Peer Relationships in Adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Scope and Objectives Conventional Wisdom About Peer Relations Peer-Related Characteristics of Individuals Peer Relationship Processes Contextual Influences on Adolescent Peer Relations Final Comments
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During adolescence, children increasingly rely on their peers, especially close friends, for companionship, intimacy, and support.
“During adolescence, children increasingly rely on their peers, especially on close friends, for companionship, intimacy, and support (Brown and Larson 2009; De Goede et al. 2009).”
From Perceived Quality of the Mother–Adolescent and Father–Adolescent Attachment Relationship and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem (2019) · cites this paper as Brown and Larson 2009
The 'Conventional Wisdom About Peer Relations' section says peers become more important from childhood to adolescence and that young people spend more time with them. 'Friendship Motives and Expectations' discusses intimate friendships, but the passages do not establish that adolescents increasingly rely on close friends for companionship and support specifically. The cited chapter supports the developmental shift, not the full list of reasons for relying on friends. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs peer relationships become more salient during adolescence, young individuals who show persistent difficulties with social relationships may be viewed as deviating from the peer group norms.
“As peer relationships become more salient during adolescence, young individuals who show persistent difficulties with social relationships may be viewed as deviating from the peer group norms (Brown & Larson, 2009; Oh et al., 2008; Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker, 2006).”
From A cross‐lagged twin study of emotional symptoms, social isolation and peer victimisation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as Brown & Larson, 2009
The ‘Conventional Wisdom About Peer Relations’ section says peer relationships become more salient in adolescence and discusses poor social skills and peer rejection. It does not say that young people with persistent social-relationship difficulties are viewed as deviating from peer-group norms; that part of the claim is not supported by the passages found. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring adolescence, the social environment grows more complex and nonfamily socialization agents become more salient.
“In adolescence, the social environment becomes increasingly complex, and socialization agents outside families become increasingly salient (B. B. Brown & Larson, 2009)”
From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as B. B. Brown & Larson, 2009
Nonfamily socialization agents such as peers become increasingly salient in early adolescence.
“Additionally, while socialization agents outside families such as peers are increasingly salient in early adolescence (B. B. Brown & Larson, 2009; Knoll et al., 2015),”
From Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being (2016) · cites this paper as B. B. Brown & Larson, 2009
Adolescents show heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress compared with children.
“As compared to children, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers, experience more frequent peer-based stressors, and exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress (Brown and Larson 2009; Rudolph 2014).”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Brown and Larson 2009
Adolescents experience more frequent peer-based stressors than children do.
“As compared to children, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers, experience more frequent peer-based stressors, and exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress (Brown and Larson 2009; Rudolph 2014).”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Brown and Larson 2009
Adolescents spend significantly more time with peers than children do.
“As compared to children, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers, experience more frequent peer-based stressors, and exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress (Brown and Larson 2009; Rudolph 2014).”
From Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships (2018) · cites this paper as Brown and Larson 2009
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Stone, M. R., Barber, B. L., & Eccles, J. S. (2008) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431607312743 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- In R. Montemayor , G. R. Adams , & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Advances in adolescent development , vol. 6 : Personal relationships during adolescence (pp. 123 -167 ). Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Peshkin , A. ( 1991 ). The color of strangers, the color of friends . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
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Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000058 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Ellis, W. E., Dumas, T. M., & Forbes, L. M. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000215 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
The Teenage Brain: Peer Influences on Adolescent Decision Making
Albert, D., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412471347 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Rapee, R. M., Oar, E. L., Johnco, C. J., Forbes, M. K., Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., & Richardson, C. E. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103501 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Growing Up Wired: Social Networking Sites and Adolescent Psychosocial Development
Spies Shapiro, L. A., & Margolin, G. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0135-1 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Reinecke, L., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2017) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2015.1121832 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Friendship 2.0: Adolescents' experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online
Davis, K. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00404-5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ju92a · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Lippman, J. R., & Campbell, S. W. (2014) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.923009 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Breaux, R., Dvorsky, M. R., Marsh, N. P., Green, C. D., Cash, A. R., Shroff, D. M., Buchen, N., Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13382 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context
Schriber, R. A., & Guyer, A. E. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Beyond Screen Time: Identity Development in the Digital Age
Granic, I., Morita, H., & Scholten, H. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1820214 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“…goals during mid-adolescence: autonomy from parents (e.g. Collins, Laursen, Mortensen, Luebker, & Ferreira, 1997; Erikson, 1968), acceptance and admiration by peers (e.g. Brown & Larson, 2009; Prinstein & Giletta, 2016), and the construction of a coherent identity (Erikson, 1950, 1968).”
BackgroundRatelle, C. F., & Duchesne, S. (2014) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.09.003 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda
Vu, T., Magis-Weinberg, L., Jansen, B. R. J., van Atteveldt, N., Janssen, T. W. P., Lee, N. C., van der Maas, H. L. J., Raijmakers, M. E. J., Sachisthal, M. S. M., & Meeter, M. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09616-7 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory
Badcock, P. B., Davey, C. G., Whittle, S., Allen, N. B., & Friston, K. J. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.005 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Keizer, R., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., & van Rijn-van Gelderen, L. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01007-0 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Nesi, J., Burke, T. A., Bettis, A. H., Kudinova, A. Y., Thompson, E. C., MacPherson, H. A., Fox, K. A., Lawrence, H. R., Thomas, S. A., Wolff, J. C., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102038 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Scott, S. R., Rivera, K. M., Rushing, E., Manczak, E. M., Rozek, C. S., & Doom, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Paulich, K. N., Ross, J. M., Lessem, J. M., & Hewitt, J. K. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256591 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Formation of peer relationships is one of the most important and influential aspects of adolescence [20].”
BackgroundI and us: a longitudinal study on the interplay of personal and social identity in adolescence
Albarello, F., Crocetti, E., & Rubini, M. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0791-4 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Meirinhos, A., Antolín-Suárez, L., Brenning, K., Vansteenkiste, M., & Oliva, A. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-00072-9 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Salomon, I., & Brown, C. S. (2019) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431618770809 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Neural responses to exclusion predict susceptibility to social influence.
Falk, E. B., Cascio, C. N., Brook O'Donnell, M., Carp, J., Tinney, F. J., Bingham, C. R., Shope, J. T., Ouimet, M. C., Pradhan, A. K., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.035 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Prospective examination of adolescent sleep patterns and behaviors before and during COVID-19
Becker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., Breaux, R., Cusick, C. N., Taylor, K. P., & Langberg, J. M. (2021) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab054 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Emotional support during times of stress: can text messaging compete with in-person interactions?
Holtzman, S., DeClerck, D., Turcotte, K., Lisi, D., & Woodworth, M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.043 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The use of social media by Australian preadolescents and its links with mental health.
Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., Rapee, R. M., Johnco, C. J., & Oar, E. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22936 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Barzeva, S. A., Richards, J. S., Meeus, W. H. J., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001354 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Frison, E., Subrahmanyam, K., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0436-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cultural Socialization Across Contexts: Family–Peer Congruence and Adolescent Well-Being
Wang, Y., & Benner, A. D. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0426-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Additionally, while socialization agents outside families such as peers are increasingly salient in early adolescence (Brown and Larson 2009; Knoll et al. 2015), young people may be less cognitively skilled in managing the diverse messages from multiple sources during this time of development (Blakemore and Choudhury…”
BackgroundInfluentialJarcho, J. M., Romer, A. L., Shechner, T., Galvan, A., Guyer, A. E., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.03.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mitigating Harms of Social Media for Adolescent Body Image and Eating Disorders: A Review
Mazzeo, S., Weinstock, M., Vashro, T., Henning, T., & Derrigo, K. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s410600 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Parental Influence on Youth Media Use
Lauricella, A. R., & Cingel, D. P. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01724-2 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The role of peer stress and pubertal timing on symptoms of psychopathology during early adolescence
Sontag, L. M., Graber, J. A., & Clemans, K. H. (2011) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9620-8 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Burnett Heyes, S., Jih, Y.-R., Block, P., Hiu, C.-F., Holmes, E. A., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12396 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Schacter, H. L., Lessard, L. M., Kiperman, S., Bakth, F., Ehrhardt, A., & Uganski, J. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09417-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sarmiento, I. G., Olson, C., Yeo, G., Chen, Y. A., Toma, C. L., Brown, B. B., Bellmore, A., & Mares, M.-L. (2020) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0095-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Benner, A. D., & Kim, S. Y. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000136 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“During adolescence, young people spend increasing amounts of time with their peers and, consequently, their values, beliefs, and behaviors are more influenced by their peers during this period of development (Brown & Larson, 2009).”
BackgroundNelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. H. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001584 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Achterberg, M., Becht, A., van der Cruijsen, R., van de Groep, I. H., Spaans, J. P., Klapwijk, E., & Crone, E. A. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101088 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Boniel-Nissim, M., Lenzi, M., Zsiros, E., de Matos, M. G., Gommans, R., Harel-Fisch, Y., Djalovski, A., & van der Sluijs, W. (2015) · The European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv025 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Morneau‐Vaillancourt, G., Oginni, O., Assary, E., Krebs, G., Thompson, E. J., Palaiologou, E., Lockhart, C., Arseneault, L., & Eley, T. C. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13847 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“As peer relationships become more salient during adolescence, young individuals who show persistent difficulties with social relationships may be viewed as deviating from the peer group norms (Brown & Larson, 2009; Oh et al., 2008; Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker, 2006).”
BackgroundBoursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2059605 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mentalizing strategies for navigating the social world in adolescence
Guazzelli Williamson, V., & Mills, K. L. (2023) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2374 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Williamson, S., Lawrence, E., Lyons, M. D., & Deutsch, N. L. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619891251 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, B. B., & Larson, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Brown, B. Bradford
- Venue
- Handbook of Adolescent Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-30
- OpenAlex
- W1484403388
- Cited by
- 1,208
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 26
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- peer relationships, adolescence, contextual factors, conventional wisdom
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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