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Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
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The question of genocide is never far from discussions of settler colonialism. Land is life—or, at least, land is necessary for life. Thus contests for land can be—indeed, often are—contests for li...
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64 Own interpretation · 30 Sources not found · 10 No basis given · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet
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“the factor that most antagonized the Georgia state government (with the at-least-tacit support of Andrew Jackson's federal administration) was not actually the recalcitrant savagery of which Indians were routinely accused, but the Cherokee's unmistakable aptitude for civilization.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Throughout this process, reformers' justifications for it (saving the Indian from the tribe, giving him the same opportunities as the White man, etc.) repeatedly included the express intention to destroy the tribe in whole.60”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60] 60. Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1955), p 180.
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“In the half-century from 1881, the total acreage held by Indians in the United States fell by two thirds, from just over 155 million acres to just over 52 million.59”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] 59. John R. Wunder, "Retained by the People": A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights (New York: Oxford U.P. 1994), pp 17, 39.
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“At the height of the Dawes-era assimilation programme, for instance, in the decade after Richard Pratt penned his Denver paper, Indian numbers hit the lowest level they would ever register.50”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50] 50. "In 1998-2000, life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples was shorter by 21 years for males and 20 years for females, compared with the total population . . . In 1998-2000, the death rate for Indi- genous infants was around four times the rate in the total population." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Aus- tralian Social Trends: Health-Mortality and Morbidity: Mortality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002), p 1. See also: House of Representatives Standing Committee on Family and Community Affairs, Health i
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“The centrepiece of this campaign was the allotment programme, first generalized as Indian policy in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and subsequently intensified and extended, whereby tribal land was to be broken down into individual allotments whose proprietors could eventually sell them to White people.58”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58] 58. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 US 1903, p 553. SETTLER COLONIALISM
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“The first major expression of this shift was the discontinuation of treaty-making, which came about in 1871.55”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] 55. "No Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." 16 Stat., 566 (Act of March 3, 1871), c 120, s
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“As practised by Europeans, both genocide and settler colonialism have typically employed the organizing grammar of race.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In settlercolonial terms, this enables a population to be expanded by continuing immigration at the expense of native lands and livelihoods.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Though a thoroughgoing diminution of native entitlement was axiomatic to discovery, the discourse was primarily addressed to relations between European sovereigns rather than to relations between Europeans and natives.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. As Mr Justice Johnson put it in his concurrence with Chief Justice Marshall's judgment in Cherokee v. Georgia, "The hunter state bore within itself the promise of vacating the territory, because when game ceased, the hunter would go elsewhere to seek it. But a more fixed state of society would amount to a permanent destruction of the hope, and, of consequence, of the beneficial character of the pre-emptive right." Cherokee v. Georgia, 30 US (5 Peters) 1, 1831, p 23. 20 The judgments most often cited in this connection are Worcester v. Georgia, 31 US (6 Peters) 515, 1832, Crow Dog, 109 US 5
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“As observed, the logic of elimination continues into the present.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“They had become successful agriculturalists on the White model, with a number of them owning substantial holdings of Black slaves, and they had introduced a written national constitution that bore more than a passing resemblance to the US one.41”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. Ross-the successful self-made Cherokee entrepreneur-was really what white Georgians feared. Their biggest obstacle to acquiring the Cherokee lands was the cultivator's plow and overseer's whip-not PATRICK WOLFE the war club, bow, and scalping knife." Sean M. O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Westport, CT: Praeger 2003), p 229. For the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, see the Cherokee Phoenix, February 28, 1828.
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“Even in contemporary, post-Native Title Australia, Aboriginal life expectancy clings to a level some 25% below that enjoyed by mainstream society, with infant mortality rates that are even worse.51”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51] 51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
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“In the end, though, the western frontier met the one moving back in from the Pacific, and there was simply no space left for removal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“As homesteaders, by contrast, the Choctaw who stayed became individual proprietors, each to his own, of separately allotted fragments of what had previously been the tribal estate, theirs to sell to White people if they chose to.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Rwanda and Burundi are colonial creations-not only so far as the obvious factor of their geographical borders is concerned, but, more intimately, in the very racial boundaries that marked and reproduced the Hutu/Tutsi division.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] 37. Robert Melson, "Modern genocide in Rwanda: ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state," in Gellately and Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide, pp 325-338, at p 326.
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“All these strategies, including frontier homicide, are characteristic of settler colonialism.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In addition to its objective economic centrality to the project, agriculture, with its life-sustaining connectedness to land, is a potent symbol of settler-colonial identity.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Preemption sanctioned European priority but not Indigenous freedom of choice.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“the occasions on or the extent to which settler colonialism conduces to genocide are not a matter of the presence or absence of the formal apparatus of the state.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“In its positive aspect, the logic of elimination marks a return whereby the native repressed continues to structure settler-colonial society.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“I contend that, though the two have converged-which is to say, the settler-colonial logic of elimination has manifested as genocidal-they should be distinguished.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“In sum, then, settler colonialism is an inclusive, land-centred project that coordinates a comprehensive range of agencies, from the metropolitan centre to the frontier encampment, with a view to eliminating Indigenous societies.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Agriculture not only supports the other sectors.It is inherently sedentary and, therefore, permanent.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Accordingly, settler-colonial discourse is resolutely impervious to glaring inconsistencies such as sedentary natives or the fact that the settlers themselves have come from somewhere else.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The American right to buy always superseded the Indian right not to sell.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Grant Foreman, Indian Removal (Norman, OK: Oklahoma U.P. 1932). SETTLER COLONIALISM
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In the paper
“Settler colonialism is inherently eliminatory but not invariably genocidal.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“As opposed to enslaved people, whose reproduction augmented their owners' wealth, Indigenous people obstructed settlers' access to land, so their increase was counterproductive.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“It is both as complex social formation and as continuity through time that I term settler colonization a structure rather than an event”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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“settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Abstract
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In the paper
“In the event, Indigenous people are either rendered dependent on the introduced economy or reduced to the stock-raids that provide the classic pretext for colonial death-squads.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Aborigines were accorded no rights to their territory, informal variants on the theme of terra nullius being taken for granted in settler culture.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“For various reasons, these removals, which turned eastern tribes into proxy invaders of Indian territory across the Mississippi, were a crude and unsatisfactory form of elimination.In particular, they were temporary, it being only a matter of time before the frontier rabble caught up with them.53”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] 53. This was the reality behind the mushrooming frontier demographies. "In the decade before 1820, the popu- lation of the new state of Alabama increased by a startling 1,000 per cent." O'Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears, p 221. For an illuminating catalogue of Creek responses to this invasion, see Richard S. Lackey, comp., Frontier Claims in the Lower South. Records of Claims Filed by Citizens of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee River Settlements in the Mississippi Territory for Depradations by the Creek Indians During the War of 1812 (New Orleans: Polyanthos 1977).
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“Mass murders are not the same thing as genocide, though the one action can be both.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Tribal land was tribally owned-tribes and private property did not mix.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“On emancipation, Blacks became surplus to some requirements and, to that extent, more like Indians.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolfe, 'Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race,' American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
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“In the first place, it shows us that settler colonialism is an indicator.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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“My reason for not favouring the term is that it confuses definition with degree.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“The US parallel is significant because, unlike the South African case, the formal apparatus of oppression (slavery) was overcome but Whites remained in power.76”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
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“Colin Tatz has argued, conclusively in my view, that, while Turkish behaviour in Armenia, Nazi behaviour in Europe, and Australian behaviour towards Aborigines (among other examples) constitute genocide, the apartheid regime in South Africa does not.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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In the paper
“Richard Pratt and Phillip Sheridan were both practitioners of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the strike on the World Trade Center is an example of mass murder but not, in my view, of genocide.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] 48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the genocide tribunal is the wrong court.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, as Palestinians become more and more dispensable, Gaza and the West Bank become less and less like Bantustans and more and more like reservations (or, for that matter, like the Warsaw Ghetto).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without the tribe, though, for all practical purposes they were no longer Indians (this is the citizenship part).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > ÃÃÃ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Apart from its contrivance, this analogy fails because the Nazi racialization of Jews did not conduce to their assimilation.Rather, the reverse was the case.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > Notes and References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gellately
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish).”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Amir
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Definitionally, in other words, as in the case of other patterned or cumulative phenomena, genocide can obtain retrospectively.”
§ Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In some settler-colonial sites such as Fiji, native society was able to accommodate the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system they introduced.
“In some settler-colonial sites (one thinks, for instance, of Fiji), native society was able to accommodate-though hardly unscathed-the invaders and the transformative socioeconomic system that they introduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Land is necessary for life.
“Land is life-or, at least, land is necessary for life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism always needs more land.
“Of itself, however, modernity cannot explain the insatiable dynamic whereby settler colonialism always needs more land.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Settler colonialism is a specific social formation whose specificity should be retained.
“As stated at the outset, settler colonialism is a specific social formation and it is desirable to retain that specificity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time.
“Since settler colonialism persists over extended periods of time, structural genocide should be easier to interrupt than short-term genocides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rule of law is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.
“since it does not involve such a disruptive affront to the rule of law that is ideologically central to the cohesion of settler society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Apartheid also relied on sequestration.
“There again, apartheid also relied on sequestration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.
“As valuable commodities, slaves had only been destroyed in extremis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Porous borders do not offer a way out.
“Porous borders do not offer a way out.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“I use ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to emphasize how liberal interventions inspired by sympathy for Indigenous suffering are aligned with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of eliminating Indigenous peoples in order to control and exploit their territory (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, standards-heavy science education in the U.S. participates in, and is a re fl ection of, U.S. settler colonialism (Calderón, 2014a), as the displacement and elimination of indigenous knowledges from the curriculum mimics how (mostly) European settlers permanently moved into territories for economic gain, while displacing, dispossessing, and enslaving indigenous peoples (Wolfe, 2006).”
From Creating third spaces in K-12 socio-environmental education through indigenous languages: a case study (2024) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“methods included westward removal of Native communities to enable settler territorial expansion as well as ethnocidal settler governmental policy illegitimizing and illegalizing Native cultures and subsequent forced assimilation of Native peoples into Anglo lifestyles-and the settler economy, and the general imposition of settler governmental powers over Native individuals and Native Nations”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“genocide was key among the mechanisms of usurping Native populations of their resources and legal-political powers in the Americas”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The nature of the settler colonial society, regardless of where it is imposed, is defined by the divestiture of the political, governmental, economic powers of the colonized (Indigenous) population toward the benefit and supremacy of the settler population”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dominant representations of”
From Review of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country, Marisa Elena Duarte (2019) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“I use the formulation of ' settlerhumanitarianism ' to express how liberal interventions of care and protection, intended to ameliorate Indigenous suffering, align with settler-colonialism ' s enduring goal of Indigenous elimination (Wolfe 2006).”
From Settler-Humanitarianism: Healing the Indigenous Child-Victim (2017) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The colonial logics of elimination that materialized security theology in Palestine are evinced in other settler colonial contexts (Wolfe, 2006), such as in the United States where curriculums of fear are framed as epistemological tools for reinforcing settler rights to Indigenous lands via statesponsored educational and genocidal projects (Nguyen, 2016).”
From Entwined Complicities: Genocidal Geographies of the Youth Carceral State and Arrivals to Educational Abolitionism (2025) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Wolfe (2006) famously argued, colonialism is not an event, but a structure of settler societies.”
From Decolonizing prisons: Indigenized programming and a critique of critical prison studies (2023) · cites this paper as Wolfe, 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Wolfe (2006) points out that settler colonialism acts as an enduring structure, not an event, meaning it is not a historical moment of conquest but an ongoing form of occupation through the enduring social, political, and economic structures built by invading people (Grimwood and Johnson 2019;Kauanui 2016;Tuck and Yang 2012;Wolfe 2006).”
From Unsettling Archaeology (2020) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These macro-level social frames are informed by a logic of elimination (Wolfe 2006), which seeks to erase Indigenous Peoples and their rightful claims to land, political sovereignty, and cultural alterity.”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Wolfe 2006
In the citing paper
“Indigenizing healthcare by increasing numbers of Indigenous healthcare providers makes sense and it has been a focus of the Canadian governments and universities in order to improve healthcare and, ultimately, the health of First Nations [72].”
From Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Citations
Cites
How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire
Harris, C. (2004) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401009.x · Cited by 457
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
Snipp, C. M., & Thornton, R. (1990) · The American Indian Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1185031 · Cited by 403
Farber, D., & Litwack, L. F. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2649423 · Cited by 365
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
Litwack, L. F. (1998) · doi:10.5860/choice.36-0523 · Cited by 346
Land, labor, and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914
Shafir, G. (1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4058 · Cited by 241
35. The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites
Pratt, R. Η. (1973) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674435056.c39 · Cited by 171
Fitzmaurice, A. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490521 · Cited by 145
The Palestinian People: A History
Brown, L. C., Kimmerling, B., & Migdal, J. S. (2003) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20033734 · Cited by 124
The idea of race and its elevation to autonomous scientific and legal status
Guillaumin, C. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203422243-6 · Cited by 67
Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948
Brown, L. C., & Benvenisti, M. (2000) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20049942 · Cited by 62
Research works printed but not linked: 23
- [1]1. Rose, Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1991), p 46. ne, destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the oppressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the oppressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals." Raphae ¨l Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944), p 79.
- [3]3. Theodor Herzl, Old-New Land [Altneuland, 1902], Lotta Levensohn, trans. (New York: M. Wiener 1941), p 38.
- [13]13. Robert A. Williams, Jr., The American Indian in Western Legal Thought: The Discourses of Conquest (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1990), esp. pp 233-286.
- [14]14. This observation unites almost all commentators, whatever their political inclination. Cf. e.g. Anthony Anghie, "Finding the peripheries: sovereignty and colonialism in nineteenth-century international law," Harvard International Law Journal, Vol 40, 1999, pp 1-80, at p 69;
- [19]19. The classic accounts from a well-established literature include: Annie H. Abel, "The history of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi River," in American Historical Association Annual Report for 1906, 2 vols (Washington, DC: American Historical Association 1906), Vol 2, pp 233 - 450;
- [25]25. For discussion of Olney's "tide of history" concept, see Jackie Delpero, "'The tide of history': Australian native title discourse in global context," MA thesis, Victoria University, Australia, 2003;
- [26]26. David Rittter, "The judgement of the world: the Yorta Yorta case and the "tide of history,'" Australian Historical Studies, Vol 123, 2004, pp 106-121.
- [29]29. n order to justify the inclusion of the Negev in the future Jewish state, eleven new kibbutzim were simul- taneously installed in that desert region on October 6th, 1946, in addition to the ten settlements already established there during the War for the same purpose." Nathan Weinstock, Zionism, False Messiah, Alan Adler, trans. (London: Ink Links 1979), p 249.
- [32]32. Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, Janet Lloyd, trans. (New York: New Press 2003);
- [35]35. Israel is also, of course, a partial exception here, though not so substantial an exception as is asserted by those who claim that Israel cannot be a colonial formation because it lacks a single commissioning metro- polis. From the outset, the Yishuv co-opted Ottoman, British and US imperialism to its own advantage, a reciprocated opportunism involving what Maxime Rodinson neatly glossed as "the collective mother country." Rodinson, Israel. A Settler-Colonial State? David Thorstad, trans. (New York: Monad 1973), p 76.
- [39]39. "For the provisions serving to the support of humane life, produced by one acre of inclosed and cultivated land, are (to speak much within compasse) ten times more, than those, which are yeilded [sic] by an acre of Land, of an equal richnesse, lyeing wast in common." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. 1963 [1698]), p 312.
- [40]40. The new Jew is an enduring Zionist theme. In introducing his terrorist memoir, future Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin announced that, in addition to his Jewish readers, he had also written the book for gentiles: "lest they be unwilling to realise, or all too ready to overlook, the fact that out of blood and fire and tears and ashes a new specimen of human being was born, a specimen completely unknown to the world for over eighteen hundred years, 'the FIGHTING JEW'." Begin, The Revolt, Samuel Katz, trans. (London: W.H. Allen 1979), p xxv, capitals in original. For a more recent diasporan example, see, for instance, the Adi Nes photograph used as publicity for the Jewish Museum of New York's 1998-1999 "After Rabin: new art from Israel" show, at www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/content/exhibitions/special/rabin/rabin_zoom/rabinL1.html 41 "
- [48]48. Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon 1869), pp 314, 426. Cf. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, p 79.
- [51]51. Neil Thomson, "Trends in Aboriginal infant mortality," in Alan Gray, ed., A Matter of Life and Death: Contemporary Aboriginal Infant Mortality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1990), pp 1-8.
- [61]61. See e.g. Frederick E. Hoxie, A Final Promise. The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Nebraska U.P. 1989); Prucha, Americanizing the American Indians, passim.
- [63]63. "Thus the key factor in colonial and 'post'-colonial race relations is not, as some have argued, simple demographic numbers, since populations have to be differentiated before they can be counted. Difference, it cannot be stressed enough, is not simply given. It is the outcome of differentiation, which is an intensely conflictual process." Patrick Wolfe, "Land, labor, and difference: elementary structures of race," American Historical Review, Vol 106, 2001, pp 865-905, at p 894.
- [68]68. Wolfe, "Nation and miscegeNation," p 111; Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, p 180. Scholars who have made this point after me are too numerous to mention. Among those who made it before I did, see e.g. Jeremy Beckett, "The past in the present, the present in the past: constructing a national Aboriginality," in his, ed., Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press 1988), pp 191-217;
- [71]71. Evans and Thorpe, "The massacre of Aboriginal history," Overland, Vol 163, 2001, pp 21 -39, at p 36.
- [73]73. Robert K. Hitchcock and Tara M. Twedt, "Physical and cultural genocide of various Indigenous peoples," in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny, eds, Genocide in the Twentieth Century (New York: Garland Press 1995), pp 483 -514, at pp 498-501. For "politicide" ("a process that covers a wide range of social, political, and military activities whose goal is to destroy the political and national viability of a whole community of people"), see Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide. Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians (rev. ed., London: Verso 2006).
- [76]76. Ward Churchill, Indians Are Us? Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press 1994).
- [80]80. A drive to replace Palestinian labour with cheap immigrant labour was begun in the early 1990s in response to the first Intifada. Though this policy was officially abandoned as it generated its own problems, around 8% of Israel's population continues to be made up of illegal immigrants (who are, by definition, non-Jewish). See Shmuel Amir, "Overseas foreign workers in Israel: policy aims and labor market outcomes," International Migration Review, Vol 36, 2002, pp 41-58;
- [81]81. Eric Beachemin, "Illegal in Israel," Radio Netherlands broadcast, September 15, 2004, at http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/features/humanrights/tornlives/ilegalinisrael?view ¼ Standard; Leila Farsakh, "An occupation that creates children willing to die. Israel: an apartheid state?," Monde Diplomatique, English language edition, November 4, 2003, at http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/ 04apartheid
- [85]85. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Eman- cipation (Oxford: Oxford U.P. 1984), pp 180-223.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,201–1,300 of 6,388
Exceptionalism as a Way of Life
Padios, J. M. (2018) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv120qtmn.11 · Cited by 10
Shifting Geographies of Proximity
Han, J. H. J. (2018) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv120qtmn.13 · Cited by 10
(2018) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822371960-005 · Cited by 10
Translation, American English, and the National Insecurities of Empire
Rafael, V. L. (2014) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822375968-014 · Cited by 10
Finley, J. S. (2022) · Hau Journal of Ethnographic Theory · doi:10.1086/720902 · Cited by 10
Welcome to the horror show. Settler colonialism, gender and the horror film
Hall, L. (2023) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.12433 · Cited by 10
Nichols, C. E., & Carter, A. (2023) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103054 · Cited by 11
Revisiting memoricide: The everyday killing of memory
Webster, S. (2023) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/17506980231184564 · Cited by 13
“Importantly, describing this context as Australia’s ‘colonial present’ acknowledges that settler–colonial dynamics and asymmetrical power relations remain in a normalised state; colonialism is ‘a structure and not an event’ (Wolfe, 2006: 388).”
Bridging the gap: returning genetic results to indigenous communities in Latin America
Arango-Isaza, E., Aninao, M. J., Campbell, R., Martínez, F. I., Shimizu, K. K., & Barbieri, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1304974 · Cited by 10
Practicing wujud : A Constellation of sumud in the Fragmented Palestinian Present
Taher, T. (2024) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2024.2330815 · Cited by 10
“Patrick Wolfe’s definition of this specific form of colonial-ism as being a ‘structure’ (Wolfe 2006; Bartolomei 2020) is in line with the Palestinian collective experience of the Zionist political-economic project.”
Muller, C. (2024) · tripleC Communication Capitalism & Critique Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society · doi:10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1461 · Cited by 10
“…same infrastructures that permit “data colonialism” also continue many of the dynamics of “historical colonialism,” which is not historical but an ongoing project; or in the famous formulation of Patrick Wolfe, it is “a structure rather than an event, its history does not stop” (Wolfe 2006, 402).”
BackgroundThe political theory of techno-colonialism
Hughes, T. (2024) · European Journal of Political Theory · doi:10.1177/14748851241249819 · Cited by 9
“As Wolfe (2006: 388) writes, “ settler colonialism has both negative and positive dimensions.”
Backfire: the settler-colonial logic and legacy of Smokey Bear
Vinyeta, K., & Bacon, J. M. (2024) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2024.2353544 · Cited by 10
“Scholars of settler colonial theory describe Indigenous erasure as a central mechanism by which settler land tenure is justified and cemented (Wolfe 2006, Veracini 2011).”
Ayyash, M. (2024) · Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies · doi:10.3366/hlps.2024.0339 · Cited by 10
Genocide and the destruction of the means of social reproduction in Gaza
Repo, J. (2024) · European Journal of Politics and Gender · doi:10.1332/25151088y2024d000000061 · Cited by 14
Alazzeh, D., & Uddin, S. (2024) · Critical Perspectives on Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2024.102784 · Cited by 10
On the proximity of the far right and the misuses of the ‘mainstreaming’ metaphor
Gillespie, L. (2024) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2024.2442197 · Cited by 10
“Here, we could remind ourselves of Patrick Wolfe’s well-known claim that colonialism ‘is a structure rather than an event’ (Wolfe 2006, 390).”
The Palestine Exception to Academic Freedom and the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism
Bangstad, S. (2025) · The Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History · doi:10.1080/03086534.2025.2494669 · Cited by 10
Dinç, P., & Türk, N. (2025) · The International Journal of Human Rights · doi:10.1080/13642987.2025.2541756 · Cited by 10
“This demonstrates the validity of the understanding that the invasion of indigenous lands is not a single incident or an event, but a structure, ‘an organizing principle of settler colonial society’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
Interculturalism and Responsive Reflexivity in a Settler Colonial Context
Kearney, A. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10030199 · Cited by 10
“Settler colonialism is both the event and a structure of behaviours through which Indigenous space is colonised and brought under the control of an incoming presence (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundKerr, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14672-6_18 · Cited by 10
Firth, S., & Naidu, V. (2019) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/uo.2019 · Cited by 13
Davidson, I. M. T., Burke, H., Sullivan, L., et al. (2019) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2020.1711153 · Cited by 10
“Introduction Conflict was endemic to the expansion of European powers into New Worlds from the 15 century onwards, as Western systems of exploitation clashed with the presence and needs of Indigenous societies (see, for example Haecker 2019; Wolfe 2006).”
Climate Crises and the Creation of ‘Undeserving’ Victims
Stanley, E. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10040144 · Cited by 12
“Narratives of loss and extinction are normalized, not as a one-off event but an organizing principle that is structured through global processes (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundIsrael’s settler-colonialism as a global security paradigm
Sa’di, A. H. (2021) · Race & Class · doi:10.1177/0306396821996231 · Cited by 10
‘Civilized Dispossession’: Corporate accumulation at the dawn of modern capitalism
Lent, W. V., Islam, G., & Chowdhury, I. (2021) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406211026127 · Cited by 15
“Racialization particularly characterized settler colonies, which involved the elimination or subjugation of native populations, but was also characteristic of exploitation colonialism, which focused more on trade (Wolfe, 2006, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSettler Military Politics: On the Inclusion and Recognition of Indigenous People in the Military
Caso, F. (2021) · International Political Sociology · doi:10.1093/ips/olab026 · Cited by 10
Toward an Indigenizing, Anti-Colonial Framework for Adolescent Development Research
Petrone, R., Ybarra, A. G., & Rink, N. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211043292 · Cited by 11
Capitalist Transformation and Settler Colonialism: Theorizing the Interface
Ramones, I., & Merry, S. E. (2021) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13655 · Cited by 11
Patagonian ground rules: institutionalizing access at the frontier
Rasmussen, M. B., & Figueroa, L. (2022) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2021.2009461 · Cited by 10
“The regimes of propertization in Patagonia reveal the entanglements between racialization, citizenry, and property similar to other settler colonial contexts (Bhandar 2018; Nichols 2017; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundMacKenzie, A., Engman, M. M., & McGurk, Ó. (2022) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2022.2028767 · Cited by 10
“…Yang 2012) that relies on specific practices of coercion and control (e.g. forced removal of people from their homelands, resource extraction, incarceration, as we noted above) (Wolfe 2006) across a range of institutions (e.g. education, housing, military) to maintain its established hierarchies.”
BackgroundWe Are a Part of the Land and the Land Is Us: Settler Colonialism, Genocide & Healing in California
Reed, K. (2020) · Humboldt Journal of Social Relations · doi:10.55671/0160-4341.1131 · Cited by 12
On saying “enough”: Decolonizing subjectivities in English language learning
Park, J. S. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102009 · Cited by 10
Ødegaard, C. V. (2022) · Social Analysis · doi:10.3167/sa.2022.660201 · Cited by 10
‘Why can't we be smart?’ Exploring School Community partnerships through Decolonising Race Theory
Fricker, A., Moodie, N., & Burgess, C. (2022) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-022-00590-9 · Cited by 11
“DRT highlights the importance of territory and territoriality (Wolfe, 2006) in how racism and colonisation have and continue to impact Aboriginal peoples.”
BackgroundDoing decolonisation: cultural reconnection as political resistance in schooling
Weuffen, S., Lowe, K., Moodie, N., & Fricker, A. (2023) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-022-00603-7 · Cited by 10
“DRT proceeds from the position that the political purpose of the racialization of Indigeneity is to naturalize settler possession of First Nations land (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundHandel, A., & Kotef, H. (2023) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781800882775.00022 · Cited by 14
Bills, H., & Klinsky, S. (2023) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2023.2197111 · Cited by 10
“students have often been taught not to see it (Calderon 2014) and that as a system SC is remarkably persistent (Veracini 2011; Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialForde, S., Giles, A. R., Stewart‐Withers, R., et al. (2024) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2024.15.1.14484 · Cited by 10
Between Acceleration and Occupation: Palestine and the Struggle for Global Justice
Collins, J. (2010) · Studies in Social Justice · doi:10.26522/ssj.v4i2.1002 · Cited by 10
“Studies in Social Justice, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2010 Notes 1 For some of the most incisive contributions to a growing literature on Palestine and settler colonialism, see Elkins and Pederson (2005); Piterberg (2008); Shafir (1996); Veracini (2006); and Wolfe (2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialLewis, C. L. (2018) · Food Culture & Society · doi:10.1080/15528014.2018.1480644 · Cited by 11
“This is compared with colonialism’s primary objective of resource and labor extraction (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
BackgroundMethodBlagg, H., & Anthony, T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95399-1_11 · Cited by 10
The Micro-Geography of a Home as a Contact Zone: Urban Planning in Fragmented Settler Colonialism
Fenster, T. (2018) · Planning Theory & Practice · doi:10.1080/14649357.2018.1500627 · Cited by 10
“Settler colonial (Porter & Yiftachel, 2017; Stasiulis & Yuval-Davis, 1995; Svirsky & Ben-Arie, 2018; Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006)?”
BackgroundCultural Processes of Ethnoracial Disadvantage among Native American College Students
Cech, E. A., Smith, J. L., & Metz, A. M. (2018) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soy103 · Cited by 11
“…advancing understanding of the experiences of Native American students, these fi ndings have implications for sociological scholarship on ethnora-cial inequality and contemporary manifestations of settler colonialism faced by indigenous populations in the United States more broadly (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundPathways to Reconciliation: the Kitcisakik Land-Based Education Initiative
Arellano, A., Friis, J., & Stuart, S. A. (2019) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2019.1629832 · Cited by 10
“In other words, ‘territoriality is settler-colonialism’s specific, irreducible element’ (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388).”
Representing Australia to the Commonwealth in 1965: Aborigiana and Indigenous Performance
Harris, A. (2019) · twentieth-century music · doi:10.1017/s1478572219000331 · Cited by 10
Gangs, gangsters, and the impact of settler colonialism on the Latina/o experience
Durán, R. J., & Campos, J. A. (2019) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12765 · Cited by 12
Nishi, N. W. (2020) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2020.1718079 · Cited by 10
“…(2015) poses a similar concept, also engaging Whiteness as Property (Harris 1993) with Settler Colonialism theory (Patel 2014; Tuck and Yang 2012; Wolfe 2006) to illustrate the racist backlash at institutions of higher education against People of Color when whites deem that there are too many…”
BackgroundCanadian colonialism, ignorance and education. A study of graduating students at Queen’s University
Godlewska, A. M. C., Schaefli, L. M., Forcione, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pedagogy / Pedagogický casopis · doi:10.2478/jped-2020-0008 · Cited by 10
Indigenous Interruptions in the Anthropocene
Taylor, M. B. (2021) · PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America · doi:10.1632/s0030812920000139 · Cited by 11
Religious Claims and Nationalism in Zionism
Rouhana, N. N. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768191.004 · Cited by 10
Art and the Formation of Early Medieval England
Karkov, C. E. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108942935 · Cited by 10
Schmidt, J. J. (2022) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/23996544211065654 · Cited by 10
“Especially salient is King’s (2019: 69) argument that settler colonial studies engage in “Black dehumanization”when it reduces “settler colonialism to a land-centered project, as opposed to a genocide-centered project.””
BackgroundInfluentialJohn, K. D. (2019) · Humanimalia · doi:10.52537/humanimalia.9501 · Cited by 10
Heath, A. N., Martin, M. K., & Krakouer, J. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13528 · Cited by 10
“In settler-colonial countries like Australia, where settler occupation continues [3], colonisation has resulted in paternalism towards Indigenous peoples, along with oppression of Indigenous peoples, their cultures, knowledges and voices [4–6].”
BackgroundDisplaced and unsafe: The legacy of settler-colonial racial capitalism in the U.S. rental market
Korver–Glenn, E., Locklear, S., Howell, J., & Whitehead, E. M. (2023) · Journal of Race Ethnicity and the City · doi:10.1080/26884674.2023.2176799 · Cited by 10
“…and elimination of their cultural, social, economic, political, and ecological organization and relationships so that settlers may occupy and extract value from these spaces (Barry & Agyeman, 2020; Coulthard, 2014; Porter & Yiftachel, 2019; Porter et al., 2019; Tuck & Yang, 2012; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundBrister, R. A. (2014) · Ariel · doi:10.1353/ari.2014.0009 · Cited by 10
Deporting Cambodian Refugees: Youth Activism, State Reform, and Imperial Statecraft
Kwon, S. A. (2012) · positions asia critique · doi:10.1215/10679847-1593519 · Cited by 11
Colonial violence and Holocaust studies
Gordon, M. (2015) · Holocaust Studies · doi:10.1080/17504902.2015.1066152 · Cited by 10
Pedagogy lost? Possibilities for adult learning and solidarity in food activism
Kepkiewicz, L. W. (2015) · Studies in the Education of Adults · doi:10.1080/02660830.2015.11661684 · Cited by 10
“This lack of engagement often (though certainly not always) fails to recognise settler colonialism in North America as a structure rather than an event (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundRefiguring Indigenous economies: a 21st-century perspective
Altman, J., & Biddle, N. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.032 · Cited by 10
Neoliberal Colonization in the West Bank
Clarno, A. (2017) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spw055 · Cited by 10
Stefanelli, R. D., Castleden, H. E., Cunsolo, A., Martin, D. H., Harper, S. L., & Hart, C. (2017) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2017.181 · Cited by 11
Canada 150: exhibiting national memory at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights
Failler, A. (2018) · Citizenship Studies · doi:10.1080/13621025.2018.1462500 · Cited by 10
Securing Indigenous Dispossession Through Education: An Analysis of Canadian Curricula and Textbooks
Schaefli, L. M., Godlewska, A. M. C., & Lamb, C. (2019) · Knowledge and space · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18799-6_8 · Cited by 13
“It is indeed probable that such strategies are pancolonial, extending into Australia, South Africa, and the many nations shaped by settler colonialism (Veracini, 2010; Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundSharrow, E. A., Tarsi, M. R., & Nteta, T. M. (2020) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-020-09305-0 · Cited by 10
“Across many scholarly contexts there is increased attention to the many impacts of settler colonial legacies of violence that shape the experience of Indigenous people in the U.S. (Hixon 2013; Veracini 2010; Wolfe 2006), including as it manifests in the mascot issue (Bruyneel 2016).”
BackgroundCultural Dynamics of Climate Change and the Environment in Northern America
Sommer, B. (2015) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004300712 · Cited by 11
Ts'msyen Revolution: The Poetics and Politics of Reclaiming
Gray, R. R. R. (2015) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/7247509.0 · Cited by 10
Statistical Appendix: selected data series, 1800–2010
Butlin, M., Dixon, R. J., & Lloyd, P. (2014) · doi:10.1017/cho9781107445222.033 · Cited by 10
The path is made by walking: knowledge, policy design and impact in Indigenous policymaking
Ritchie, C. (2021) · Policy Design and Practice · doi:10.1080/25741292.2021.1935025 · Cited by 10
“This exclusion is particularly acute in settler-colonial states, such as Australia, where the elimination of the ‘native’ is the central imperative (Wolfe 2006; Scott 1998).”
BackgroundEditorial to Re-worlding: Pluriversal Politics in the Anthropocene
Tornel, C., & Lundén, A. (2022) · Nordia Geographical Publications · doi:10.30671/nordia.116927 · Cited by 10
Facing the facts of the Gaza genocide: Refusing complicity, organizing solidarity
Srinivas, N., Vijay, D., Alakavuklar, O. N., et al. (2025) · Organization · doi:10.1177/13505084251384843 · Cited by 10
“In North America through the 18th century, and before it, Indigenous peoples were “killed, driven away, romanti-cized, assimilated, fenced in, bred White, and otherwise eliminated” (Wolfe, 2006: 388) in a colonial project of genocide and land dispossession (Coulthard, 2014).”
Faruk, M. O. (2025) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2025.10008 · Cited by 9
“…(Kirmayer et al., 2000; Gracey and King, 2009), discriminatory legislation as well as policies to deprive rights, orchestration of genocide (Wolfe, 2006), indiscriminate industrialization (Burns et al., 2022), and mental health consequences ( “ Indigenous Trauma and Healing ” , n.d.;…”
Militarised violence in the service of state-imposed emergencies over Palestine and Kenya
Pfingst, A. (2015) · Cosmopolitan Civil Societies An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.5130/ccs.v6i3.4108 · Cited by 9
“…Emergency regulations are intensified forms of instrumentalised colonial governmentality and violence, part of the structure of settler colonialism (Wolfe 2006, p. 388) – of settlement, dispossession, repression, expulsion and containment – in which the technologies and architectures of oppression…”
BackgroundThe End (of the Trail) Is the Beginning: Stephen Graham Jones’s The Bird Is Gone
Gamber, J. (2014) · Western American literature · doi:10.1353/wal.2014.0018 · Cited by 9
Drumsta, E., & Feldman, K. (2016) · Social Text · doi:10.1215/01642472-3680882 · Cited by 9
Allison, J. R. (2018) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12447 · Cited by 9
Gandhi, E. L. E. (2020) · MELUS Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States · doi:10.1093/melus/mlaa047 · Cited by 11
Introduction: Enforcing Ecological Destruction
Dunlap, A., & Brock, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99646-8_1 · Cited by 11
Saving capitalism from empire: uses of colonial history in new institutional economics
Ince, O. U. (2022) · International Relations · doi:10.1177/00471178221104699 · Cited by 14
“103 This was because expropriated land functioned as the principal lever of capitalising the colonial economy.”
Perrin-Stowe, T. I. N., Horner, M., Coon, J. J., Lynch, L. R., de Flamingh, A., Alexander, N. B., Golebie, E., Swartz, T. M., Bader, A. C., & Halsey, S. J. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9719 · Cited by 9
The small island states in the Indo-Pacific: sovereignty lost?
Mitra, R., & Sanghi, S. (2023) · Asia Pacific Law Review · doi:10.1080/10192557.2023.2181806 · Cited by 9
Park, H., & Francis, M. (2023) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2023.2211649 · Cited by 9
“(11) Patrick Wolfe (2006) has in fl uentially elaborated on this “ whole system ” arguing that settler colonialism is an ongoing structure of power, not simply a set of events in the past, and that this system works to erase Indigenous people from the land and replace them with settlers from around the world.”
BackgroundDisabling Palestine: the case of Gaza’s Great March of Return
Obermaier, L. (2023) · Race & Class · doi:10.1177/03063968231203485 · Cited by 9
“22 Unlike Australia, the United States or Canada, however, Zionism has not yet managed to gain full control of the land – the occupation remains ‘unfinished business’.”
BackgroundClavé-Mercier, V. (2024) · Review of International Studies · doi:10.1017/s026021052400010x · Cited by 9
Conference, S. O. P. F. S. G. A. T. 2. G. F. G., Guinto, R., Holley, K., Pictou, S., Tinirau, R., Wiremu, F., Andrée, P., Clark, J. K., Levkoe, C. Z., & Reeve, B. (2024) · Journal of Agriculture Food Systems and Community Development · doi:10.5304/jafscd.2024.132.009 · Cited by 11
McRae, N., Giles, A. R., & Hayhurst, L. M. C. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics · doi:10.1080/19406940.2024.2323006 · Cited by 11
“Settler colonialism can be understood as an ongoing system of power that continues to operate and emphasises that settlers seek to eliminate Indigenous peoples, land, and culture, and resources while replacing it with a settler colonial society (Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundPlastic Waste Colonialism: A Typology of Global Toxicity
Stoett, P. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51358-9_1 · Cited by 19
Temin, D. M. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055424000066 · Cited by 12
“In one canonical formulation, “ settler colonialism destroys to replace ” existing Indigenous societies (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
Decolonising consciousness: Confronting and living with colonial truths in Australia
Bradfield, A. (2024) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/14407833241253017 · Cited by 9
“This means confronting how a person ’ s decisions and actions may be complicit in maintaining oppressive truths (Fanon, 1963; Smith, 2012; Wolfe, 2005, 2006, 2016).”
Transforming practices in Aboriginal education through teacher professional learning conversations
Golledge, C., Amazan, R., Durksen, T. L., Lowe, K., & Vass, G. (2024) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2024.104900 · Cited by 9
Bradley, D., & Tillis, G. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1416255 · Cited by 11
Territory grabbing: agrarian perspectives on the unmaking and reclaiming of Palestinian sovereignty
Tramel, S. F. (2025) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2025.2452388 · Cited by 11
“Even while factors like race, ethnicity, and religion motivate these land grabs, ‘territoriality is settler colonialism’s specific, irreducible element’ (Wolfe 2006, 388).”
History without Silos, Ignorance versus Knowledge, Education beyond Schools
Lomawaima, K. T. (2014) · History of Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/hoeq.12071 · Cited by 9
Beyond Assimilation: Tribal Colleges, Basic Writing, and the Exigencies of Settler Colonialism
Toth, C. (2013) · Journal of Basic Writing · doi:10.37514/jbw-j.2013.32.1.02 · Cited by 9
Ke A‘o Mālamalama: Recognizing and Bridging Worlds with Hawaiian Pedagogies
Ka‘anehe, R. J. I. (2020) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2020.1756536 · Cited by 9
Lier, N. V. (2021) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12693 · Cited by 9
Villegas, P. E., Landolt, P., Freeman, V., Hermer, J., Basu, R., & Videkanić, B. (2021) · Studies in Social Justice · doi:10.26522/ssj.v14i2.2211 · Cited by 9
“This rationale legitimizes continual dispossession, through forced relocations, land seizures, treaties, and other colonial practices to ensure settler access and control over land and resources (Wolfe, 2006).”
BackgroundScripting climate futures: The geographical assumptions of climate planning
Weinger, B. K. (2021) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102409 · Cited by 11
McGill, B. M., Borrelle, S. B., Wu, G. C., Ingeman, K. E., Koch, J. B. U., & Barnd, N. B. (2022) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10302 · Cited by 15
“Wolfe (2006) defines set - tler colonialism as a structure, an on-going project in which coloniz - ers invade an Indigenous territory and dispossess and eliminate the people and cultures in order to access and settle territory in perpe - tuity.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, P.
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Patrick
- Venue
- Journal of Genocide Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-409
- ISSN
- 1462-3528 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9494
- OpenAlex
- W2018276495
- Cited by
- 6,491
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 580 · 2025: 873 · 2024: 682 · 2023: 696 · 2022: 623 · 2021: 724 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 554 · 2018: 364 · 2017: 213 · 2016: 154 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Genocide Research (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- settler colonialism, genocide, land dispossession
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