The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neurobiology of tobacco dependence: A preclinical perspective on the role of the dopamine projections to the nucleus
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that nicotine is the primary addictive component of tobacco smoke and that a majority of habitual smokers find it difficult to quit smoking because of their dependence upon this component of the smoke. However, although nicotine replacement therapy elicits a clinically valuable and significant improvement in the number of quit attempts that are ultimately successful, its efficacy remains disappointingly low. This review considers some of the reasons for this problem. It focuses on the hypothesis that stimulation of the dopamine (DA) projections to the medial shell and the core of the nucleus accumbens play complementary roles in the development of nicotine dependence. The hypothesis proposes that increased extra-synaptic DA in the medial shell of the accumbens confers hedonic properties on behaviors, such as smoking, which deliver nicotine, and thereby increase the probability that the response is learned. It also summarizes the evidence that the primary role of the increased DA overflow, observed in the accumbal core of nicotine-pretreated individuals, challenged with nicotine, is the attribution of incentive salience to cues associated with delivery of the drug and the transition to Pavlovian responding to these conditioned stimuli. The review argues that sensitization of the DA projections to the accumbal core, and the behaviors that depend upon this process, play a pivotal role in the maintenance of the tobacco smoking habit and that it is this component of the dependence that is inadequately addressed by nicotine replacement therapy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Dopamine release in the core appears to act to generate stimulus-impulse associations (10,11).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The binding of nicotine to receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), aside from generating the impulse to smoke by virtue of dopamine release in the core of the nucleus accumbens, results in pleasant sensations because of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell (11).”
From The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Citations
Cites
Accuracy and optimism in smokers' beliefs about quitting
Weinstein, N. D., Slovic, P., & Gibson, G. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331320789 · Cited by 113
Hamilton, W., Norton, G. D., Ouellette, T., Rhodes, W., Kling, R. N., & Connolly, G. N. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331320752 · Cited by 58
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Benowitz, N. L. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0809890 · Cited by 1,508
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Hartmann‐Boyce, J., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Begh, R. A., Stead, L. F., & Hájek, P. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub3 · Cited by 1,217
“There is no doubt that people become dependent on tobacco, and find it difficult to stop smoking, primarily because of nicotine and its actions on the brain’s reward system (Balfour 2004).”
Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics
Benowitz, N. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742 · Cited by 979
“Another theory is that conditioned smoking cues maintain smoking behavior during periods of saturation and desensitization of brain nAChRs (23, 24).”
BackgroundGuidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research
Matta, S. G., Balfour, D. J., Benowitz, N. L., Boyd, R. T., Buccafusco, J. J., Caggiula, A. R., Craig, C. R., Collins, A. C., Damaj, M. I., Donny, E. C., et al. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0 · Cited by 824
“Thus, some nicotinestimulated neurotransmitter responses, such as increases in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (Balfour 2004; Fu et al. 2000a) or elevated norepinephrine secretion in the paraventricular nucleus (Fu et al. 2001; Sharp and Matta 1993), depend upon sufficient nicotine…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Chamberlain, C., O'Mara-Eves, A., Porter, J., Coleman, T., Perlen, S. M., Thomas, J., & McKenzie, J. E. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001055.pub5 · Cited by 650
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction
McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., & Hájek, P. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub2 · Cited by 553
Rollema, H., Chambers, L. K., Coe, J. W., Glowa, J., Hurst, R. S., Lebel, L. A., Lu, Y., Mansbach, R. S., Mather, R. J., Rovetti, C. C., et al. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.10.016 · Cited by 533
Nicotine addiction and nicotinic receptors: lessons from genetically modified mice
Changeux, J.-P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2849 · Cited by 453
Rollema, H., Coe, J. W., Chambers, L. K., Hurst, R. S., Stahl, S. M., & Williams, K. E. (2007) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.05.003 · Cited by 400
Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Smoking Cessation Treatment
Benowitz, N. L. (2008) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.015 · Cited by 385
“In actuality, these 2 theories may be complementary: smokers may continue to smoke throughout the day to maintain plasma nicotine levels that prevent the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms and may also continue to derive some rewarding effects from the conditioned reinforcers associated with smoking, such as the taste…”
BackgroundNicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness
Dani, J. A., & Harris, R. A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1580 · Cited by 382
Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine
De Biasi, M., & Dani, J. A. (2011) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113734 · Cited by 366
“Likewise, this DA system plays a critical role in the acquisition of behaviors that are inappropriately reinforced by psychostimulant drugs, including nicotine (Balfour 2004, Corrigall 1999, Dani et al. 2009, Dani & Heinemann 1996, Di Chiara 2000, Mansvelder & McGehee 2002).”
BackgroundMuscle and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Kalamida, D., Poulas, K. A., Avramopoulou, V., Fostieri, E., Lagoumintzis, G., Lazaridis, K., Sideri, A., Zouridakis, M., & Tzartos, S. J. (2007) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05935.x · Cited by 352
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Hartmann‐Boyce, J., McRobbie, H. J., Lindson, N., Bullen, C., Begh, R., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C. J., Rigotti, N. A., Turner, T., Butler, A. R., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub4 · Cited by 341
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Hartmann-Boyce, J., Lindson, N., Butler, A. R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Begh, R., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C., Rigotti, N. A., Turner, T., et al. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub7 · Cited by 320
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Hartmann‐Boyce, J., McRobbie, H. J., Butler, A. R., Lindson, N., Bullen, C., Begh, R. A., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C. J., Rigotti, N. A., Turner, T., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub5 · Cited by 319
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Lindson, N., Butler, A. R., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Hájek, P., Begh, R. A., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C. J., Rigotti, N. A., Turner, T., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub8 · Cited by 310
Chaudhri, N., Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., & Sved, A. F. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0178-1 · Cited by 271
“However, as a primary reinforcer, nicotine can establish associated neutral stimuli as conditioned reinforcers (Rose and Levin 1991; Balfour et al. 2000; Balfour 2004).”
Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Chamberlain, C., O'Mara-Eves, A., Oliver, S., Caird, J. R., Perlen, S. M., Eades, S. J., & Thomas, J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001055.pub4 · Cited by 251
Hatsukami, D. K., Stead, L. F., & Gupta, P. C. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60871-5 · Cited by 227
Lerman, C. E., Jepson, C., Wileyto, E. P., Epstein, L. H., Rukstalis, M. R., Patterson, F., Kaufmann, V., Restine, S., Hawk, L. W., NIAURA, R. S., et al. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300861 · Cited by 197
“In contrast to NRT, bupropion treatment (via inhibition of dopamine reuptake) may result in sustained elevations in extracellular dopamine; higher dopamine levels, in turn, may replace the hedonic (pleasurable) effects of smoking more effectively than NRT (Balfour, 2004).”
BackgroundHughes, J. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188927 · Cited by 173
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Hartmann‐Boyce, J., McRobbie, H. J., Butler, A. R., Lindson, N., Bullen, C., Begh, R., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C., Rigotti, N. A., Turner, T., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub6 · Cited by 184
Monoamine oxidase and tobacco dependence
Lewis, A., Miller, J. H., & Lea, R. A. (2006) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.019 · Cited by 159
Diverse Roles of Neurotensin Agonists in the Central Nervous System
Boules, M., Li, Z., Smith, K., Fredrickson, P. A., & Richelson, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00036 · Cited by 149
Aveyard, P. N., & West, R. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39252.591806.47 · Cited by 146
West, R. (2009) · COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412550903049181 · Cited by 145
“The binding of nicotine to receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), aside from generating the impulse to smoke by virtue of dopamine release in the core of the nucleus accumbens, results in pleasant sensations because of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell (11).”
BackgroundFoulds, J. (2006) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00955.x · Cited by 136
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Lindson, N., Butler, A. R., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Hájek, P., Wu, A. D., Begh, R. A., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C. J., Rigotti, N. A., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub9 · Cited by 153
Chaudhri, N., Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Booth, S., Gharib, M., Craven, L., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., & Sved, A. F. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0522-0 · Cited by 123
“…reinforcer, the stimulus could thus contribute directly to the magnitude of reinforcement afforded to behavior, and also become capable of motivating drug-seeking responses during abstinence (Rose and Levin 1991; Balfour et al. 2000; Caggiula et al. 2001, 2002a,b; Balfour 2004; Cohen et al. 2005).”
BackgroundElectronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.
(2012) · PubMed · Cited by 115
Overview of the pharmacogenomics of cigarette smoking
Ho, M., & Tyndale, R. F. (2007) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500436 · Cited by 117
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Nicotine in the CNS
Barik, J., & Wonnacott, S. (2009) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_7 · Cited by 112
Nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation
Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Cahill, K., Hatsukami, D., & Cornuz, J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007072.pub2 · Cited by 109
“Nicotine is the primary addictive agent in tobacco (Stolerman 1995; Harvey 2004), and delivers its effects by stimulating the rapid release of dopamine in the part of the brain called the nucleus acumbens (Balfour 2004; Benowitz 2010; Fagerström 2005).”
BackgroundNew mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal
Jackson, K. J., Muldoon, P. P., Biasi, M. D., & Damaj, M. I. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009 · Cited by 109
“…as this particular kinase is highly expressed in brain regions shown to mediate the nicotine withdrawal syndrome, including theMHb and LC (Erdtmann-Vourliotis et al., 2001; Balfour, 2004), and regulates GPCR-mediated regulation of nAChR signaling (Liu et al., 2000; Bibevski et al., 2000).”
Neurobiology of hyperactivity and reward: Agreeable restlessness in Anorexia Nervosa
Scheurink, A. J. W., Boersma, G. J., Nergårdh, R., & Södersten, P. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.03.016 · Cited by 106
The Neuronal Pathways Mediating the Behavioral and Addictive Properties of Nicotine
Balfour, D. J. K. (2009) · Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_8 · Cited by 99
Self-citationBacher, I., Wu, B., Shytle, D. R., & George, T. P. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560903329102 · Cited by 96
“Nicotine dependence Nicotine is the main psychoactive compound in tobacco smoke [49-51].”
BackgroundNeuropharmacology and potential efficacy of new treatments for tobacco dependence
Fagerström, K. O., & Balfour, D. J. K. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.15.2.107 · Cited by 95
Self-citationWithdrawal: Expanding a Key Addiction Construct
Piper, M. E. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv048 · Cited by 99
Mamun, A. A., O’Callaghan, F., Alati, R., O'Callaghan, M. J., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., & Bor, W. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016790 · Cited by 89
Rodent models of nicotine withdrawal syndrome
Malin, D. H., & Goyarzu, P. (2009) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_14 · Cited by 89
“It is well established that nicotine stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway is essential to the reinforcing action of nicotine (Balfour 2004; Corrigall and Coen 1991).”
Ho, T. N. T., Abraham, N., & Lewis, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.609005 · Cited by 87
“This urges for thorough insights into molecular and structural mechanisms governing nAChR subtype selectivity to facilitate successful therapeutic strategies for nAChR associated neuronal diseases (Lindstrom, 1997; Gotti and Clementi, 2004; Hogg and Bertrand, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialShould criteria for drug dependence differ across drugs?
Hughes, J. R. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01588.x · Cited by 86
Dawkins, L., Kimber, C., Puwanesarasa, Y., & Soar, K. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12807 · Cited by 85
CHRNA3 rs1051730 Genotype and Short-Term Smoking Cessation
Munafo, M. R., Johnstone, E. C., Walther, D. M., Uhl, G. R., Murphy, M. F. G., & Aveyard, P. N. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr106 · Cited by 82
Prolonged exposure to denicotinized cigarettes with or without transdermal nicotine
Donny, E. C., & Jones, M. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.021 · Cited by 81
“Several theorists have proposed that this type of shift (i.e., from outcome driven behavior to stimulus driven behavior) is important for understanding the nature of drug dependence (Balfour, 2004; Di Chiara, 2000; Everitt et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPaterson, N. E., Balfour, D. J. K., & Markou, A. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05546.x · Cited by 80
“The reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine have been invoked to explain this discrepancy (Caggiula et al., 2001; Balfour, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe absence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in moderate-to-heavy daily smokers
Donny, E. C., & Dierker, L. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.019 · Cited by 81
“Background Current theories of nicotine dependence focus on the neurobiological effects of nicotine, stimuli paired with nicotine delivery and the repeated performance of nicotine-use behaviors as primary determinants of nicotine dependence (Balfour, 2004,Caggiula et al., 2002,Tiffany, 1990).”
BackgroundA neurocomputational hypothesis for nicotine addiction
Gutkin, B. S., Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0510220103 · Cited by 81
Cooper, J., Borland, R., McKee, S. A., Yong, H., & Dugué, P. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13290 · Cited by 78
“mine [13] and acetylcholine [14], on affective symptoms,”
Varenicline in the treatment of tobacco dependence
Fagerström, K. O. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s927 · Cited by 78
“The ventral tegmental area contains dopaminergic neurons which release dopamine via mesolimbic projections to the nucleus accumbens (Balfour 2004).”
Lifetime cigarette smoking is associated with striatal volume measures
Das, D., Cherbuin, N., Anstey, K. J., Sachdev, P. S., & Easteal, S. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00301.x · Cited by 75
“This activation results in a surge of dopamine in the NAc, the primary recipient of the VTA DA terminals (Balfour 2004).”
BackgroundResultNon-Nicotinic Therapies for Smoking Cessation
Siu, E. C. K., & Tyndale, R. F. (2007) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105354 · Cited by 69
Characterizing white matter changes in cigarette smokers via diffusion tensor imaging
Savjani, R. R., Velasquez, K. M., Thompson-Lake, D. G. Y., Baldwin, P. R., Eagleman, D. M., Garza, R. D. L., & Salas, R. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.006 · Cited by 66
Association of COMT Val108/158Met genotype with smoking cessation
Munafò, M. R., Johnstone, E. C., Guo, B., Murphy, M. F. G., & Aveyard, P. (2008) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282f44daa · Cited by 68
The mutagenic effect of tobacco smoke on male fertility
Omolaoye, T. S., Shahawy, O. E., Skosana, B. T., Boillat, T., Loney, T., & du Plessis, S. S. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16331-x · Cited by 71
“Although nicotine is the key active ingredient of tobacco smoke, studies have attributed the toxicity of tobacco smoking to tobacco’s other components, which are also responsible for widespread mortality and morbidity (Balfour 2004; Benowitz 2009).”
Pharmacologic and Behavioral Withdrawal From Addictive Drugs
Baker, T. B., Japuntich, S. J., Hogle, J. M., McCarthy, D. E., & Curtin, J. J. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00442.x · Cited by 67
“Consistent with this hypothesis, there is evidence that the self-administration ritual itself activates brain reward and incentive systems (Balfour, 2004).”
Johnstone, E. C., Elliot, K. M., David, S. P., Murphy, M. F. G., Walton, R. T., & Munafò, M. R. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0936 · Cited by 66
“Nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco smoking and stimulates the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which is partly responsible for its reinforcing effects (17, 18).”
BackgroundTobacco smoking, harm reduction, and nicotine product regulation
Britton, J. R., & Edwards, R. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61482-2 · Cited by 66
Quaak, M., van Schayck, O. C. P., Knaapen, A. M., & van Schooten, F. (2009) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00056908 · Cited by 66
Crunelle, C. L., Miller, M. L., Booij, J., & van den Brink, W. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.11.001 · Cited by 66
“For example, repeated nicotine exposure results in an increase in functional nAChRs and, more specifically, sensitization of the mesolimbic DA response to nicotine (Balfour, 2004).”
Ross, J. T., Corrigall, W. A., Heidbreder, C. A., & LeSage, M. G. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.004 · Cited by 61
“Nicotine, the primary psychoactive drug in tobacco smoke, has been shown to activate the mesolimbic dopamine system (Corrigall et al., 1992, 1994; Balfour, 2004).”
BackgroundAge dependent nicotinic influences over dopamine neuron synaptic plasticity
Placzek, A. N., Zhang, T. A., & Dani, J. A. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.014 · Cited by 61
“Nicotine is the primary addictive substance in tobacco smoke [1-6], yet many important questions remain regarding its effects on the brain.”
BackgroundSmoking behaviour and compensation: A review of the literature with meta-analysis
Scherer, G., & Lee, P. N. (2014) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.008 · Cited by 66
Clinical and public health significance of treatments to aid smoking cessation
West, R., & Stapleton, J. (2008) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/09059180.00011005 · Cited by 60
Serotonin receptors as potential targets for modulation of nicotine use and dependence
Fletcher, P. J., LE, A., & Higgins, G. A. (2008) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00918-7 · Cited by 61
“Environmental stimuli associated with nicotine become powerful conditioned reinforcers and play a major role in the maintenance of nicotine self-administration and in relapse (Balfour, 2004).”
BackgroundO'Callaghan, F. V., Al Mamun, A., O'Callaghan, M., Alati, R., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., & Bor, W. (2009) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00410.x · Cited by 56
Munafo, M. R., Johnstone, E. C., Wileyto, E. P., Shields, P. G., Elliot, K. M., & Lerman, C. E. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0648 · Cited by 56
“The therapeutic action of NRT is considered to operate via a reduction in the acute nicotine withdrawal syndrome (13).”
BackgroundImproving smoking cessation approaches at the individual level
Aveyard, P. N., & Raw, M. (2012) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050348 · Cited by 54
“It is thought that during these months, the strength of the associative learning between smoking and reward diminishes and most symptoms of withdrawal remit.(7) After these few months, most smokers should have overcome their addiction and should be able to remain off cigarettes.”
BackgroundUnderstanding the relationship between smoking and pain
Parkerson, H. A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.859524 · Cited by 53
A Systematic Review of Nicotine by Inhalation: Is There a Role for the Inhaled Route?
Caldwell, B. O., Sumner, W., & Crane, J. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts009 · Cited by 52
Electronic nicotine delivery systems: Oral health implications and oral cancer risk
Sultan, A. S., Jessri, M., & Farah, C. S. (2018) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1111/jop.12810 · Cited by 50
Siu, E. C. K., & Tyndale, R. F. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.107.133900 · Cited by 48
“One action of nicotine is the binding to nicotinic receptors stimulating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, an area of the brain responsible for reward (Balfour, 2004).”
BackgroundFernando, W. W. S. A., Wellman, R. J., & DiFranza, J. R. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0497-x · Cited by 45
The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale in Finnish smokers
Broms, U., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Pergadia, M. L., Shiffman, S. M., & Kaprio, J. A. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.017 · Cited by 43
“The cognitive-affective consequences of smoking, such as pleasure, better concentration, and better tolerance of acute stress, are thought to be rewarding and in this way reinforce the smoking habit (Balfour, 2004;Walton et al., 2001).”
BackgroundTidey, J. W., Rohsenow, D. J., Kaplan, G. B., Swift, R. M., & Adolfo, A. B. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802097373 · Cited by 43
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction
McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., & Hájek, P. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216 · Cited by 46
A Longitudinal Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cigarette Smoking
Haibach, J. P., Homish, G. G., & Giovino, G. A. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts130 · Cited by 41
Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation: role of nicotine target and metabolism genes
Gold, A. B., & Lerman, C. E. (2012) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1143-9 · Cited by 41
“The free, nondesensitized receptors may be responsible for cravings and continued smoking acts on these receptors to provide positive reinforcement and sustained dopamine release to prevent withdrawal symptoms (Balfour 2004; Brody et al. 2006).”
BackgroundRahman, S., Neugebauer, N. M., Zhang, Z., Crooks, P. A., Dwoskin, L. P., & Bardo, M. T. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.012 · Cited by 40
Elucidating the Role of Neurotensin in the Pathophysiology and Management of Major Mental Disorders
Boules, M., Fredrickson, P. A., Muehlmann, A. M., & Richelson, E. (2014) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs4020125 · Cited by 42
Tailoring Nicotine Replacement Therapy
McClure, J. B., & Swan, G. E. (2006) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200620040-00002 · Cited by 38
Ghrelin amplifies the nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum
Palotai, M., Bagosi, Z., Jászberényi, M., Csabafi, K., Dochnal, R., Manczinger, M., Telegdy, G., & Szabó, G. (2013) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.014 · Cited by 37
“These upon being activated by nicotine, promote a sustained increase in dopamine release in the target areas that is considered essential to the development of nicotine addiction (Balfour, 2004; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
Varenicline: New treatment with efficacy in smoking cessation
Reus, V. I., Obach, R. S., Coe, J. W., Faessel, H. M., Rollema, H., Watsky, E. J., & Reeves, K. R. (2007) · Drugs of today · doi:10.1358/dot.2007.43.2.1069956 · Cited by 36
“underlying drug-seeking and other addictive behaviors, thus potentially contributing to nicotinic addiction (23, 25, 26).”
BackgroundPaterson, N. E. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.009 · Cited by 37
Sidhpura, N., Redfern, P. H., Rowley, H. L., Heal, D. J., & Wonnacott, S. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.025 · Cited by 37
Nicotine Replacement Therapy : An Overview
Wadgave, U., & L., N. (2016) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.12816/0048737 · Cited by 141
“Nicotine is the main active ingredient in tobacco products that reinforces individual to tobacco addiction behavior, (1, 2, 3) it is tobacco’s other components which cause widespread mortality and morbidity.(4, 5, 6, 7) Although almost all of the toxicity of smoking is attributed to other components in cigarettes, it…”
BackgroundRecomendaciones para el tratamiento farmacológico del tabaquismo. Propuestas de financiación
Jimenez-Ruiz, C. A., Miranda, J. A. R., Pinedo, Á. R., Ferrero, M. B., Reina, S. S., Orive, J. I. D. G., Guzmán, J. G., Casado, L. R., Trullén, A. P., & Fagerström, K. O. (2008) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1157/13119541 · Cited by 36
Dingle, G. A., & Carter, N. A. (2017) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864916682822 · Cited by 34
“Nicotinic release of dopamine into the Nucleus Accumbens amplifies associative learning between smoking and accompanying stimuli, making these representations increasingly prominent and well-learned (Balfour, 2004).”
BackgroundTronci, V., Vronskaya, S., Montgomery, N., Mura, D., & Balfour, D. J. K. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1868-x · Cited by 35
“…it has been proposed that the powerful reinforcing properties of tobacco smoke may depend, in part, on the ability of nicotine to enhance the reinforcing properties of other weak reinforcers present in the smoke (Rose et al. 2000, 2006; Donny et al. 2003; Palmatier et al. 2006; Balfour 2004, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of acute nicotine administration on ratings of attractiveness of facial cues
Attwood, A. S., Penton‐Voak, I. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn006 · Cited by 35
Shao, X. M., Xu, B., Liang, J., Xie, X., Zhu, Y., & Feldman, J. L. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts261 · Cited by 34
“Balfour, D. J. (2004). The neurobiology of tobacco dependence: A preclinical perspective on the role of the dopamine projections to the nucleus accumbens [corrected]. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 899–912. doi:10.1080/14622200 412331324965 Benowitz, N. L., Porchet, H., Sheiner, L., & Jacob, P., 3rd. (1988). Nicoti…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Mesoaccumbens Dopamine in Nicotine Dependence
Balfour, D. J. K. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13482-6_3 · Cited by 36
Self-citationZhang, T. A., Tang, J., Pidoplichko, V. I., & Dani, J. A. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0458-10.2010 · Cited by 33
“…areas of the brain participate, dopamine signaling within the mesocorticolimbic system serves a vital role in the acquisition of behaviors that progress to addiction (Dani and Heinemann, 1996; Corrigall, 1999; Di Chiara, 2000; Mansvelder and McGehee, 2002; Balfour, 2004; Dani and Harris, 2005).”
BackgroundTargeting nicotine addiction: the possibility of a therapeutic vaccine
Escobar‐Chávez, J. J. (2011) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s10033 · Cited by 35
Pharmacological Tobacco Cessation Treatments: Proposals for Financing
Jimenez-Ruiz, C. A., Miranda, J. A. R., Pinedo, Á. R., Ferrero, M. B., Reina, S. S., Orive, J. I. D. G., Guzmán, J. G., Casado, L. R., Trullén, A. P., & Fagerström, K. O. (2008) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/s1579-2129(09)60018-5 · Cited by 33
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Lindson, N., Livingstone‐Banks, J., Butler, A. R., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Hájek, P., Wu, A. D., Begh, R. A., Theodoulou, A., Notley, C. J., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub10 · Cited by 44
Peckham, E. J., Man, M., Mitchell, N., Li, J., Becque, T., Knowles, S. E., Bradshaw, T., Planner, C., Parrott, S., Michie, S., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19250 · Cited by 33
Verhagen, M., Kleinjan, M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2012) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.12.76 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Balfour, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Balfour, David
- ORCID
- Balfour, David
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-12-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 899-912
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2322700613
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 11.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, smoking, nucleus accumbens, incentive salience, classical conditioning, nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation, hedonic behavior, dopamine sensitization
- MeSH terms
- Conditioning, Classical, Dopamine, Drug Administration Routes, Humans, Neurons, Nicotine, Nucleus Accumbens, Psychological Theory, Synapses, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
