Cognitive coping and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A longitudinal study
Abstract
The objective of the present longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between cognitive coping strategies and depressive symptoms at old age. At the two and a half year follow-up study, a community sample of 99 people aged 67 years and older filled out a self-report questionnaire comprising the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and a negative life events checklist. Cognitive coping strategies seemed to play an important role in relation to depressive symptoms in late life. Elderly persons with more depressive symptoms reported to use acceptance, rumination and catastrophizing to a significantly higher extent and positive reappraisal to a significantly lower extent than those with lower depression scores. After controlling for negative life events and prior depressive symptoms, acceptance and positive reappraisal retained their significant relationship with current depressive symptoms. It is suggested that intervention programs should pay attention to these aspects by challenging the 'maladaptive' strategies, and by supplying the more 'adaptive' strategies. This could be linked to the well-established cognitive therapies.
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The psychometric properties of the Dutch CERQ are adequate.
“Psychometric properties of the Dutch CERQ are adequate [68, 70].”
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“7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 Researchers have found conflicting research results with regard to other cognitive strategies such as acceptance, self-blame, planning, other-blame, and putting into perspective.”
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“Both the original version and Spanish CERQ have been found to have satisfactory internal consistencies and validity in numerous populations [23-37].”
BackgroundMethodBelden, A. C., Pagliaccio, D., Murphy, E. R., Luby, J., & Barch, D. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Lee, H., & Mason, D. T. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-014-9241-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Most studies of how older people cope focus on how they deal with illness (Kraaij et al. 2002; Lorenz 2010).”
BackgroundSachs‐Ericsson, N., Carr, D. C., Sheffler, J., Preston, T. J., Kiosses, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1698516 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Longitudinal predictors of depression, anxiety, and alcohol use following COVID‐19‐related stress
Venanzi, L., Dickey, L., Green, H. E., Pegg, S. L., Benningfield, M. M., Bettis, A. H., Blackford, J. U., & Kujawa, A. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3125 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zagaria, A., Vacca, M., Cerolini, S., Terrasi, M., Bacaro, V., Ballesio, A., Baglioni, C., Spinhoven, P., & Lombardo, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20105857 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Characteristics of infertility specific quality of life in Hungarian couples
Sexty, R. E., Kórösi, T., & Bugán, A. (2014) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2014.29867 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ahn, J., & Kim, B. J. (2015) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0204-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Interplay Between Quality of Life and Resilience Factors in Later Life: A Network Analysis
Brinkhof, L. P., Huth, K. B. S., Murre, J. M. J., de Wit, S., Krugers, H. J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752564 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Moreover, some of the subcomponents of the scales have also been linked frequently to positive (mental) health outcomes (Garnefski et al., 2001; Kraaij et al., 2002; Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006b; Raut et al., 2014; Nowlan et al., 2015) and have been shown to be modifiable (Garland et al., 2009;…”
BackgroundThe role of intrusion, avoidance, and cognitive coping strategies more than 50 years after war
Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2006) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500412449 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In general, cognitive coping styles such as self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination have been found to have a positive association with maladjustment, while positive reappraisal (thoughts of attaching a positive meaning to the event in terms of personal growth) has been found to have a negative association with ma…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRey, L., & Extremera, N. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315589393 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In short, elderly persons with more depressive symptoms reported to use acceptance, rumination and catastrophizing to a significantly higher extent and positive reappraisal to a significantly lower extent than those with lower depression scores (Kraaij et al., 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation strategies and difficulties in older adults: A systematic review
Sardella, A., Lenzo, V., Basile, G., Martino, G., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2128706 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The peripartum human brain: Current understanding and future perspectives
Sacher, J., Chechko, N., Dannlowski, U., Walter, M., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100859 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Xu, J., Wei, Q., Bai, T., Wang, L., Li, X., He, Z., Wu, J., Hu, Q., Yang, X., Wang, C., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00961-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Garnefski, N., Grol, M. J., Kraaij, V., & Hamming, J. F. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This cognitive strategy has been found to be related to lower levels of depressive symptoms, in general population samples as well as in people with a chronic disease [11,14,19,20,22–24].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGirgus, J. S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841262.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation as a cross-cutting target for inpatient psychiatric intervention
Fowler, J. C., Clapp, J. D., Madan, A., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J. M., & Frueh, B. C. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.043 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Baez-Lugo, S., Deza-Araujo, Y. I., Maradan, C., Collette, F., Antoine Lutz, A., Marchant, N. L., Chételat, G., Vuilleumier, P. O., Klimecki, O., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., et al. (2023) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00341-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In contrast, maladaptive emotional reactivity and impaired emotion regulation are related to psychopathologies such as anxiety, depression, worry, and rumination throughout the lifespan 5,6 , including in aging 7 .”
Increasing Positive Emotion in Negative Contexts
McRae, K., & Mauss, I. B. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977925.003.0011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vivan, A. D. S., & Argimon, I. I. D. L. (2009) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2009000200022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Carvajal, B. P., Molina, M. Á., Fernández-Fernández, V., Paniagua-Granados, T., Lasa-Aristu, A., & Luque-Reca, O. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1870207 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“On the other hand, the acceptance subscale did not positively correlate with depression as previously found among older adults (Kraaij et al., 2002) and general Spanish population (Dom ınguez-S anchez et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultDutt, A. J., Wahl, H., & Rupprecht, F. S. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000245 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Opdebeeck, C., Nelis, S. M., Quinn, C., & Clare, L. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.962005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Niu, X., Taylor, M. M., Wicks, J. J., Fassett-Carman, A. N., Moser, A. D., Neilson, C., Peterson, E. C., Kaiser, R. H., & Snyder, H. R. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10366-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The average effect sizes calculated from this prior research (Cheung & Ng, 2019; Garnefski et al., 2002, 2003, 2004; Kraaij et al., 2002; Kraaij, Garnefski, de Wilde, et al., 2003; Martin & Dahlen, 2005; Min et al., 2013; Orgeta & Orrell, 2014, 2014; Siu & Shek, 2010; Vollrath et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2014; Xu et al…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAge differences in emotion regulation strategy use and flexibility in daily life
Whitmoyer, P., Fisher, M. E., Duraney, E. J., Manzler, C. A., Isaacowitz, D. M., Andridge, R., & Prakash, R. S. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2256245 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…appears to be a more effective strategy to regulate negative emotions than suppression or attention deployment (Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014) and is associated with wide-ranging benefits, including enhanced mental health and overall well-being (Kraaij et al., 2002; nowlan et al., 2015, 2016).”
BackgroundWitlox, M., Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., de Waal, M. W. M., Smit, F., Hoencamp, E., Gussekloo, J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Spinhoven, P. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2731-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationBahremand, M., Alikhani, M., Zakiei, A., Janjani, P., & Aghaei, A. (2015) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n1p173 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nowlan, J. S., Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., Kinsella, J. M., & Barker, G. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9737-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Similarly, positive reappraisal has been significantly related to reductions in anxiety and depression (e.g. Garnefski and Kraaij 2006; Kraaij et al. 2002) and was one of the most important variables, along with catastrophising and self-blame, for distinguishing between adults (aged 18–68) with and…”
BackgroundOptimism and Coping Strategies Among Caucasian, Korean, and African American Older Women
Lee, H., & Mason, D. T. (2013) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.798327 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Salimi, M., Mahdavi, A., Yeghaneh, S. S., Abedin, M., & Hajhosseini, M. (2019) · MAEDICA – a Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.26574/maedica.2019.14.3.240 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of Metacognitive Training (D-MCT) for Older Adults with Depression
Schneider, B. C., Bücker, L., Riker, S., Karamatskos, E., & Jelinek, L. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000210 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rivard, V., & Cappeliez, P. (2007) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.3138/cja.26.3.241 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., Maia, D. B., Borza, T., Benth, J. Š., & Helvik, A. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1262817 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stress-management methods of the community-dwelling elderly in Hong Kong
Kwong, E. W. Y., & Kwan, A. Y. (2004) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2004.02.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and the late positive potential (LPP) in older adults
Meynadasy, M. A., Brush, C. J., Sheffler, J., Mach, R. J., Carr, D. C., Kiosses, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Garnefski, N., & Kraaji, V. (2010) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e3181d298ca · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinguishing worry from rumination in older people: A preliminary investigation
Rewston, C., Clarke, C., Moniz-Cook, E. D., & Waddington, R. (2007) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860701529619 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“There is an emerging literature suggesting a link between rumination and late–life depression (Kraaij et al., 2002; Thomsen et al., 2005) but the specific features of rumination in later life have yet to be properly understood.”
BackgroundBaghjari, F., سعادتی, ه., & Esmaeilinasab, M. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer Management · doi:10.5812/ijcm.7443 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gregory, M. A., Legg, N. K., Senay, Z., Barden, J.-L., Phiri, P., Rathod, S., Turner, B. J., & Paterson, T. S. E. (2021) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980821000477 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Disparities in efficiency of active coping across the lifespan (e.g., Blanchard-Fields, 2007; Kraaij, Pruymboom, & Garnefski, 2002; Phillips, Henry, Hosie, & Milne, 2008) may help explain why older adults are experiencing less loneliness and resultant negative mental health consequences relative to…”
Coping Styles for Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Orgeta, V., & Orrell, M. W. (2014) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2014.907590 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kraaij, V., Pruymboom, E., & Garnefski, N.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Aging & Mental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 275-281
- ISSN
- 1360-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-6915
- OpenAlex
- W2072440894
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Aging & Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- cognitive coping, depressive symptoms, older adults, geriatric depression, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, positive reappraisal, negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, maladaptive coping, cognitive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Problem Solving, Social Environment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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