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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire
Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
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Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
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35. The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites
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Brown, L. C., Kimmerling, B., & Migdal, J. S. (2003) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033734 · Cited by 124
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,501–1,600 of 6,388
Surviving the Survival Narrative Part 1: Internalised Racism and the Limits of Resistance
Seet, A. Z. (2020) · Cosmopolitan Civil Societies An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.5130/ccs.v12.i2-3.7154 · Cited by 7
“In a recent study of a small rural town called Wilcannia in rural NSW, Australia, built in the mid to late 19th Century on Barkindji country, Forsyth and Gavranovic (2017) set out to examine how the local Indigenous communities have survived the effects of settler- colonial capitalism and its logic of elimination (Wol…”
BackgroundShalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768191.007 · Cited by 7
Public Memory as Community-Engaged Writing: Composing Difficult Histories on Campus
Lueck, A. J., Kroot, M. V., & Panich, L. M. (2021) · Community Literacy Journal · doi:10.25148/clj.15.2.009618 · Cited by 7
Larocque, C., Foth, T., & Gifford, W. (2021) · Witness The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse · doi:10.25071/2291-5796.107 · Cited by 7
“In fact, necropower is the truth of our liberal democratic colonial societies and the foundational power that does everything to deny its own reality and disguise the necropolitical origins of our societies (Brown, 2014; Wolfe, 2006).”
Background“Power back in the community”: Going beyond performative generosity in nonprofits
Ojeda, R., & Wall, M. (2021) · Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1720 · Cited by 10
Davis‐Delano, L. R., Strother, S., & Gone, J. P. (2021) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1992468 · Cited by 7
“…past and present-day U.S. settler colonial policies, practices, and representations contribute to erasure of AI Peoples (O’Brien 2010; Rohrer 2016; Wolfe 2006), obscure the political nature of AI identities, and generate and propagate perceptions of AI identity that are racialized, associated…”
BackgroundInfluentialLublin, G. (2021) · Settler Colonial Studies · doi:10.1080/2201473x.2021.2001961 · Cited by 7
Unsettling emotions: settler innocence in Australia Day debates
Johnston, E. (2021) · Australian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1080/10361146.2021.2012125 · Cited by 7
“Settler emotion: a conceptual framework The classic definition of settler-colonialism proposed by Patrick Wolfe emphasises its nature as an ongoing political structure, rather than a singular historical event (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
BackgroundAdoption is (not) a Dirty Word: Towards an Adoption-centric Theory of Anishinaabeg Citizenship
Lee, D. (2021) · First Peoples Child & Family Review An Interdisciplinary Journal Honouring the Voices Perspectives and Knowledges of First Peoples · doi:10.7202/1077184ar · Cited by 6
“…the realization that Canada is a settler colonial state (Barker, 2009), and that settler colonial states are intent on replacing Indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006), it becomes clear that the out-adoption of Indigenous children into non-native homes is but a tool in the larger process of assimilating…”
BackgroundMobile postcards: Zapotec imagined mobility
Ruiz, M. V. (2022) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2021.2016353 · Cited by 7
“An extension of the logics of elimination of the native (Wolfe 2006), these entanglements attempt to erase and challenge Zapotec immigrants’ identities as Indigenous peoples.”
BackgroundBaron, E., Henkeman, S., Johnsen, T., Klaasen, J. S., Lightfoot, S. R., Lindmark, D., MacDonald, D. B., Nordquist, K.-Å., Quinn, J. R., Sara, M. N., et al. (2021) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2021.bk174 · Cited by 8
Scherer, J., Kafara, R., & Davidson, J. (2022) · Journal of Sport and Social Issues · doi:10.1177/01937235221094063 · Cited by 7
“Audra Simpson (2014), following Patrick Wolfe (2006), argues “that settler colonialism is defined by a territorial project–– the accumulation of land–– whose seemingly singular focus differentiates if from other forms of colonialism.”
BackgroundContesting settler colonial logics in Kashmir as pedagogical praxis
Junaid, M., & Kanjwal, H. (2022) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1080/03626784.2022.2072666 · Cited by 7
“For a critical pedagogic praxis, the ongoing nature of these drastic transformations in Kashmir demonstrates that settler colonialism is not to be understood as a single event, but as a structure or a constant “normalization of dispossession” (cf. Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
BackgroundAshton, E. (2022) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350262416 · Cited by 9
Whiteside, H. (2022) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2022.2120524 · Cited by 7
“…details that speak to critical studies of slavery and settler colonialism (e.g. Baptist, 2014; Beckert, 2014; Coulthard, 2014; French, 2021; King, 2019; Wolfe, 2006) through the layered histories of race, class, production, institutional alliances, and forms of land seizure at the time and over…”
BackgroundNot “Civilized” Enough to Be Taxed: Indigeneity, Citizenship, and the 1919 Alaska School Tax
Zahnd, M. (2022) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1017/lsi.2022.44 · Cited by 7
“For a comprehensive analysis of the case, see Schwaiger (2011). an existing corpus of discriminatory policies, the taxation of “uncivilized” Native workers thus contributed to their sociocultural and political “elimination” (Wolfe 2006) from the settler space.”
BackgroundSocial Quarantining in the Construction and Maintenance of White Australia
Staines, Z. (2022) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385221129046 · Cited by 7
Elegant conservation: reimagining protected area stewardship in the 21st century
Bobowski, B., & Fiege, M. (2023) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13788-280125 · Cited by 9
Motta, S. C. (2023) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2023.2177433 · Cited by 8
“In Australia this was/is articulated with two clear strategies in relation to First Nations peoples: direct physical extermination and elimination through assimilation (Wolfe, 2006).”
MethodReframing leadership for a more just society
Mitchell, T. D., Museus, S. D., Puente, M., & Ting, M. P. (2023) · New Directions for Student Leadership · doi:10.1002/yd.20537 · Cited by 7
“…communities, deep-rooted anti-immigrant and anti-Asian violence, cultures that valorize toxic masculinity and widespread sexual violence, and the continued colonization of indigenous land and water wreaking havoc on the environment and public health (Francis & Wright-Rigueur, 2021; Wolfe, 2006).”
Veracini, L. (2023) · Humanities · doi:10.3390/h12030040 · Cited by 7
“…sovereign collectives, populations that are to be assimilated or removed, or targeted for elimination, physical or otherwise, and complexities that are to be flattened, are all to be transferred and ‘edited’ away in accordance with the ‘logic of elimination’ (see Wolfe 2006; Veracini 2010).”
BackgroundDecolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies
Tetrault, J. E. C. (2023) · Incarceration · doi:10.1177/26326663231188203 · Cited by 7
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
BackgroundFlynn, J. P., Carter, D., Hernández, L. H., & Hutson, G. (2023) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2023.2256028 · Cited by 10
“As with North American outdoor recreation, generally, climbing reflects legacies of settler colonialism and ongoing replacement of Indigenous populations by settler populations (Anson, 2019; Tuck & Yang, 2021; Wolfe, 2006) and patriarchal white supremacy (Martin, 2004; Robinson, 2008).”
Ansloos, J. P. (2023) · Somatechnics · doi:10.3366/soma.2023.0403 · Cited by 13
Verbuyst, R. (2023) · Critical Discourse Studies · doi:10.1080/17405904.2023.2273324 · Cited by 7
“Settlers indeed structurally bene fi t from ‘ eliminating ’ and ‘ containing ’ indigenous people in various ways, ranging from decimation and dispossession, to co-optation and cultural appropriation, and every-thing in-between (Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006).”
Skarpelis, A. (2023) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/727562 · Cited by 7
Hidden in Plain Sight: The Foundations and Limitations of Global Governance and Global Goals
Edwards, D. B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27750-3_31 · Cited by 7
Kariyawasam, N., & Rai, N. (2023) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2024.7 · Cited by 7
“14 In addition to the logic of elimination, Luana Ross describes colonialism as a logic of incarceration where Indigenous people are “confined in forts, boarding schools, orphanages, jails and prisons and on reservations.””
BackgroundDecolonizing digital accessibility within land/water realities using minimal computing
Rice, M. F., & de Jesús, J. T. A. (2024) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2024.2394471 · Cited by 10
“It also makes it difficult for children to be qualified for or interested in, other meaningful opportunities (Spring 2016; Wolfe 2006).”
Settler colonialism, multiculturalism and the politics of postcolonial identity
Lovell, M. (2007) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · Cited by 7
A disrupting darkness: youth resistance as racial wisdom
Paperson, L. (2011) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2011.632786 · Cited by 7
“Social reproduction theory critiques inequity within a liberal democracy, and thus does not account for how difficult it is to simply reproduce when one is structured for elimination within that democracy (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundNecropolitical Debris: The Dichotomy of Life and Death
Shalhoub‐Kevorkian, N. (2015) · State Crime Journal · doi:10.13169/statecrime.4.1.0034 · Cited by 7
Hunter, B. H. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.008 · Cited by 7
The Psychopolitical Foundations of Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State
Rouhana, N. N. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107045316.002 · Cited by 7
The nostalgic native? The politics and terms of heritage and remembrance in two communities
Orr, R. I. (2017) · International Journal of Heritage Studies · doi:10.1080/13527258.2017.1300929 · Cited by 7
“Wolfe (2006) identified the narrow construction of Native status and the ease in which settler societies revoke the indigeneity of indigenous populations as the logic of elimination.”
BackgroundCollaborating on Selfsame Land1
Tuck, E., & Guess, A. M. (2017) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-977-5_4 · Cited by 8
American Indian Modernities and New Modernist Studies’ “Indian Problem”
Brown, K. (2017) · Texas Studies in Literature & Language · doi:10.7560/tsll59303 · Cited by 7
Arnold, J. (2017) · Space and Culture · doi:10.1177/1206331217741808 · Cited by 7
“The conditions of precarity outlined above are directly related to the structuring logic of colonial capitalist modes of production that require greater access to finite lands and the elimination of any Indigenous peoples who stand in the way of this agenda (Harvey, 2005; Powell, 2007; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundA land neither here nor there: voices from the margins & the untenuring of Lakota lands
Brewer, J. P., & Dennis, M. K. (2018) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-018-9867-2 · Cited by 7
Hildesheim Avant-Garde: Bronze, Columns, and Colonialism
Weinryb, I. (2018) · Speculum · doi:10.1086/698705 · Cited by 7
“Governance in Postcolonial India,” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 8/1 (2006): 12–30; and Patrick Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research 8 (2006): 3878409.”
BackgroundInfluentialGendered and Sexualized Figurations of Security
Leigh, D., & Weber, C. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315525099-7 · Cited by 7
“…“developed” – including in their gendered, sexual and familial arrangements – then the Australian state might claim authority over those communities or even attempt to destroy them in the name of “development”, as settler-states including Australia have long done and continue to do (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundBasic Income and Cultural Participation for Remote-Living Indigenous Australians
Altman, J., & Markham, F. (2019) · Exploring the basic income guarantee · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14378-7_5 · Cited by 9
Baijius, W., & Patrick, R. J. (2019) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2019.10.5.8502 · Cited by 7
“Collectively, these impacts resulted in what has been termed today as cultural genocide (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundThe right to an urban history: The Gaza Master Plan, 1975–1982
Abreek-Zubiedat, F., & Nitzan-Shiftan, A. (2020) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775820955196 · Cited by 7
“We argue that the early Israeli occupation of Gaza cannot be fully understood as a story of Israeli-led structural ethnic cleansing and displacement of native populations (Gordon, 2008; Veracini, 2006; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundState Crime, Native Americans and COVID-19
Finley, L. L. (2021) · State Crime Journal · doi:10.13169/statecrime.10.1.0045 · Cited by 7
Sylvestre, P. (2021) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12735 · Cited by 7
Teaching as Trespass: Avoiding Places of Innocence
Bascuñán, D., CARROLL, S. M., Sinke, M., et al. (2022) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2021.1993112 · Cited by 7
Mercau, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108629843 · Cited by 8
The American West and the World
Lahti, J. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315643212 · Cited by 7
Ogimah Ikwe: Native Women and Their Path to Leadership
Lajimodiere, D. K. (2011) · Wicazo Sa Review · doi:10.5749/wicazosareview.26.2.0057 · Cited by 7
Stemming the Tide of Aboriginal Incarceration
Kelly, M., & Tubex, H. (2015) · The University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review · doi:10.32613/undalr/2015.17.1.2 · Cited by 7
The evolution of Australian macroeconomic strategy since World War 2
Keating, M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.027 · Cited by 7
Transformative Occupations in the Modern Middle East
Jackson, S., & Moses, A. D. (2017) · Humanity · doi:10.1353/hum.2017.0017 · Cited by 7
Global perspectives on Welsh Patagonia: the complexities of being both colonizer and colonized
Taylor, L. (2018) · Journal of Global History · doi:10.1017/s1740022818000232 · Cited by 7
Kapi Wiya : Water insecurity and aqua-nullius in remote inland Aboriginal Australia
Judd, B. (2019) · Thesis Eleven · doi:10.1177/0725513618821969 · Cited by 6
“According to Patrick Wolfe, settler-colonialism in Australia has been primarily characterized by the logic of native elimination (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundLandertinger, L. (2011) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.13599.18082 · Cited by 7
Leonard, B., & Mercier, O. (2020) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12980942.v1 · Cited by 9
“However, new forms of “settler colonialism” (Wolfe, 2006) are very much present in terms of who can access IK, for what purposes, and how control of knowledge is negotiated within the academy.”
BackgroundOpen to Disruption: Time and Craft in the Practice of Slow Sociology
Garey, A. I., & Hertz, R. (2014) · Cited by 7
Healing Heritage: New Approaches to Commemorating Canada’s Indian Residential School System
Cooper-Bolam, T. (2014) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10599 · Cited by 7
Agrarian repair : agriculture, race and accumulation in contemporary Canada and South Africa
Sommerville, M. (2019) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0379208 · Cited by 7
Noelli, F. S., Sallum, M., & Peixoto, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Social Archaeology · doi:10.1177/14696053231180273 · Cited by 7
Horner, M., Muñoz, J., & Petrone, R. (2021) · Research on Diversity in Youth Literature · doi:10.21900/j.rydl.v4i1.1582 · Cited by 6
Nettelbeck, A. (2019) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.1017/9781108559225 · Cited by 6
The Politics of Mass Violence in the Middle East
Robson, L. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198825036.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Hajj, N. (2021) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780520383258 · Cited by 7
Returning to totality: Settler colonialism, decolonization, and struggles for freedom
Grant, J., & Snelgrove, C. (2023) · Philosophy & Social Criticism · doi:10.1177/01914537231219935 · Cited by 6
“Even though Wolfe understands the constitution of settler colonialism to be one of complex causation (2006, 390, 392), he does so inconsistently.”
Persisting through friction: growing a community driven knowledge infrastructure
Rayburn, A., Punzalan, R. L., & Thomer, A. K. (2024) · Archival Science · doi:10.1007/s10502-023-09427-5 · Cited by 10
“Reducing systemic friction: Some friction may not be possible to ‘fix’ under the structures of settler colonialism (Wolfe 2006) that GRASAC operates within (while it is also consciously opposing).”
Settler urbanism, emotional geographies, and Indigenous planning in Ecuadorian Amazonia
Lamiña, A., & Sletto, B. (2024) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/02637758241240872 · Cited by 6
“…(Tucker, 2017), settler urbanism has become the chief mechanism for dispossession and elimination, transforming ancestral Indigenous land into urban space that serves the extractivist goals of the colonial project (Porter and Yiftachel, 2019; Sandercock, 2004; Weizman, 2017; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundDay, M., & Carlson, B. L. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197605509.003.0010 · Cited by 6
Décobert, A., & Wells, T. (2025) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2024.2445531 · Cited by 6
“For example, as McNevin (2022) shows, the idea of a ‘ refugee crisis ’ in Europe detracted attention from the neo-colonial roots of contemporary population flows and from the nature of colonial violence as a structure and not an event (Quijano & Ennis, 2000; Wolfe, 2006).”
Datta, R. K., Charles, C. J., Chapola, J., Haque, C. E., & Subroto, S. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01000-7 · Cited by 10
“This could further destabilize Indigenous teaching and understanding of their worldview and practices [42, 48].”
Indigenous Abolition and the Third Space of Indian Child Welfare
Beardall, T. R. (2025) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy9020059 · Cited by 6
Truth‐telling in the Australian Curriculum
Auld, G., Fricker, A., Fricker, A. B., et al. (2025) · The Curriculum Journal · doi:10.1002/curj.337 · Cited by 6
Dickson, D., & Linton, M. Q. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423925000253 · Cited by 6
“In this way, systemic ableism is part of the larger settler culture of removal, replacement, and elimination (Wolfe, 2006; Jaffee & John, 2018).”
Pansera, M. (2025) · Journal of Responsible Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2025.100132 · Cited by 6
Echoes of eugenics: confronting its effects in indigenous genomics
Sherman, C. A., Nataneli, S., Claw, K. G., & Mooney, J. A. (2025) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyaf127 · Cited by 10
“These narratives helped turn Indigenous peoples “into ghosts” to secure land and resources (Wolfe 2006; Tuck and Yang 2012 ) while simultaneously embedding eugenics into policies of land allotment, education, and reproductive surveillance.”
Colonial pyrotechniques in Palestine: Arboricide and fiery dispossessions
Nieuwenhuis, M., & Joronen, M. (2025) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486251385851 · Cited by 7
“” Devastation attacks the future of Indigenous life-worlds, but in settler colonial contexts — de fi ned by the “ logic of elimination ” (Wolfe, 2006; see also Salamanca, 2016; Velednitsky et al., 2020) — it also aims at their replacement with settler worlds.”
Alberda, A. P., Chipangura, N., Choksey, L., de Groot, J., & Sharma, M. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009635363 · Cited by 7
Indigenous employees’ experiences of work: An interdisciplinary review
Walker, B. W., Staniland, N. A., Haar, J. M., et al. (2025) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267251394567 · Cited by 6
“Drawing on Wolfe (2007), Tuck and Yang (2012) emphasize that colonialism is not an event but a structure.”
Risk management and the logic of elimination
Stanley, A. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2020.1763425 · Cited by 6
Transamerican Sentimentalism and Nineteenth-Century US Literary History
Windell, M. A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198862338.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Reimagining the Indigenous art market: site of decolonisation and assertion of Indigenous cultures
Chow, A. M., Carrington, M., & Ozanne, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2022.2082513 · Cited by 6
“As a result, Wolfe (2006) asserts, ‘settler colonialism destroys to replace’ (p. 388).”
BackgroundWhat Happens to Indigenous Law in the Museum?
Leischner, E. J. (2022) · Museum Worlds · doi:10.3167/armw.2022.100104 · Cited by 6
Teaching Decolonizing and Indigenizing Curatorial and Museum Practices
Phillips, L. (2022) · Museum Worlds · doi:10.3167/armw.2022.100109 · Cited by 6
Native voices on Native appropriation
Keene, A. J., Small‐Rodriguez, D., & Davis‐Delano, L. R. (2023) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2023.2229423 · Cited by 8
“Historically, settlers attempted to eradicate Indigenous nations and cultures, and thus Indigenous identities (e.g. McKay, Vinyeta, and Norgaard 2020; Wolfe 2006).”
Background“We Know Well, but All the Same . . . ”
El‐Haj, N. A. (2023) · History of the Present · doi:10.1215/21599785-10630149 · Cited by 6
The Absent Curriculum in Finnish History Textbooks: The Case of Colonialism
Kohvakka, T. (2024) · Nordisk tidsskrift for pedagogikk og kritikk · doi:10.23865/ntpk.v10.5843 · Cited by 6
“The Sámi people, like other Indigenous peoples, were subjected to foreign authorship that saw Sápmi as a territory without a permanent settlement or organized society (Lehtola, 2015; Miles, 2021; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialKnobblock, I. (2024) · Meridians · doi:10.1215/15366936-10927016 · Cited by 7
“Using the logic of elimination, Patrick Wolfe (2006) captures the need for settler nations to disappear Indigenous peoples from the territory and therefore erase their historical and collective claim on the land.”
Manifestations of Colonialism in Linguistics and Opportunities for Decolonization Through Refusal
Montoya, I. L. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197755259.003.0002 · Cited by 6
The social role of vocational education in decolonisation
Ngo, S. (2024) · Journal of Vocational Education and Training · doi:10.1080/13636820.2024.2384032 · Cited by 6
“…of these ideologies is founded in the intersectionality of race, class , and gender-oppression can provide the vocational education community with a contextual awareness of how and why settler-colonialism as an enduring system continues to impact our worldviews and perceptions (Wolfe 2006).”
Violent dwelling: Settler colonialism and domicide
Ram, M., & Handel, A. (2024) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103179 · Cited by 6
Indigenous workplace policies: the crucial role of Indigenous management
Eva, C., Foley, D., Bodle, K. A., Hunter, B. H., Harris, J., & Nichols, N. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1177/00221856241267831 · Cited by 8
“The interpretation of colonialism as an ‘ event ’ as opposed to a ‘ process ’ (Wolfe, 2006) contributes to the location of Indigenous disadvantage within the labour market as detached from its historical and continuing context and remains tarred with racist framings of Indigenous peoples and work…”
Tak, M., Hussain, S. B., Zargar, H., & Blake, L. (2024) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12666 · Cited by 6
“…adds to literature on critical agrarian change (see the works by Roy, 1987, 1999; Kadri, 2014; Ajl, 2021; Basha, 2023), environmental security 14 (Peluso and Watts, 2001), settler-colonialism (Wolfe, 2006; Veracini, 2017), and indigenous studies (see, for example, K (cid:1) ehaulani Kauanui, 2016).”
Sherwood, D. A., VanDeusen, K. M., Leahy, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Community Practice · doi:10.1080/10705422.2024.2428862 · Cited by 6
“This violence is not temporally contained in the arrival of the settler, as an event in time (in 1493) but is reasserted each day of occupation as a form of structural violence (see Tuck & Yang, 2012; Wolfe, 2006).”
Ko, D., Bal, A., Mawene, D., Orie, L., Yoo, J., & Schrader, E. M. (2024) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681241308103 · Cited by 7
“Settler-colonialism, aiming to erase Indigeneity, is anything but bygone; it remains deeply indexed in the everyday policies and practices that shape learning opportunities and outcomes for Indigenous youth (Tuck & Yang, 2012; Wolfe, 2006).”
Ko, D., Bal, A., & Bear, A. B. (2025) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584251324152 · Cited by 8
“As a violent act to eliminate and replace Indigeneity, the Walleye War exemplified how settler colonialism racializes Indigenous peoples—criminal-izing tribal cultural practices to dispossess them of lands, resources, and rights (Brayboy, 2005; Wolfe, 2006).”
Arriving on a Different Shore: US Empire at Its Horizons
Byrd, J. A. (2014) · College literature · doi:10.1353/lit.2014.0007 · Cited by 6
Reading Genesis–Joshua as a Unified Document from an Early Date: A Settler Colonial Perspective
Pitkänen, P. (2015) · Biblical Theology Bulletin Journal of Bible and Culture · doi:10.1177/0146107914564822 · Cited by 6
Combatting Violence Against Indigenous Women
Nagy, R. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137476159_11 · Cited by 7
Seltzer, A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.013 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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