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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,401–1,500 of 6,388
Cahuas, M. C. (2020) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775820915998 · Cited by 8
“According to Patrick Wolfe (2006), settler colonialism is an ongoing violent process based in a logic of elimination where settlers seek to occupy, dominate and replace the Indigenous population.”
BackgroundProvincializing memory studies: The insistence of the ‘here-now’
Collins, F., Healy, C., & Radstone, S. (2020) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698020946415 · Cited by 8
“…time, the grim finality of ‘the death of the native’ – a fantasy which is, of course, a central component of the eliminationist logic of colonisation (see Wolfe, 2006: 387–409) – is undone metonymically by the fact that, the artist herself, Fiona Foley, is the ‘native woman’ in the photographs.”
BackgroundIndigenous Nations in Postracial America: Rethinking Social Inclusion
Cornell, S. E., & Jorgensen, M. (2020) · The Review of Black Political Economy · doi:10.1177/0034644620966033 · Cited by 9
“…miscegenation, the breaking-down of native title into alienable individual freeholds, native citizenship, child abduction, religious conversion, resocialization in total institutions such as missions or boarding schools, and a whole range of cognate biocultural assimilations” (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundScherer, J., Davidson, J., Kafara, R., & Koch, J. (2020) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2020-0113 · Cited by 8
Järvi, T. (2021) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1080/04353684.2021.1876524 · Cited by 8
Desafios à descolonização epistémica: práticas, contextos e lutas para além das fraturas abissais
Meneses, M. P. (2020) · Contemporânea - revista de sociologia da UFSCar · doi:10.31560/2316-1329.v10n3.10 · Cited by 7
‘It’s a Matter of Life or Death’: Jewish Migration and Dispossession of Palestinians in Acre
Desille, A., & Sa’di-Ibraheem, Y. (2021) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v6i2.3676 · Cited by 8
“Hence, rather than using the post-colonial approach, which implies having overcome the colonial condition (Veracini, 2010, p. 42), the settler-colonial framework brings forth migration as an on-going structure for the dispossession of the Palestinians (Sayegh, 1965; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential¿Independencia en tiempos del Tren Maya?
Castillo, R. A. H., & Rueda, E. C. (2021) · Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos · doi:10.1525/msem.2021.37.3.394 · Cited by 8
Commercial fishing, Inuit rights, and internal colonialism in Nunavut
Bernauer, W. (2022) · Polar Record · doi:10.1017/s0032247421000747 · Cited by 8
“The concept of ‘settler colonialism’ – which focuses on dispossession and erasure, rather than uneven development and social stratification – has dominated recent academic research in Indigenous contexts (Wolfe, 2006; Veracini, 2010).”
BackgroundHobbs, H., & Jones, B. (2022) · Australian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1080/10361146.2022.2028720 · Cited by 8
“In Australia, and other settler societies, appropriating Indigenous symbolism is framed as a statement of independence from the metropole and part of the ‘assertion of settler nationalism’ (Wolfe 2006, 387).”
BackgroundIndigenous governance now: settler colonial injustice is not historically past
Murdock, E. G. (2022) · Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy · doi:10.1080/13698230.2022.2039543 · Cited by 9
“To take this further to the logical conclusion that a robust analysis of settler colonialism gives us, settler colonialism’s main aim is continuous and permanent access to territory and is not an event, but rather a structure (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundNew Perspectives on the History of Gender and Empire
(2018) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350056343 · Cited by 4
Places that Feel Racist: How the Built Environment Re/Creates White Racial Spaces and Time
Liu, W. M. (2022) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000221115685 · Cited by 7
“In his work on settler colonialism, Patrick Wolfe (2006) states, “invasion is a structure not an event” (p. 388).”
BackgroundSettler colonial origins of intimate partner violence in Indigenous communities
Behrendt, M. C. (2022) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.13019 · Cited by 12
Dankertsen, A. (2022) · AlterNative An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/11771801221117549 · Cited by 8
“Stories about hauntings as resistance to elimination When discussing the settler colonial logic of elimination (Wolfe, 2006), the elimination is not only connected to policies with the explicit mission of eliminating Indigenous languages and cultures, such as the Norwegianization policy.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe creation of capitalist time: Rethinking primitive accumulation through conservation
Suell, D. T. (2022) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758221123815 · Cited by 10
“…scientific ideas or hygiene practices (Federici, 2004; Lorimer, 2020), the emergence of “whiteness” (Issar et al., 2021), the “elimination of the native” (Wolfe, 2006), and civilizational replacement (Coulthard, 2014) all rest on a linear-stadial account of history that placed racial whiteness…”
BackgroundMendez, J. B., Quark, A. A., & Aaron, K. (2022) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492221134707 · Cited by 8
“As scholars of settler colonialism have also argued, to create “property for whites” and facilitate the permanent white occupation of a territory, colonizers wielded “logics of extermination” through the eradication of Indigenous people and the seizure of their lands (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundPunching Holes in the International Busa Machine Narrative
Jacob, A. (2021) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0274.1.06 · Cited by 10
Museus, S. D. (2023) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06696-2_5 · Cited by 11
Brown, H. E. (2023) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2023.9.5.10 · Cited by 8
Reducing Indigenous suicide: Recognizing vital land and food systems for livelihoods
Elliott‐Groves, E., & Bang, M. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12712 · Cited by 9
Indigenous Agencies and the Pluralism of Empire
Pratt, S. L. (2013) · Philosophical Topics · doi:10.5840/philtopics201341213 · Cited by 8
Reframing Bi-nationalism in Palestine-Israel as a Process of Settler Decolonisation
Todorova, T. (2015) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12153 · Cited by 8
Equality and Exclusion: the Racial Constitution of Colonial Liberalism
Lake, M. (2008) · Thesis Eleven · doi:10.1177/0725513608095798 · Cited by 8
Ethnic groupism: Understanding ethnicisation of work in Malaysia
Olmedo, E., Smith, W., & Noor, M. M. (2015) · Ethnicities · doi:10.1177/1468796815581427 · Cited by 8
“Malaysian social structure can be therefore thought of as that of a postcolonial ‘host society’ (Shamsul, 2012), parallel to, yet contrasting with, the concept of ‘settler society’ where the notion of indigeneity is either absent or denied (Wolfe, 2006: 387–409).”
ResultReconciliation and the Quest for Economic Sameness
Altman, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2654-6_13 · Cited by 9
A Principle of Relativity through Indigenous Biography
Lomawaima, K. T. (2016) · Biography · doi:10.1353/bio.2016.0035 · Cited by 8
Hawari, Y. (2018) · Rethinking History · doi:10.1080/13642529.2018.1451075 · Cited by 10
“(Maron 2014, interview) Maron reiterates Patrick Wolfe’s assertion that settler colonialism is ‘a structure, not an event’ (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
BackgroundPrzybylski, L. (2018) · Ethnomusicology · doi:10.5406/ethnomusicology.62.3.0375 · Cited by 8
The Intimacy of Infrastructure: Vulnerability and Abjection in Palestinian Jerusalem
Baumann, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91388-9_8 · Cited by 7
“2 As Wolfe (2006) argues, both expulsion and assimilation are part of the settler colonial drive to ‘eliminate’ the native.”
BackgroundLevitt, P., & Crul, M. (2018) · Etnološka tribina · doi:10.15378/1848-9540.2018.41.01 · Cited by 8
Elimination/Deracination: Colonial Terror, La Matanza, and the 1930s Race Laws in El Salvador
Cuéllar, J. E. (2018) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicrj.42.2.cuellar · Cited by 8
Huberman, B., & Nasser, R. M. (2019) · Latin American Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0094582x19835523 · Cited by 8
“…urbanization, and neoliberalization) but constitutive of the persistence of the settler colonial logic related to the elimination and confinement of racialized populations in the process of expanding the boundaries of the settler colonial society3 (Lloyd and Wolfe, 2016; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundAt the zero degree / Below the minimum: Wage as sign in Israel’s split labor market
Kaminer, M. (2019) · Dialectical Anthropology · doi:10.1007/s10624-019-09560-7 · Cited by 8
“12 In Mbebme’s text, and in other studies of exterminationist racism (e.g., Wilderson 2003; Wolfe 2006), we find racialized lives valued at precisely nothing, or even negatively.”
BackgroundUnder the cover of the kippah : on Jewish settlers, performance, and belonging in Israel/Palestine
Harel, A. (2019) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.1111/1467-9655.13130 · Cited by 8
Rural radio and the everyday politics of settlement on Indigenous land
Waller, L. J., Mesikämmen, E., & Burkett, B. (2019) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0163443719876620 · Cited by 8
The liminality of Palestinian refugees: betwixt and between global politics and international law
Mason, V. (2019) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783319882539 · Cited by 8
“2 As scholars such as Elia Zureik, Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Patrick Wolfe and Lorenzo Veracini evidence, this meant that Zionism energed as a settler colonial movement which aimed to fashion itself as indigenous through eliminating, erasing and replacing the indigenous Palestinian people (Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 2015; V…”
BackgroundInfluentialKirbis, A. (2020) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502386.2020.1780279 · Cited by 8
“Indigenous” Nature Connection? A Response to Kurth, Narvaez, Kohn, and Bae (2020)
Schmitt, M. T., Neufeld, S. D., Fryberg, S. A., et al. (2021) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2020.0066 · Cited by 8
Tango Dancing with María Lugones
Velez, E. D., & Tuana, N. (2020) · Critical Philosophy of Race · doi:10.5325/critphilrace.8.1-2.0001 · Cited by 11
Yacobi, H., & Milner, E. L. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211005679 · Cited by 8
“Though the case of Ennas Al-Atrash is not unique, and other instances show similar characteristics (Filc, 2009: Chapter 3), it is used here as an illustration of our main argument, namely that the production of settler colonial space has a profound impact on health and should therefore be referred to as a specific cat…”
BackgroundSettler Colonial Eyes: Finnish Travel Writers and the Colonization of Petsamo
Lahti, J. (2021) · Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80610-1_4 · Cited by 8
MacAdoo-Espinoza, A., Zunino, H. M., Tapia, J. S., et al. (2019) · Diálogo andino · doi:10.4067/s0719-26812019000100115 · Cited by 8
Reconciliation and Remembrance
(2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023173-001 · Cited by 7
Nishnaabeg Encounters: Living Indigenous Landscapes
Whetung, M. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 8
Contested imaginaries of global justice in the internationalization of higher education
Stein, S. E. (2017) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0353186 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, just as settler colonization is understood to be an ongoing structure rather than a single event (Wolfe, 2006), Smith (2012) suggests, “Decolonization, once viewed as the formal process of handing over the instruments of government is now recognized as a long term process involving the…”
BackgroundCompensatory Afforestation in Odisha, India: A Political Ecology of Forest Restoration
Valencia, L. M. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 8
Care Has Limits: Women's Moral Lives and Revised Meanings of Care Work
Klostermann, J. (2021) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2021-14352 · Cited by 8
Haney, T. J., & Morrow, A. (2023) · Capitalism Nature Socialism · doi:10.1080/10455752.2023.2285458 · Cited by 7
“As Wolfe (2006) writes, “ settler colonialism destroys to replace … The ideological justi fi cation for the dispossession of [indigenous people] was that “ we ” could use the land better than they could ” (388-389).”
BackgroundKlein, E. (2023) · Critical Policy Studies · doi:10.1080/19460171.2023.2288666 · Cited by 11
“This colonization is not an historical event but an ongoing process as the settlers never left, but stayed, and sovereignty was never ceded by First Nations people to the colonial power (Wolfe 2006).”
The Pedagogization of Traditional Indigenous Games in Canada, Australia, and Aotearoa New Zealand
Fabian, T., Rynne, S. B., Hapeta, J., & Giles, A. R. (2024) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2023-0047 · Cited by 10
“There's a little bit of mistrust”: Red River Métis experiences of the H1N1 and COVID‐19 pandemics
Driedger, S. M., Maier, R., Capurro, G., Jardine, C., Tustin, J. L., Chartrand, F., Sanguins, J., & Kloss, O. (2024) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.14274 · Cited by 7
“Broadly, Indigenous Peoples in Canada have been subjected to a variety of colonial strategies toward a “logic of elimination” (Wolfe, 2006) or “politics of ethnocide” (Daschuk, 2013), whether through war, dispersal, relocation, and assimilation (Dickason, 1992; Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2013).”
Gaza in plain sight: witnessing in solidarity
Kerbaj, M., Traboulsi, J., Maasri, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of Visual Culture · doi:10.1177/14704129241227847 · Cited by 7
“In short, ‘The logic of elimination’ (Wolfe, 2006) that undergirds the settler colonial structure of Israel’s relation to Palestine and Palestinians has never been more chillingly evident; the ‘slow’ structural violence perpetrated by Israel over the past 75 years has devastatingly accelerated,…”
Political theology, discovery and the roots of the ‘great replacement’
Bossen, C. (2024) · Race & Class · doi:10.1177/03063968241238601 · Cited by 7
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Meridians · doi:10.1215/15366936-10926944 · Cited by 7
“7 The logic of wounding has also been tied to what Patrick Wolfe (1999, 2006) calls a logic of elimination for Indigenous peoples, which settlers use to portray colonial invasion as a fi nite “ historical event ” reducible to “ frontier homicide ” and the moral pitfalls of a young nation instead of…”
InfluentialCubillo, B., Brimblecombe, J. K., & Stacey, N. (2024) · MAST. Maritime studies/Maritime studies · doi:10.1007/s40152-024-00370-4 · Cited by 7
“The lasting structural legacies of colonisation within Australia have been linked to health and wellbeing disparities and inequalities, which have been well documented (Dawson et al. 2021 ; Sher - wood 2013 ; Wolfe 2006 ).”
Prison expansion in the plains grasslands: Coloniality, ecological injustice and carceral sprawl
Russell, E. (2024) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103143 · Cited by 7
Hauntings of Absence and Erasure: Black Archival Practices of Property Data
Percel, J. (2024) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.13067 · Cited by 7
Farming the North: Cycles of Extraction and Dispossession
Rotz, S., Rück, D., & LeBlanc, J. (2025) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.13128 · Cited by 7
Ayyash, M. (2025) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2025.2465522 · Cited by 10
Singh, M. V. (2025) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2025.2506438 · Cited by 7
“While the exploitation of labor and resources is involved, settler colonialism’s defining characteristic is the seizure of land and the elimination of the Indigenous population (Wolfe, 2006).”
Landau, L. B., Lori, N., & McNevin, A. (2025) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2025.2535671 · Cited by 5
“Framing Indigenous histories in terms of a distant past makes it easier to position colonial violence as a completed event, rather than an ongoing process with contemporary effects (Wolfe 2006).”
La Conquista del desierto y los estudios sobre genocidio. Recorridos, preguntas y debates
Pérez, P. (2019) · Memoria Americana Cuadernos de Etnohistoria · doi:10.34096/mace.v27i2.7364 · Cited by 7
From Human Resources to Human Rights
Reichman, W., & Carr, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.030 · Cited by 7
Métis Women’s Experiences in Canadian Higher Education
Scott, B. (2021) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy5020049 · Cited by 7
“…of Indigenous societies is the goal of settler colonies, where invasion is seen as a structure, not an event, and the colonizers come to stay (p. 2): “Elimination is not [based] on race (or religion, ethnicity, the grade of civilization, etc.) but access to territory” (Wolfe 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundJohnson, T. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.673115 · Cited by 7
“In other words, settlers are nonNative people whose occupation of colonized lands is tied up with the elimination of Native peoples and societies (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodMental coaching through crisis: digital technologies and psychological governance during COVID-19
Lindsay, N., Baker, T., & Calder‐Dawe, O. (2021) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2021.1965543 · Cited by 8
Portraits for change: Refusal politics and liberatory futures
Rivera, I., Elwood, S. A., & Lawson, V. (2022) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758221101394 · Cited by 8
“One way that settler colonialism and racial capitalism render Indigenous absence is through visual mediums that script Indigenous lands and peoples for elimination (Bhandar, 2018; Nelson, 1999; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe anticolonial settler: reflections on citizenship, violence and decolonisation
Weizman, E. (2022) · Citizenship Studies · doi:10.1080/13621025.2022.2086298 · Cited by 7
“Rather, it is an ongoing process built upon two opposing elements: the ‘negative’ – the violent elimination and practices of dispossession of native populations on the one hand, and the ‘positive’ – the formation of a new settler society in its place (Wolfe 2006).”
Leveraging Blockchain-Based Archival Solutions for Sensitive Documentation: a Xinjiang Case Study
Hellstern, R., Park, D. C., Lemieux, V. L., et al. (2022) · Digital Society · doi:10.1007/s44206-022-00007-1 · Cited by 7
“In Settler Colonialism and Elimination of the Native , Patrick Wolfe argues that access to territory is a “specific, irreducible element” of modern-day colonialism (Wolfe, 2006:388).”
Background“We should have held this in a circle”: White ignorance and answerability in outdoor education
Brooks, S., Sabzalian, L., Weiser-Nieto, R., & Springer, S. (2023) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2023.2169897 · Cited by 10
“We introduced educators to settler colonialism as an ongoing structure (Wolfe, 2006) that continues to influence Indigenous peoples and nations, as well as Indigenous peoples’ ongoing sovereignty and survivance (Vizenor, 1999).”
BackgroundPersistence of Matrilocal Postmarital Residence Across Multiple Generations in Southern Africa
Reynolds, A. W., Grote, M. N., Myrick, J. W., Al-Hindi, D. R., Siford, R. L., Mastoras, M., Möller, M., & Henn, B. M. (2023) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-023-09452-4 · Cited by 8
“classification to variably incorporate, disenfranchise, or eliminate indigenous groups to solidify colonial control of the land (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Lasting Impact of Trump’s ‘Deal of the Century’ on the Question of Palestine
Fraihat, I., & Ezbidi, B. (2023) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2023.2261082 · Cited by 7
“’ 11 The DoC could be seen as an American affirmation of Zionism as a legitimate settler-colonial movement in the twenty-first century, 12 motivated by a logic defined by Patrick Wolfe as ‘ the elimination of the native.”
BackgroundDale, P., Meurk, C., Williams, M., Watson, M., Steele, M. L., Wittenhagen, L., Harden, S., Stathis, S. S., Scott, J. G., Kinner, S. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1207103 · Cited by 7
Melançon, J. (2023) · Journal of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies · doi:10.25071/1916-4467.40754 · Cited by 7
“…le colonialisme d’implantation (settler colonialism) 2 , et notamment de ceux publiés par Alfred et Corntassel (2005), Tuck et Yang (2012), Simpson (2011, 2016), Simpson (2017) ainsi que sur les définitions plus larges du colonialisme d’implantation proposées par Wolfe (2006) et Veracini (2007).”
BackgroundThere From the Start: Aboriginal Involvement in the Early Development of Australian Archaeology
Spriggs, M., & Russell, L. (2023) · Bulletin of the History of Archaeology · doi:10.5334/bha-672 · Cited by 7
Fox, K. A., Stanek, K. A., Mukosi, L., Sharp, C., & Imus‐Nahsonhoya, V. (2024) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12531 · Cited by 7
The political ecologies of fire: Recasting fire geographies in British Columbia, Canada
Morgan, O. S., & Burr, J. (2024) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486241235836 · Cited by 10
“As such, we position our theoretical framework of settler coloniality through the scholarship of Indigenous scholars who engage critically with these frameworks and as they are in conversations with settler colonial scholars, such as Wolfe (2006; 2013).”
The Palestinian Feminist Movement and the Settler Colonial Ordeal
Alasah, E. (2024) · Meridians · doi:10.1215/15366936-10926920 · Cited by 12
“Settler colonialism is based on the logic of elimination, as Patrick Wolfe (2006) argues, which renders the dehu-manizing colonial discourse into an annihilating and eradicating praxis.”
The Locations of Palestine and the U.S. in the Global Map of Homelessness: Part 2
Tanous, O., & Hagopian, A. (2024) · International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services · doi:10.1177/27551938241261246 · Cited by 7
“17,18 This inevitably meant the loss of the homeland, and thus the home, for Palestinians.”
Decoy politics: How settler states deflect Indigenous threats
Collie, J., & Alcantara, C. (2024) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/23996544241267965 · Cited by 7
“This is akin to what Patrick Wolfe calls “ the theoretical (or “ inchoate ” ) stage of territorial sovereignty ” which is de fi ned as “ dominion without conquest ” (Wolfe, 2006: 392, emphasis added).”
Re-centering relations: The trouble with quick fix approaches to beaver-based restoration
Druschke, C. G., Booth, E. G., Demuth, B., Holtgren, J. M., Lave, R., Lundberg, E., Myhal, N., Sellers, B., Widell, S., & Woelfle-Hazard, C. A. (2024) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104121 · Cited by 7
Transforming land for sustainable food: Emerging contests to property regimes in the Global North
Calo, A. J., Sippel, S. R., Kay, S., Perrin, C., & Shields, K. (2024) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.2024.00028 · Cited by 11
Seuffert, N. (2011) · Law/text/culture · doi:10.14453/ltc.644 · Cited by 7
“The ‘driving engine’ of settler colonialism and modernity — international market forces — linked remote colonial frontiers to the market metropolis; the industrial revolution required colonial land and labour for raw materials as well as metropolitan factories for production (Wolfe 2006: 394).”
BackgroundHugill, D., & Toews, O. (2014) · Human Geography · doi:10.1177/194277861400700112 · Cited by 7
“However, following Patrick Wolfe (2006), we are interested in the ways in which the relationship between the state and Indigenous peoples has morphed, transformed, and been reproduced as it has become embedded in the (often mundane) functioning of institutions and everyday life.”
BackgroundInfluentialSettler Colonialism, Surveillance, and Fear
Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107045316.012 · Cited by 7
Yelland, N., Saltmarsh, S., Lee, I., & Chan, Y. M. E. 陳. (2014) · Cited by 7
Diasporic Intimacies: Queer Filipinos and Canadian Imaginaries
Diaz, R. G., Largo, M., & Pino, F. (2017) · Cited by 7
Addis Ababa master development plan: A program for development or for ethnic cleansing?
Aberra, D. (2019) · Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Социология · doi:10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-1-31-39 · Cited by 7
Indigenous Peoples, Settler Colonialism, and Global Justice in Anglo-America
Nichols, R. L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108576307.011 · Cited by 7
The interpreter as researcher: ethical heritage interpretation in Indigenous contexts
Finegan, C. (2019) · Indigenous Heritage · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2018.1474883 · Cited by 8
“To be very clear: Indigenous nations, culture, and heritage are living to this very day, despite the settler-colonists’ efforts, for centuries, to stamp out Indigeneity through an ongoing genocide (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundJacob, M. M., Gonzales, K. L., Finley, C., & Johnson, S. R. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10040286 · Cited by 7
“…and celebrates the wisdom and resilience of indigenous people who have Religions 2019, 10, 286; doi:10.3390/rel10040286 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions survived hundreds of years of colonial and settler colonial violence on indigenous homelands (Jacob 2013; Simpson 2017; Vizenor 2014; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialAt the Margins of Canada: School Choice Practices of Aboriginal Families in a Settler-Colonial City
Yoon, E., & Daniels, L. (2019) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904819864442 · Cited by 7
“Introduced by anthropologist Patrick Wolfe (2006), the theory of settlercolonialism refers to the persistent exclusion, elimination, and dispossession of Aboriginal peoples from land and resources as structural consequences of colonial conquest and treaty making, whose fundamental aim was to profit…”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat's Left of Rights? Arendt and political ontology in the anthropocene
Werry, M. (2019) · Performance Philosophy · doi:10.21476/pp.2019.51275 · Cited by 7
“…of annihilation by human-induced ecological catastrophe is nothing new: they have long recognized that what Alfred Crosby called “ecological imperialism” is part and parcel of the slow violence of settler colonialism’s genocidal strategies of elimination (Crosby 2004, Nixon 2011, Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundThis Land Was Made for … : (Re)Appearing Black/Brown Female Corporeality, Life, and Death
Murdock, E. G. (2019) · Hypatia · doi:10.1017/hyp.2019.17 · Cited by 7
In an Impaired State: Settler Racial Logic and Prosthetic Citizenship in Australia
Perera, S., & Pugliese, J. (2020) · International Journal of Politics Culture and Society · doi:10.1007/s10767-020-09354-8 · Cited by 7
‘White slaves’: labor, whiteness, and settler colonialism in Italian East Africa (1935-1941)
Ertola, E. (2020) · Labor History · doi:10.1080/0023656x.2020.1820974 · Cited by 7
The Water Protectors at Standing Rock: Survivance Strategies for Gendered Relinking
Christiansen, J. (2020) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2020.1834037 · Cited by 8
“Through multiple axes, settler colonialism seeks to eliminate Indigenous peoples and knowledges and replace them with settler populations and logics (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundNarrating Colonial Silences: Racialized Social Work Educators Unsettling our Settlerhood
Elkchirid, A., Ngo, A. P., & Kumsa, M. K. (2021) · Studies in Social Justice · doi:10.26522/ssj.v14i2.2215 · Cited by 7
“I am Sapelo”: Racialized uneven development and land politics within the Gullah Geechee Corridor
Hardy, D., & Heynen, N. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848620987366 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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