Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has antifungal effects on oral Candida species in vitro
Open accessAbstract
Background: An alternative approach for managing Candida infections in the oral cavity by modulating the oral microbiota with probiotic bacteria has been proposed.Objective: The aim was to investigate the antifungal potential of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289) against six oral Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. parapsilosis). Design: The lactobacilli were tested for their ability to co-aggregate with and inhibit the growth of the yeasts assessed by spectrophotometry and the agar overlay inhibition assay. Additionally, the pH was evaluated with microsensors, and the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the lactobacilli was verified.Results: Both L. reuteri strains showed co-aggregation abilities with the yeasts. The lactobacilli almost completely inhibited the growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, but did not affect C. krusei. Statistically significant differences in co-aggregation and growth inhibition capacities between the two L. reuteri strains were observed (p<0.001). The pH measurements suggested that C. krusei can resist the acids produced by the lactobacilli.Conclusions: L. reuteri exhibited antifungal properties against five of the six most common oral Candida species. Further, the results reconfirms that the probiotic capacity of L. reuteri is strain specific.
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Most studies have only examined intestinal and vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus strains, and there have been very few studies relating to oral probiotic strains.
“however, most studies have only examined intestinal and vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus strains.7, 8, 9 There have been very few studies relating to oral probiotic strains.10”
From Aggregation and adhesion ability of various probiotic strains and Candida species: An in vitro study (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
The paper’s introductory text (indexed under Abstract; page not provided) says that only a few studies had examined the antifungal effects of probiotic lactobacilli on non-albicans Candida species found in the oral cavity. That supports a narrower research gap, not the broader claim that very few studies concern oral probiotic strains generally. The citation is attached to the second sentence, so the separate claim about intestinal and vaginal strains is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Jørgensen, M. R., Rikvold, P. D., Lichtenberg, M., Jensen, P. Ø., Kragelund, C., & Twetman, S. H. A. (2020) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2020.1832832 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“reuteri strains (ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938) [9].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDargenio, V. N., Cristofori, F., Dargenio, C., Giordano, P., Indrio, F., Celano, G., & Francavilla, R. (2022) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2021.0151 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Microbiome-mediated regulation of anti-fungal immunity
Zelante, T., Costantini, C., & Romani, L. R. (2020) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2020.05.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“These microorganisms in the vagina can cause infections in certain conditions (22).”
BackgroundChantanawilas, P., Pahumunto, N., Thananimit, S., & Teanpaisan, R. (2024) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-024-03800-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Certain probiotic Lactobacillus strains and their derived postbiotics could exhibit promising anticandidal activity [11], and it was reported that C. albicans were more susceptible compared to NAC strains [12, 13].”
Challenges and solutions in managing dental problems in children with autism
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Fifteen Years of Probiotic Therapy in the Dental Context: What Has Been Achieved?
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“For example, Jørgensen et al. [56] reported that L. reuteri almost completely inhibited Candida albicans and Candida smoothii growth in a co-culture.”
Knysh, O. V., Isayenko, O. Y., Voyda, Y. V., Kizimenko, O. O., & Babych, Y. M. (2019) · Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems · doi:10.15421/021938 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Efficacy of probiotics for oral candidiasis management: a systematic review
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Niamah, A. K., Mohammed, A. A., & Alhelf, N. A. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences · doi:10.55251/jmbfs.4701 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hirozawa, M. T., Ono, M. A., Suguiura, I. M. D. S., García, S., Bordini, J. G., Amador, I. R., Hirooka, E. Y., & Ono, E. Y. S. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s42770-023-01081-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Some of its metabolites, such as reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde), have been reported to inhibit Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, including food spoilage microorganisms and pathogens [38, 48].”
BackgroundShort-Term Probiotic Administration Increases Fecal-Anti Candida Activity in Healthy Subjects
Angelis, M. D., Scagnolari, C., Oliva, A., Cavallari, E. N., Celani, L., Santinelli, L., Innocenti, G. P., Borrazzo, C., Ceccarelli, G., Vullo, V., et al. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7060162 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Probiotic Interventions for Oral Health
Twetman, S. H. A., & Jørgensen, M. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6236-9_11 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unraveling brain aging through the lens of oral microbiota
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Holm, W. V., Zayed, N., Lauwens, K., Saghi, M., Axelsson, J., Aktan, M. K., Braem, A., Simoens, K., Vanbrabant, L., Proost, P., et al. (2024) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-024-10253-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that these mechanisms are unknown for the current strains, lactobacilli can produce a wide variety of antimicrobials such as reutericyclin [41], diverse bacteriocins [42, 43], hydrogen peroxide [44, 45], and lactic acid [46].”
In Vitro Inhibitory Effects and Co-Aggregation Activity of Lactobacilli on Candida albicans
Yocheva, L. D., Tserovska, L., Danguleva, A., Todorova, T., Zhelezova, G., Karaivanova, E., & Georgieva, R. (2024) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres15030104 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Here, species and strain specific co-aggregation activity were registered with C. albicans in accordance with other studies [34,39].”
ResultEvaluation of the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus reuteri against Candida species
bakhshi, M., Salari, S., Almani, P. G. N., & Afshari, S. A. K. (2021) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101369 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Harnessing Probiotics to Combat Candidiasis: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions
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“L. reuteri is also noted to produce reuterin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial that can inhibit bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, such as Candida [125].”
Ramos, L. P., de Almeida, M. E., Freire, H. P. S., Pessoa, W. F. B., Rezende, R. P., & Romano, C. C. (2022) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220210731 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mechanisms of action of Lactobacillus spp. in the treatment of oral candidiasis
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“Jørgensen et al. (2017) reported its inhibitory effects against C. albicans , C. dubliniensis , C. tropicalis , C. parapsilosis , and C. glabrata , although not C. krusei [42].”
Reyhani, M. F., Ghasemi, N., Milani, A. S., & Asl, M. A. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.30476/dentjods.2022.94792.1812 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Does Probiotic Intake Enhance the Efficacy of Oral Fungal Infection Treatment?
Klosek, S. K., Szymczak-Paluch, M., Bernaś, A. A., & Gawlak-Socka, S. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18091433 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Lactobacillus reuteri strains DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289 demonstrated antifungal activity against several Candida species by reducing fungal growth and showing co-aggregation with five of the six species investigated [21].”
PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF LACTOBACILLUS REUTERI (L. REUTERI) STRAINS
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Probiotic Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 Inhibits Candida albicans Biofilm In Vitro
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Industrial Requirements and Other Techno-functional Traits of Probiotics
Rajivgandhi, G. N., Vimala, R. T. V., Ramachandran, G., & Manoharan, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822909-5.00030-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Probiotics for oral health and disease treatment
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Benefits and safety of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases
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Microbiome in Defence Against Pathogens
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BackgroundInfluentialEinsatz von Probiotika in der Therapie parodontaler Erkrankungen
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Pre- och probiotika för profylax och behandling av orala sjukdomar
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Lactobacilli and Klebsiella: Two Opposites in the Fight for Human Health
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- Authors
- Jørgensen, M. R., Kragelund, C., Jensen, P. Ø., Keller, M. K., & Twetman, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Jørgensen, Mette Rose
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Oral Microbiology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-01-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1274582
- ISSN
- 2000-2297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5328390
- OpenAlex
- W2584950134
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 8.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Oral Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Tandlægeforeningen ((No number))
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- Lactobacillus reuteri, probiotics, antifungal activity, oral candida, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, co-aggregation, hydrogen peroxide, oral candidiasis, oral microbiota
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