Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders

Stone, Wendy L.; Yoder, Paul J.

doi:10.1177/1362361301005004002

Cited by 341Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchLanguage Development and DisordersChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders

Stone, Wendy L., Yoder, Paul J.·2001·Autism

DOI 10.1177/1362361301005004002

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Abstract

Thirty-five children who received an autism spectrum diagnosis at the age of 2 years (24 with autism, 11 with PDD-NOS) were re-evaluated 2 years later to examine factors related to the development of spoken language. Child variables (play level, motor imitation ability and joint attention) and environmental variables (socioeconomic status and hours of speech/language therapy between ages 2 and 3) were used to predict an aggregate measure of language outcome at age 4. After controlling for age 2 language skills, the only significant predictors were motor imitation and number of hours of sther speech/language therapy. Implications of these results for understanding the early developmental course of autism spectrum disorders and the effects of intervention are discussed.

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Motor imitation skills at age two led to greater language at age four.
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From Longitudinal follow-up of children with autism receiving targeted interventions on joint attention and play (2012) · cites this paper as [4]

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Background
Follow-up of children with autism spectrum disorders from age 2 to age 9
Turner, L. M., Stone, W. L., Pozdol, S. L., & Coonrod, E. E. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306063296 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of a parent-implemented imitation intervention on spontaneous imitation skills in young children with autism
Ingersoll, B., & Gergans, S. (2007) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.004 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“In children with autism, research has shown imitation ability to be associated with language ( Stone & Yoder, 2001 ), play (Stone, Ousley, & Littleford, 1997), and joint attention (Carpenter, Pennington, & Rogers, 2002).”
Background
Infant and toddler oral‐ and manual‐motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism
Gernsbacher, M. A., Sauer, E. A., Geye, H. M., Schweigert, E. K., & Hill Goldsmith, H. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01820.x · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“Most strikingly, autistic toddlers’ oral-motor skills (Thurm, Lord, Lee & Newschaffer, 2007) and their manual-motor skills (Stone & Yoder, 2001) are more predictive of their preschool speech fluency than are measures of social cognition, such as joint attention.”
Background
The effects of parent-implemented language interventions on child linguistic outcomes: A meta-analysis
Heidlage, J. K., Cunningham, J. E., Kaiser, A. P., Trivette, C. M., Barton, E. E., Frey, J. R., & Roberts, M. Y. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.12.006 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Types of Parent Verbal Responsiveness That Predict Language in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
McDuffie, A. S., & Yoder, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0023 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Value-Added Predictors of Expressive and Receptive Language Growth in Initially Nonverbal Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Yoder, P. J., Watson, L. R., & Lambert, W. E. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2286-4 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brief Report: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Reciprocal Imitation Training for Teaching Elicited and Spontaneous Imitation to Children with Autism
Ingersoll, B. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0966-2 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“In addition, deficits in imitation have been associated with impairments in other important social-communication skills, both concurrently (Sigman & Ungerer, 1984; Stone, Ousley, & Littleford, 1997) and over time (Stone & Yoder, 2001; Toth, Munson, N. Meltzoff, & Dawson, 2006).”
Characterizing communicative development in children referred for Autism Spectrum Disorders using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI)
Luyster, R., Lopez, K., & Lord, C. (2007) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000907008094 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Furthermore, services that support the development of language and non-verbal communication have been found to improve later performance (Stone & Yoder, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Early Social Interaction Project for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Beginning in the Second Year of Life
Wetherby, A. M., & Woods, J. J. (2006) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214060260020201 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Associations between joint attention and language in autism spectrum disorder and typical development: A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis
Bottema‐Beutel, K. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1624 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
The Social Role of Imitation in Autism
Ingersoll, B. R. (2008) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/01.iyc.0000314482.24087.14 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Preschool language variation, growth, and predictors in children on the autism spectrum
Weismer, S. E., & Kover, S. T. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12406 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“On the other hand, SES was not found to be a significant predictor of language outcome in preschoolers with ASD in a study by Stone and Yoder (2001).”
Background
Joint Attention and Vocabulary Development: A Critical Look
Akhtar, N., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00014.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“…2007 The Authors Language and Linguistic Compass 1/3 (2007): 195–207, 10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00014.x Journal Compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd whether even younger children can use cues other than gaze to establish joint attention with others but our guess is that they can.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Who benefits from early intervention in autism spectrum disorders?
Ben‐Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.018 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.018 (Ben Itzchak & Zachor, 2007; Charman et al., 2003), communication adaptive skills at age 3 (Thurm et al., 2007) and motor imitation ability (Stone & Yoder, 2001) were found to be good predictors of verbal skills outcome.”
BackgroundInfluential
Infant motor skill predicts later expressive language and autism spectrum disorder diagnosis
LeBarton, E. S., & Landa, R. J. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.11.003 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Fine motor skill predicts expressive language in infant siblings of children with autism
LeBarton, E. S., & Iverson, J. M. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12069 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Patterns of Growth in Adaptive Social Abilities Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Anderson, D. K., Oti, R., Lord, C., & Welch, K. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9326-0 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“…with ASD who received more total hours of a specific intervention and began participating at younger ages were more likely to have better expressive language outcome and to be placed in a mainstream rather than a special education classroom setting (Harris and Handleman 2000; Stone and Yoder 2001).”
Background
Development of fine motor skills is associated with expressive language outcomes in infants at high and low risk for autism spectrum disorder
Choi, B., Leech, K. A., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9231-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“In children with ASD specifically, motor skills in the first 2 years predict expressive language at 4 years [16] and later speech fluency [17].”
Background
The motivation for very early intervention for infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorders
Webb, S. J., Jones, E. J. H., Kelly, J. F., & Dawson, G. (2014) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.861018 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“…development (e.g., Carpenter, Pennington, & Rogers, 2002; Charman, Baron-Cohen, Swettenham, Baird, Drew, & Cox, 2003; Mundy, Sigman, & Kasari, 1990; Stone & Yoder, 2001; Toth, Munson, Meltzoff, & Dawson, 2006) above and beyond early language ability (Morales, Mundy, Crowson, Neal, & Delgado,…”
Understanding definitions of minimally verbal across instruments: evidence for subgroups within minimally verbal children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Bal, V. H., Katz, T., Bishop, S. L., & Krasileva, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12609 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
To What Extent Do Joint Attention, Imitation, and Object Play Behaviors in Infancy Predict Later Communication and Intellectual Functioning in ASD?
Poon, K. K., Watson, L. R., Baranek, G. T., & Poe, M. D. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1349-z · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Impact of Object and Gesture Imitation Training on Language Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ingersoll, B. R., & LaLonde, K. B. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0043 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Risk markers for SLI: A study of young language-learning children
Conti‐Ramsden, G., & Hesketh, A. (2003) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/1368282031000092339 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Prelinguistic Predictors of Vocabulary in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
McDuffie, A. S., Yoder, P. J., & Stone, W. L. (2005) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/075 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citation
Word learning in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Luyster, R., & Lord, C. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016223 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Use of Gesture Development in Profiling Children’s Prelinguistic Communication Skills
Crais, E. R., Watson, L. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2009) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/07-0041 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Early social-communicative and cognitive development of younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders
Stone, W. L., McMahon, C. R., Yoder, P. J., & Walden, T. A. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.384 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
The neurology of autism spectrum disorders
Jeste, S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3283446450 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Predicting Outcomes of Children Referred for Autism Using the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory
Luyster, R., Qiu, S., Lopez, K., & Lord, C. (2007) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/047 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Early identification and early intervention in autism spectrum disorders: Accurate and effective?
Camarata, S. (2014) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.858773 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…initiating and responding to joint attention, reciprocal social smile, and displaying shared enjoyment (see Lord & Risi, 2000; Lord et al., 2012; Stone & Yoder, 2001; Wetherby, Woods, Allen, Cleary, Dickinson, & Lord, 2004), with these aspects signifi cantly diminished in toddlers with autism…”
Background
Abstractness and continuity in the syntactic development of young children with autism
Naigles, L., Kelty, E., Jaffery, R., & FEIN, D. A. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.223 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“The percentages from the Word Order and Noun Bias videos (both viewed at Visit 1) are somewhat higher than is typical for IPL studies (usually less than 10%; Naigles, Bavin & Smith, 2005), but comparable to those of Swensen et al. (2007); such higher percentages may be attributed to the different population (children…”
Result
Observational and Incidental Learning by Children with Autism during Small Group Instruction
Ledford, J. R., Gast, D. L., Luscre, D., et al. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0363-7 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“This deficit has been reported in multiple studies to be linked to poorer outcome measures over time (Sallows & Graupner, 2005; Stone & Yoder, 2001 ).”
Result
Developmental Correlates of Different Types of Motor Imitation in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
McDuffie, A. S., Turner, L. M., Stone, W. L., Yoder, P. J., Wolery, M. R., & Ulman, T. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0175-1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Motor imitation has been found to predict both language and play skills in children with autism (Charman et al., 2003; Sigman & Ungerer, 1984; Stone et al., 1997; Stone & Yoder, 2001 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Common neurological co-morbidities in autism spectrum disorders
Maski, K. P., Jeste, S., & Spence, S. J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e32834c9282 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Longitudinal study of symptom severity and language in minimally verbal children with autism
Thurm, A. E., Manwaring, S. S., Swineford, L. B., & Farmer, C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12285 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“While there is some evidence for early verbal skills predicting later speech development in children with ASD (Stone & Yoder, 2001), nonverbal cognitive ability has been shown consistently to be a strong predictor of spoken language (Anderson et al., 2007; Charman et al., 2003).”
Background
Brief Report: Parent Verbal Responsiveness and Language Development in Toddlers on the Autism Spectrum
Haebig, E., McDuffie, A. S., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1763-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Previous research has also found an association between the number of hours of therapy and later language abilities (Bono et al. 2004; Stone and Yoder 2001).”
Social Support, Well-being, and Quality of Life Among Individuals on the Autism Spectrum
Kapp, S. K. (2018) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-4300n · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Early Identification of Autism
Webb, S. J., & Jones, E. J. H. (2009) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0b013e3181a02f7f · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“…or object between the child and another individual, or “joint attention,” which is critical to later language development (eg, Carpenter, Pennington, & Rogers, 2002; Charman, Baron-Cohen, et al., 2003; Mundy, Sigman, & Kasari, 1990; Stone & Yoder, 2001; Toth, Munson, Meltzoff, & Dawson, 2006).”
Using the Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition to Characterize Language in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Volden, J., Smith, I. M., Szatmári, P., Bryson, S. E., Fombonne, E. J., Mirenda, P., Roberts, W., Vaillancourt, T., Waddell, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0035 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The relation between parent verbal responsiveness and child communication in young children with or at risk for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Edmunds, S. R., Kover, S. T., & Stone, W. L. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2100 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“In addition, children with ASD may have deficits in both initiating joint attention (IJA) and in responding to others’ bids for attention [RJA; e.g., Mundy, Sullivan, & Mastergeorge, 2009; Stone & Yoder, 2001].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Motor functioning, exploration, visuospatial cognition and language development in preschool children with autism
Hellendoorn, A., Wijnroks, L., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Buitelaar, J. K., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.033 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Imitation in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Vivanti, G., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc12 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…example, found concurrent and predictive correlations between imitation and language in children with ASD (Charman, et al., 2000; Dawson & Adams, 1984; Ingersoll & Meyer, 2011b; McDuffie et al., 2007; Stone & Yoder, 2001; Toth, Dawson, Meltzoff, Greenson, & Fein, 2007; but see Rogers et al., 2003).”
Background
Imitation and Play in Autism
Rogers, S. J., Cook, I. C., & Meryl, A. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470939345.ch14 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Stone and Yoder (2001) found that, after controlling for language skills, at age 2, only motor imitation and speech therapy hours predicted language ability at age 4 whereas SES, age 2 play skills, and joint attention did not.”
Background
Do imitation problems reflect a core characteristic in autism? Evidence from a literature review
Vanvuchelen, M., Roeyers, H., & Weerdt, W. D. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.07.010 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Longitudinal studies of young children with autism reveal that gestural imitation predicts the development of expressive language (Stone et al., 1997), receptive language (Charman et al., 2003) or both ([Stone and Yoder, 2001] and [Toth et al., 2006]).”
Background
Examination of correlates of different imitative functions in young children with autism spectrum disorders
Ingersoll, B. R., & Meyer, K. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Matching Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Comparison Children for Language Ability: Methodological Challenges
Charman, T. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000018075.77941.60 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Language and motor skills in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta‐analytic review
Garrido, D., Petrova, D., Watson, L. R., García‐Retamero, R., & Carballo, G. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1829 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Oral -and manual- motor skills are predictors of speech fluency [Gernsbacher, Sauer, Geye, Schweigert, & Hill Goldsmith, 2008; Stone & Yoder, 2001; Thurm, Lord, Lee & Newschaffer, 2007], and gesture use is one of the best predictors of receptive and expressive language skills [Luyster et al., 2008].”
Background
What can autism teach us about the role of sensorimotor systems in higher cognition? New clues from studies on language, action semantics, and abstract emotional concept processing
Moseley, R. L., & Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Motor development and motor resonance difficulties in autism: relevance to early intervention for language and communication skills
McCleery, J., Elliott, N., Sampanis, D., & Stefanidou, C. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00030 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“However, RIT was developed on the grounds that naturalistic action imitation is a critical social learning tool that contributes to rapid advances in social and cognitive development in infants and children (Meltzoff and Moore, 1977; Bates et al., 1979; Fiese, 1990; Uzgiris, 1991; Carpenter et al., 1998; Charman et al…”
BackgroundInfluential
Variability in Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Predictors and Outcomes
Franchini, M., Duku, E., Armstrong, V. L., Brian, J. A., Bryson, S. E., Garon, N., Roberts, W., Roncadin, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Smith, I. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3607-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Small-Group Technology-Assisted Instruction: Virtual Teacher and Robot Peer for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Saadatzi, M. N., Pennington, R. C., Welch, K. C., & Graham, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3654-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…in and benefiting from traditional group instructional arrangements including tolerating intermittent reinforcement, turn-taking, and maintaining attention to instructional stimuli (Greer et al. 2006; Leekam et al. 1998; Masia and Chase 1997; Sallows and Graupner 2005; Stone and Yoder 2001).”
Background
Predictors of longer‐term development of expressive language in two independent longitudinal cohorts of language‐delayed preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bal, V. H., Fok, M., Lord, C., Smith, I. M., Mirenda, P., Szatmári, P., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Waddell, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13117 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“For example, Stone and Yoder (2001) studied predictors of spoken language in a small sample (n = 35) of 23-35 month olds (Mean age = 30.9) with average expressive language estimates of 12.5 months (ranging from 3-28 months) from the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development Revised (Hedrick…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Relationship Between Unstandardized and Standardized Alpha, True Reliability, and the Underlying Measurement Model
Falk, C. F., & Savalei, V. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.594129 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“However, the relationship between these coefficients is not well understood and researchers sometimes report the wrong coefficient given the analyses they perform (e.g., Davis, 1980; Fresko, Kfir, & Nasser, 1997; Stone & Yoder, 2001).”
Background
The Social Communication Assessment for Toddlers with Autism (SCATA): An Instrument to Measure the Frequency, Form and Function of Communication in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Drew, A., Baird, G., Taylor, E., Milne, E., & Charman, T. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0224-9 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Not only do children with autism show impairments in non-verbal communication compared to comparison groups, but within groups of children with autism, individual differences in non-verbal communication are also associated with later language and social outcomes (Charman et al., 2003; Mundy et al., 1990; Sigman & Rusk…”
Background
Robot-based intervention may reduce delay in the production of intransitive gestures in Chinese-speaking preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder
So, W., Wong, M. K.-Y., Lam, W.-Y., Cheng, C., Yang, J.-H., Huang, Y., Ng, P., Wong, W.-L., Ho, C.-L., Yeung, E. K. L., et al. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0217-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that better imitation skills were associated with language gains, which were found immediately after imitation training as well as a few years later, in children with ASD [14, 75, 76].”
Background
Early social communicative behaviours of preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder during interaction with their mothers
Warreyn, P., Roeyers, H., & Groote, I. D. (2005) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361305056076 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Robot-Based Play-Drama Intervention May Improve the Joint Attention and Functional Play Behaviors of Chinese-Speaking Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study
So, W., Cheng, C., Lam, W.-Y., Huang, Y., Ng, K.-C., Tung, H.-C., & Wong, W. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04270-z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Infant EEG theta modulation predicts childhood intelligence
Jones, E. J. H., Goodwin, A., Orekhova, E. V., Charman, T., Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & Johnson, M. H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67687-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Autism from Developmental and Neuropsychological Perspectives
Sigman, M., Spence, S. J., & Wang, A. T. (2006) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095210 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Language acquisition can be truly atypical in autism: Beyond joint attention
Kissine, M., St-Denis, A., & Mottron, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105384 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Ontogenesis of Language Impairment in Autism: A Neuropsychological Perspective
Stefanatos, G. A., & Baron, I. S. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9178-6 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Given the intrinsic links between gesture and speech from an evolutionary and neurobiological perspective, it is not surprising that deficiencies in gestural communication, imitation, and nonverbal cognitive ability predict later levels of expressive language (Stone and Yoder 2001).”
Background
Motor performance, praxis, and social skills in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder
Kilroy, E., Ring, P., Hossain, A., Nalbach, A., Butera, C. D., Harrison, L., Jayashankar, A., Vigen, C. L. P., Aziz‐Zadeh, L., & Cermak, S. A. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2774 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…ability (Charman et al., 2000; Dawson & Adams, 1984; Ingersoll & Meyer, 2011; McDuffie et al., 2007; Pittet et al., 2022; Poon et al., 2012; Stone & Yoder, 2001; Toth et al., 2007), joint attention (Carpenter et al., 2002; Ingersoll & Schreibman, 2006; Rogers et al., 2003), functional and…”
Teaching Generalized Imitation Skills to a Preschooler With Autism Using Video Modeling
Kleeberger, V., & Mirenda, P. (2008) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300708329279 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The effectiveness of interventions for children with autism
Howlin, P. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-211-31222-6_6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Recent findings by Stone and Yoder (2001) , in showing that the amount of time in language therapy from the age of 2 tends to predict outcome at 4, might also be cited in support of the argument that ‘‘earlier ¼ better’’.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Early exploration of one’s own body, exploration of objects, and motor, language, and cognitive development relate dynamically across the first two years of life.
Babik, I., Galloway, J. C., & Lobo, M. A. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001289 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Brief Report: Perception of Body Posture—What Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder might be Missing
Reed, C. L., Beall, P. M., Stone, V. E., Kopelioff, L., Pulham, D. J., & Hepburn, S. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0220-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“A number of recent studies have documented greater effectiveness of interventions that include an imitation component over those that do not (Charman & Howlin, 2003; Dawson & Galpert, 1990; Ingersoll, 2003; Odom et al., 2003; Rogers, Hepburn, Stackhouse, & Wehner, 2003; Stone & Yoder, 2001).”
Body Odors Promote Automatic Imitation in Autism
Parma, V., Bulgheroni, M., Tirindelli, R., & Castiello, U. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.010 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Second, researchers have demonstrated that motor imitation deficits are the best predictors for the acquisition of social behaviors, such as language skills (16,17), and are supposed to prevent the development of joint attention in the autistic population (18).”
Background
Age-Related Differences in Gaze Following: Does the Age of the Face Matter?
Slessor, G., Laird, G., Phillips, L. H., et al. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq038 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…difficulties such as poor social communication and interaction skills (Charman, 2003; Mundy, Sigman, & Kasari, 1990; Sigman & Ruskin, 1999; Stone & Yoder, 2001), it is important to further investigate age differences in gaze following as this may contribute to findings of socially…”
Background
Visual event-related potentials to biological motion stimuli in autism spectrum disorders
Kröger, A., Bletsch, A., Krick, C. M., Siniatchkin, M., Jarczok, T. A., Freitag, C. M., & Bender, S. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst103 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“, 2004), are sometimes hypothesized to be causal to the deviant development of language and communication abilities (Stone and Yoder, 2001; Heimann et al., 2006; Toth et al., 2006).”
Background
Language Growth in Young Children with Autism: Interactions Between Language Production and Social Communication
Blume, J., Wittke, K., Naigles, L., & Mastergeorge, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04576-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…joint attention, and positive affect requires a systematic approach in order to inform developmental language outcomes (e.g., Carpenter et al. 1998; Iverson and Goldin-Meadow 2005; Manwaring et al. 2017; Morales et al. 2000; Mundy and Gomes 1998; Rowe and Goldin-Meadow 2009; Stone and Yoder 2001).”
Background
Temporal Coordination of Joint Attention Behavior in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Warreyn, P., Roeyers, H., Wetswinkel, U. V., & Groote, I. D. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0184-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Several empirical studies have supported these ideas (Charman et al., 2000; Mundy, 2003; Mundy, Fox, & Card, 2003; Stone & Yoder, 2001 ).”
Does routine child health surveillance contribute to the early detection of children with pervasive developmental disorders? – An epidemiological study in Kent, U.K.
Tebruegge, M., Nandini, V., & Ritchie, J. (2004) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-4-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Behavior Predictors of Language Development Over 2 Years in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bopp, K. D., Mirenda, P., & Zumbo, B. D. (2009) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0262 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
GOLIAH: A Gaming Platform for Home-Based Intervention in Autism – Principles and Design
Bono, V., Narzisi, A., Jouen, A.-L., Tilmont, E., Hommel, S., Jamal, W., Xavier, J., Billeci, L., Maharatna, K., Wald, M., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00070 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Research on the use of computers (19) for students with autism revealed increase in (1) focused attention, (2) overall attention span, (3) sitting behavior, (4) fine motor skills, (5) generalization skills (from computer to related non-computer activities); and decrease in (6) agitation, (7) self-stimulatory behaviors…”
Background
From Using Tools to Using Language in Infant Siblings of Children with Autism
Sparaci, L., Northrup, J. B., Capirci, O., & Iverson, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3477-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Multimodality in infancy: vocal-motor and speech-gesture coordinations in typical and atypical development
Iverson, J. M. (2010) · Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie · doi:10.4074/s0013754510003046 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“If, as previously argued, the origin of gesture-speech coordination lies in infant vocal-motor coordination, and in light of the large literature documenting the existence of disorders and delays in language, gesture, and motor abilities in older children with ASD, then atypical vocal-motor and speech-gesture developm…”

Deferred Imitation and Social Communication in Speaking and Nonspeaking Children With Autism
Strid, K., Heimann, M., Gillberg, C., Smith, L., & Tjus, T. (2012) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357612468030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Play and Joint Attention of Children with Autism in the Preschool Special Education Classroom
Wong, C., & Kasari, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1467-2 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Functional training for initiating joint attention in children with autism
Naoi, N., Tsuchiya, R., Yamamoto, J., & Nakamura, K. (2007) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2007.10.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Immediate imitation and joint attention in young children with autism
Roeyers, H., Oost, P. V., & BOTHUYNE, S. (1998) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579498001680 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
See what I see, do as I do: Promoting joint attention and imitation in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder
Warreyn, P., & Roeyers, H. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313493834 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Authors: Stone, W. L., & Yoder, P. J.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
ORCID: Stone, Wendy L.
Yoder, Paul J.
Venue: Autism
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 341-361
ISSN: 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
1461-7005
DOI: 10.1177/1362361301005004002
OpenAlex: W2138574607
Semantic Scholar: ccebaeb055fe7736f7f5aff5dc2832d33a57498c
Cited by: 340
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 1.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Autism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29mh050620-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-50620)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, speech development, language outcome prediction, motor imitation, joint attention, speech therapy, socioeconomic status, early intervention, toddlers, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Therapy, Male, Prognosis, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Early Intervention, Educational

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Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders

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