Hijleh, A., Laor, T. K., Israeli‐Ran, L., & Uzefovsky, F. (2026) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2026.2651088
Children’s facial expressions in response to another’s joy predict trait empathy
Yao, S. Y., Zanette, S., Woodruff, E., Tong, T. X., & Gong, Z. Z. (2026) · Brain Science and Child Development · doi:10.1016/j.bscd.2026.100010
A comprehensive investigation of social cognition in body dysmorphic disorder
Court, K. H. À., Byrne, E. H., Iyer, R., Toh, W. L., & Rossell, S. L. (2026) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2026.101015
Díaz-Narváez, V. P., Reyes-Reyes, F., Reyes‐Reyes, A., Rod, J. E., Gamarra‐Moncayo, J., Bustos, O. E. H., & Gelvez, A. I. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1845073
A reader-based investigation into empathic evocation through three translation formats
Chen, Y.-C. (2026) · Cognitive Linguistic Studies · doi:10.1075/cogls.24031.che
- Authors
- Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morrison, Amanda S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 232-242
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5142818
- OpenAlex
- W2536565412
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH092416)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, cognitive empathy, affective empathy, positive affect, negative affect, emotion perception, emotional clarity, interpersonal perception, generalized anxiety disorder
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
