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Cited by 591Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesChild and Animal Learning Development

Social and Communication Development in Toddlers With Early and Later Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Landa, Rebecca J., Holman, Katherine C., Garrett-Mayer, Elizabeth·2007·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.853
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Abstract

CONTEXT: To our knowledge, no prospective studies of the developmental course of early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders from 14 months of age exist. OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns of development from 14 to 24 months in children with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal design in which 125 infants at high and low risk for autism were tested from age 14 to 36 months. Comprehensive standardized assessments included measures of social, communication, and play behavior. SETTING: Testing occurred at a major medical and research institution as part of a large, ongoing longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: Low-risk controls (n = 18) and siblings of children with autism, grouped on the basis of outcome diagnostic classification at 30 or 36 months: autism spectrum disorders (early diagnosis, n = 16; later diagnosis, n = 14), broader autism phenotype (n = 19), and non-broader autism phenotype (n = 58). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Social, communication, and symbolic abilities were assessed. RESULTS: Social, communication, and play behavior in the early-diagnosis group differed from that in all other groups by 14 months of age. By 24 months, the later-diagnosis group differed from the non-autism spectrum disorder groups in social and communication behavior, but not from the early-diagnosis group. Examination of growth trajectories suggests that autism may involve developmental arrest, slowing, or even regression. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into different patterns of development of children with early vs later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders.

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  • High-risk siblings exhibit lower levels of receptive language and other communication skills than comparison infants, but direct comparisons of intellectual functioning have not yielded consistent results.

    “Likewise, HR siblings exhibit lower levels of receptive language and other communication skills than comparison infants,2,8,9,11 but direct comparisons of intellectual functioning have not yielded consistent results.8,9,11,12”

    From Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age (2013) · cites this paper as [2]

  • Through 3 years of age, high-risk infants exhibit higher levels of autism spectrum disorder-related characteristics than controls on autism spectrum disorder screeners, but differences on examiner-administered assessments are less consistent.

    “Through 3 years of age, HR infants exhibit higher levels of ASD-related characteristics than controls on ASD screeners, but differences based on examiner-administered assessments designed to quantify these characteristics are less consistent.2,8–10”

    From Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age (2013) · cites this paper as [2]

  • Impairments in gaze following become apparent in Sib-A at the beginning of the second year, when they follow gaze but spend less time than controls looking at the gazed-at object.

    “Behavioral measures of gaze following seem typical around 6 months of age in Sib-A, but impairments become apparent at the beginning of the second year, when Sib-A follow gaze but spend less time than controls looking at the gazed-at object (Bedford et al., 2012; Landa, Holman, & Garrett-Mayer, 2007).”

    From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Landa, Holman, & Garrett-Mayer, 2007

  • Behavioral measures of gaze following seem typical around 6 months of age in Sib-A.

    “Behavioral measures of gaze following seem typical around 6 months of age in Sib-A, but impairments become apparent at the beginning of the second year, when Sib-A follow gaze but spend less time than controls looking at the gazed-at object (Bedford et al., 2012; Landa, Holman, & Garrett-Mayer, 2007).”

    From From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism (2014) · cites this paper as Landa, Holman, & Garrett-Mayer, 2007

  • Previous longitudinal studies of high-risk infant siblings have suggested that ASD onset may be more complex and less homogeneous than previously understood, both with respect to timing and the consolidation of symptoms into a clear diagnostic profile.

    “Previous longitudinal studies of high-risk infant siblings [23, 34, 52] have suggested that ASD onset may be more complex and less homogeneous than previously understood [1, 33, 35], both with respect to timing and the consolidation of symptoms into a clear diagnostic profile [51].”

    From Behavioral, cognitive, and adaptive development in infants with autism spectrum disorder in the first 2 years of life (2015) · cites this paper as [23]

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Authors
Landa, R. J., Holman, K. C., & Garrett-Mayer, E.
Affiliations
  • Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2007-07-01
Volume
64
Issue
7
Pages
853
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.853
OpenAlex
W2149855925
Cited by
590
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 46
FWCI
14.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (154MH066417, MH59630, R01MH059630)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, early diagnosis, toddlers, social development (developmental psychology), communication development, play behavior, developmental trajectories, developmental arrest, regression analysis, broader autism phenotype, siblings of autistic children, high-risk infants
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Autistic Disorder, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Communication Disorders, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Tests, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Nonverbal Communication, Personality Inventory, Phenotype, Play and Playthings, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Social Behavior, Socialization, Statistics, Nonparametric, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Siblings

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