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Cited by 91Geochemistry and Elemental AnalysisPaleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeological and Geochemical Analysis

Seafloor-hydrothermal Si-Fe-Mn exhalites in the Pecos greenstone belt, New Mexico, and the redox state of ca. 1720 Ma deep seawater

Slack, John F., Grenne, Tor, Bekker, Andrey·2009·Geosphere
DOI 10.1130/ges00220.1
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Abstract

Mineralogical and geochemical data for ca. 1720 Ma Si-Fe-Mn seafloor-hydrothermal sedimentary rocks (exhalites) near the Jones Hill Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, northern New Mexico, provide valuable insights into the redox state of late Paleoproterozoic deep sea-water. Distal exhalites ~1200 m south of the deposit form beds 0.5–2 m thick composed of interlayered iron formation and metachert. The iron formation consists mostly of quartz and magnetite, and includes 0.3–3-cm-thick laminae of fine-grained garnet-quartz rock, which in places contains as much as 9.4 wt% MnO that resides chiefly in spessartine-rich garnet (coticule). Shale-normalized rare earth element data for an unaltered, low-Al quartz-magnetite iron formation show no Ce anomaly, which rules out fully oxic deep waters during exhalative mineralization. The garnet-quartz rocks and coticules mostly have small positive Ce anomalies, which are larger for calculated detrital-free compositions, thus precluding deposition in anoxic waters. Significant amounts of ferric iron are inferred for protoliths of the iron formation, based on the presence of abundant magnetite laminae, and of magnetite inclusions in cores of the spessartine garnets. Protoliths of the garnet-quartz rocks and coticules probably consisted largely of clays and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. Together these mineralogical and geochemical data suggest that the Jones Hill exhalites were deposited from deep sea-water having low concentra…

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  • The copper-rich composition of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits requires hydrostatic pressure equivalent to a depth of at least ∼1 km to prevent loss of copper prior to mineralization at the seafloor.

    “Importantly, the copper-rich composition of these deposits requires hydrostatic pressure equivalent to a depth of at least ∼1 km to prevent loss of copper prior to mineralization at the seafloor (Slack et al. 2007(Slack et al. , 2009)).”

    From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Slack et al. 2009

  • Trace and rare-earth element systematics of similar volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits formed at approximately 1.8, 1.7, 1.4, and 1.2 Gya reflect weakly oxygenated (suboxic) conditions in the deep ocean for at least some periods of the mid-Proterozoic.

    “The trace and rare-earth element systematics of similar volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits formed at approximately 1.8 Gya, 1.7 Gya, 1.4 Gya, and 1.2 Gya have been interpreted to reflect weakly oxygenated (suboxic) conditions in the deep ocean for at least some periods of the mid-Proterozoic (Little et al. 2021;Slack et al. 2007Slack et al. , 2009)).”

    From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Slack et al. 2009

  • A weakly oxygenated state is fully consistent with constraints based on stable uranium isotope systematics and the geochemistry of deep-sea volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits.

    “and is fully consistent with constraints based on stable uranium isotope systematics (Yang et al. 2017) and the geochemistry of deep-sea volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (Slack et al. 2007(Slack et al. , 2009)).”

    From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Slack et al. 2009

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Authors
Slack, J. F., Grenne, T., & Bekker, A.
Affiliations
  • United States Geological Survey (US)
  • Geological Survey of Norway (NO)
  • University of Manitoba (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Geosphere
Publisher
Geological Society of America
Published
2009-06
Volume
5
Issue
3
Pages
302-314
ISSN
1553-040X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1130/ges00220.1
OpenAlex
W2155152571
Cited by
91
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
FWCI
7.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Geosphere (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Geological Survey
  • U.S. Forest Service
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
  • Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords
suboxic conditions, iron-formation, Ce anomaly, magnetite, iron(III), volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, rare earth elements

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