Nonword repetition and child language impairment
Abstract
A brief, processing-dependent, nonword repetition task, designed to minimize biases associated with traditional language tests, was investigated. In Study 1, no overlap in nonword repetition performance was found between a group of 20 school-age children enrolled in language intervention (LI) and a group of 20 age-matched peers developing language normally (LN). In Study 2, a comparison of likelihood ratios for the nonword repetition task and for a traditional language test revealed that nonword repetition distinguished between children independently identified as LI and LN with a high degree of accuracy, by contrast with the traditional language test. Nonword repetition may have considerable clinical utility as a screening measure for language impairment in children. Information on the likelihood ratios associated with all diagnostic tests of language is badly needed.
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Non-word repetition results were not sufficiently consistent across different studies, so it cannot be considered as an accurate diagnostic tool if used individually.
“as for non-word repetition, the results were not sufficiently consistent across different studies, so it cannot be considered as an accurate diagnostic tool if used individually”
From Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
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Defining language phenotypes in autism
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“, CNRep—children’s test of nonword repetition [156]: sensitivity = 66, specificity = 85; NRT—Nonword Repetition Test [157,158]: sensitivity 79–86, specificity 89–91).”
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“Furthermore, while working memory skills are not strongly associated with a child’s background, such as maternal education levels (e.g., Alloway et al., 2004; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998), performance on some memory tests is susceptible to learning influences.”
BackgroundThe Role of Processing Limitations in Early Identification of Specific Language Impairment
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BackgroundInfluentialEvaluation of speech and language assessment approaches with bilingual children
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“The purposes of the present investigation are (1) to use a standardized nonword repetition task (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) to assess at a behavioral level the accuracy of nonword repetition in a group of adults who stutter; (2) to use kinematic measures to detect any differences in articulatory…”
InfluentialVerbal and Spatial Information Processing Constraints in Children With Specific Language Impairment
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“The profile of language performance among a subgroup of children with autism mirrors the profile of SLI: poorer performance on tests of grammatical ability than vocabulary, and difficulties with non-word repetition (Tomblin and Zhang, 1999; Dollaghan and Campbell, 1998; Kjelgaard and Tager-Flusberg, 2001).”
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A Nonword Repetition Task for Speakers With Misarticulations: The Syllable Repetition Task (SRT)
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Self-citationEncoding, memory, and transcoding deficits in Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Shriberg, L. D., Lohmeier, H. L., Strand, E. A., & Jakielski, K. J. (2012) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2012.655841 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Most scoring systems for nonword repetition tasks score a response as correct as long as the correct sound was produced adjacent to the addition, but have some convention to keep track of the frequency of such sound additions (e.g. Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998).”
Thordardottir, E. T., Kehayia, E., Mazer, B. L., Lessard, N., Majnemer, A., Sutton, A. E., Trudeau, N., & Chilingaryan, G. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0196 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Word Learning by Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairment
Gray, S. I. (2005) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/101 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
A Prosodically Controlled Word and Nonword Repetition Task for 2- to 4-Year-Olds
Roy, P., & Chiat, S. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/019 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Chapman, R. S. (2006) · Down Syndrome Research and Practice · doi:10.3104/reports.306 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“They did, however, differ significantly (p<.05 1- tailed) on performance on 4-syllable words of the Nonword Repetition Test (Down syndrome X=13.50, SD=6.31; cognitive impairment of unknown origin =18.00, SD=9.49) and on the age-equivalent and age-based standard scores for the K-ABC Number Recall digit span test, with…”
MethodInfluentialUse of Narrative-Based Language Intervention With Children Who Have Specific Language Impairment
Swanson, L. A., Fey, M. E., Mills, C. E., & Hood, L. S. (2005) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2005/014 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Gathercole, S. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568971.013.0046 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Archibald, L. M. D., & Gathercole, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.11.004 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Early Identification of Reading Disabilities Within an RTI Framework
Catts, H. W., Nielsen, D. C., Bridges, M. S., Liu, Y. S., & Bontempo, D. E. (2013) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219413498115 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“On the Nonword Repetition task (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998), the participant is required to repeat 16 nonwords ranging from one to four syllables in length (four words at each length).”
Understanding the Language Difficulties of Children With Specific Language Impairments
Montgomery, J. W. (2002) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2002/009 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Gray, S. I. (2003) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(03)00003-0 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Are Working Memory Measures Free of Socioeconomic Influence?
de Abreu, P. E., Santos, F. H., & Gathercole, S. E. (2008) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0210 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Redmond, S. M., Thompson, H. L., & Goldstein, S. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0010 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Gutiérrez‐Clellen, V. F., & Simon‐Cereijido, G. (2010) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2009.00300.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“This level of accuracy was lower than the LRs of the ENWRT reported by Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) (i.e., 25), but it was higher than those reported by Kohnert et al. (i.e., 5.07), Ellis Weismer et al. (i.e., 2.60), and Thal, Miller, Carlson, and Vega (2005) (i.e., 3.33).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNonword repetition abilities of children who stutter: an exploratory study
Hakim, H. B., & Ratner, N. B. (2004) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.06.001 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“An impressive finding byDollaghan and Campbell (1998) was that a nonword repetition task distinguished children enrolled in language intervention from language-normal children with a higher degree of accuracy than a norm-referenced language test. Edwards and Lahey (1998) also found that children with SLI were less acc…”
BackgroundInfluentialHedenius, M., Persson, J., Tremblay, A., Adi‐Japha, E., Veríssimo, J., Dye, C. D., Alm, P. A., Jennische, M., Tomblin, J. B., & Ullman, M. T. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.026 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Gray, S. I. (2006) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/069 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Rapid Auditory Processing and Phonological Ability in Normal Readers and Readers With Dyslexia
Marshall, C. M., Snowling, M. J., & Bailey, P. J. (2001) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/073 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Dynamic Assessment of Word Learning Skills: Identifying Language Impairment in Bilingual Children
Kapantzoglou, M., Restrepo, M. A., & Thompson, M. S. (2012) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0095 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Discovery of 42 genome-wide significant loci associated with dyslexia
Doust, C., Fontanillas, P., Eising, E., Gordon, S. D., Wang, Z., Alagöz, G., Molz, B., Aslibekyan, S. W., Auton, A., Babalola, E., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01192-y · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Chiat, S., & Roy, P. (2007) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/030 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Imitation of nonwords by hearing impaired children with cochlear implants: suprasegmental analyses
Carter, A. K., Dillon, C. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2002) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699200021000034958 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Although normally developing children have been studied as comparison groups for the children with language disorders (Dollaghan and Campbell, 1998; Weismer, Tomblin, Zhang, Buckwalter, Chynoweth and Jones, 2000; Roodenrys and Stokes, 2001), the nonword repetition task has also been used with normally developing child…”
BackgroundBilingual Language Assessment: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy
Dollaghan, C. A., & Horner, E. A. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0093 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationAltman, C., Burstein-Feldman, Z., Yitzhaki, D., Armon-Lotem, S., & Walters, J. (2013) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2013.852561 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“(2) NWR consisted of 42 items in each language (see Armon-Lotem and Chiat [2012], for further details); it assessed morphophonological processing as well as short-term memory (Baddeley 2003; Conti-Ramsden 2003; Dollaghan and Campbell 1998; Montgomery 2003).”
Thordardottir, E. T. (2008) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/068 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Shriberg, L. D., Ballard, K. J., Tomblin, J. B., Duffy, J. R., Odell, K. H., & Williams, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/038 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Montgomery, J. W. (2004) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820310001616985 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Academic outcomes in children with histories of speech sound disorders
Lewis, B. A., Freebairn, L. A., & Taylor, H. G. (2000) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(99)00023-4 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Specific language impairment in Italian: The first steps in the search for a clinical marker
Bortolini, U., Caselli, M. C., Deevy, P., & Leonard, L. B. (2002) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820110116758 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Risk markers for SLI: A study of young language-learning children
Conti‐Ramsden, G., & Hesketh, A. (2003) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/1368282031000092339 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Girbau, D., & Schwartz, R. G. (2007) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2007.07.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Our results are similar to findings for children speaking English (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Ellis Weismer et al., 2000; Montgomery, 2004; Rodekohr & Haynes, 2001) and findings from other languages (e.g., Le Foll et al., 1995), including Spanish (Girbau & Schwartz, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCross-Language Nonword Repetition by Bilingual and Monolingual Children
Windsor, J., Kohnert, K. J., Lobitz, K. F., & Pham, G. T. (2010) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0064 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Dispaldro, M., Leonard, L. B., & Deevy, P. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0304 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The composition of normative groups and diagnostic decision making: shooting ourselves in the foot.
Peña, E. D., Spaulding, T. J., & Plante, E. (2006) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/023 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Acquisition of Sign Language: The Impact of Phonetic Complexity on Phonology
Mann, W., Marshall, C. R., Mason, K., & Morgan, G. (2010) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475440903245951 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“For instance, children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and dyslexia are poor at repeating non-words (Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Gallon, Harris, & van der Lely, 2007; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWeismer, S. E., Plante, E., Jones, M., & Tomblin, J. B. (2005) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dollaghan, C., & Campbell, T. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- Campbell, Thomas F.
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1136-1146
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W1986346898
- Cited by
- 1,006
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 12.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29dc001858-05)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R29DC01858)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
- Keywords
- non-word repetition, language impairment, children, language screening, likelihood ratios, language intervention, diagnostic test validity, language assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Phonetics, Speech Disorders
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