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The local dark matter density
Open accessAbstract
I review current efforts to measure the mean density of dark matter near the Sun. This encodes valuable dynamical information about our Galaxy and is also of great importance for 'direct detection' dark matter experiments. I discuss theoretical expectations in our current cosmology; the theory behind mass modelling of the Galaxy; and I show how combining local and global measures probes the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo and the possible presence of a 'dark disc'. I stress the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies and highlight the continuing need for detailed tests on mock data—particularly in the light of recently discovered evidence for disequilibria in the Milky Way disc. I collate the latest measurements of ρ dm and show that, once the baryonic surface density contribution Σ b is normalized across different groups, there is remarkably good agreement. Compiling data from the literature, I estimate Σ b = 54.2 ± 4.9 M ⊙ pc −2 , where the dominant source of uncertainty is in the H i gas contribution. Assuming this contribution from the baryons, I highlight several recent measurements of ρ dm in order of increasing data complexity and prior, and, correspondingly, decreasing formal error bars. Comparing these measurements with spherical extrapolations from the Milky Way's rotation curve, I show that the Milky Way is consistent with having a spherical dark matter halo at R 0 ∼ 8 kpc. The very latest measures of ρ dm based on ∼10 000 stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey appear to favour little halo flattening at R 0 , suggesting that the Galaxy has a rather weak dark matter disc, with a correspondingly quiescent merger history. I caution, however, that this result hinges on there being no large systematics that remain to be uncovered in the SDSS data, and on the local baryonic surface density being Σ b ∼ 55 M ⊙ pc −2 . I conclude by discussing how the new Gaia satellite will be transformative. We will obtain much tighter constraints on both Σ b and ρ dm by having accurate 6D phase space data for millions of stars near the Sun. These data will drive us towards fully three dimensional models of our Galactic potential, moving us into the realm of precision measurements of ρ dm .
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“The two recent determinations of Read (2014) and McKee et al. (2015) favour the contracted halo model; however, due to large uncertainties, the pure NFW model cannot be ruled out.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Read (2014)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The contracted halo model indicates a local DM density of 8 . 8 +0 . 5 -0 . 5 × 10 -3 M ⊙ pc -3 , that is, 0 . 33 +0 . 02 -0 . 02 GeV cm -3 , in agreement with other literature values”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Read 2014
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Prospects for indirect dark matter searches with MeV photons
Bartels, R., Gaggero, D., & Weniger, C. (2017) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/05/001 · Cited by 80
Smarra, C., Goncharov, B., Barausse, E., Antoniadis, J., Babak, S., Nielsen, A. S. B., Bassa, C., Berthereau, A., Bonetti, M., Bortolas, E., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.171001 · Cited by 79
WIMP physics with ensembles of direct-detection experiments
Peter, A. H. G., Gluscevic, V., Green, A. M., Kavanagh, B. J., & Lee, S. K. (2014) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2014.10.006 · Cited by 78
Axion dark matter experiment: Run 1B analysis details
Bartram, C., Braine, T., Cervantes, R., Crisosto, N., Du, N., Leum, G., Rosenberg, L. J., Rybka, G., Yang, J., Bowring, D., et al. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.032002 · Cited by 77
Wegg, C., Gerhard, O., & Portail, M. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1954 · Cited by 78
Tests of gravity with future space-based experiments
Sakstein, J. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.064028 · Cited by 80
Chemical evolution of the Milky Way: constraints on the formation of the thick and thin discs
Palla, M., Matteucci, F., Spitoni, E., Vincenzo, F., & Grisoni, V. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2437 · Cited by 73
Rinchiuso, L., Macías, O., Moulin, E., Rodd, N. L., & Slatyer, T. R. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.023011 · Cited by 72
Accretion, radial flows and abundance gradients in spiral galaxies
Pezzulli, G., & Fraternali, F. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2397 · Cited by 72
Baryonic and dark matter distribution in cosmological simulations of spiral galaxies
Mollitor, P., Nezri, E., & Teyssier, R. (2014) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2466 · Cited by 68
New results from HAYSTAC’s phase II operation with a squeezed state receiver
Jewell, M. J., Leder, A., Backes, K. M., Bai, X., van Bibber, K., Brubaker, B., Cahn, S. B., Droster, A., Esmat, M. H., Ghosh, S., et al. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.072007 · Cited by 69
Xiang, M., Shi, J., Liu, X.-W., Yuan, H., Chen, B., Huang, Y., Wang, C., Wu, Y., Tian, Z., Huo, Z., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aad237 · Cited by 71
The Gaia-ESO Survey: a quiescent Milky Way with no significant dark/stellar accreted disc★
Ruchti, G. R., Read, J. I., Feltzing, S., Serenelli, A. M., McMillan, P. J., LIND, K., Bensby, T., Bergemann, M., Asplund, M., Vallenari, A., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv807 · Cited by 67
Self-citationAxion miniclusters in modified cosmological histories
Visinelli, L., & Redondo, J. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.101.023008 · Cited by 79
Lilleengen, S., Petersen, M. S., Erkal, D., Peñarrubia, J., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. S., Cullinane, L. R., Ji, A. P., Kuehn, K. W., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3108 · Cited by 65
Pulsar timing can constrain primordial black holes in the LIGO mass window
Schutz, K., & Liu, A. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.95.023002 · Cited by 64
A centrally heated dark halo for our Galaxy
Cole, D. R., & Binney, J. J. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2775 · Cited by 64
A description of the Galactic Center excess in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
Achterberg, A., Amoroso, S., Caron, S., Hendriks, L., de Austri, R. R., & Weniger, C. (2015) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2015/08/006 · Cited by 63
A guided map to the spiral arms in the galactic disk of the Milky Way
Vallée, J. P. (2017) · Astronomical Review · doi:10.1080/21672857.2017.1379459 · Cited by 66
THE SURFACE DENSITY PROFILE OF THE GALACTIC DISK FROM THE TERMINAL VELOCITY CURVE
McGaugh, S. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/816/1/42 · Cited by 62
Particle Dark Matter constraints: the effect of Galactic uncertainties
Benito, M., Bernal, N., Bozorgnia, N., Calore, F., & Fabio Iocco, A. (2017) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/02/007 · Cited by 62
First Results from the Taiwan Axion Search Experiment with a Haloscope at 19.6 μeV
Chang, H., Chang, J.-Y., Chang, Y.-C., Chang, Y., Chang, Y.-H., Chen, C.-H., Chen, C.-F., Chen, K.-Y., Chen, Y., Chiang, W.-Y., et al. (2022) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.129.111802 · Cited by 61
Solutions to axion electrodynamics in various geometries
Ouellet, J. L., & Bogorad, Z. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.055010 · Cited by 60
Measuring the local dark matter density with LAMOST DR5 and Gaia DR2
Guo, R., Liu, C., Mao, S., Xue, X.-X., Long, R. J., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1483 · Cited by 58
Analysis of atomic-clock data to constrain variations of fundamental constants
Sherrill, N., Parsons, A. O., Baynham, C. F. A., Bowden, W., Curtis, E. A., Hendricks, R., Hill, I. R., Hobson, R., Margolis, H. S., Robertson, B., et al. (2023) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aceff6 · Cited by 77
Astrophysical tests of dark matter self-interactions
Adhikari, S., Banerjee, A., Boddy, K. K., Cyr-Racine, F.-Y., Desmond, H., Dvorkin, C., Jain, B., Kahlhoefer, F., Kaplinghat, M., Nierenberg, A., et al. (2025) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/m2vm-59y3 · Cited by 156
New search for monochromatic neutrinos from dark matter decay
Aisati, C. E., Gustafsson, M., & Thomas Hambye, A. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.92.123515 · Cited by 59
Decaying dark matter search with NuSTAR deep sky observations
Neronov, A., Malyshev, D., & Eckert, D. (2016) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.94.123504 · Cited by 59
Abazajian, K. N., & Keeley, R. E. (2016) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.93.083514 · Cited by 59
Flavor of cosmic neutrinos preserved by ultralight dark matter
Farzan, Y., & Palomares-Ruiz, S. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.051702 · Cited by 59
Symmetron scalar fields: Modified gravity, dark matter, or both?
Burrage, C., Copeland, E. J., Käding, C., & Millington, P. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.043539 · Cited by 58
Acevedo, J. F., Bramante, J., Goodman, A., Kopp, J., & Opferkuch, T. (2021) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2021/04/026 · Cited by 57
Green, A. M. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.043020 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Read, J. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Read, J I
- ORCID
- Read, J I
- Venue
- Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2014-05-12
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 063101
- ISSN
- 0954-3899 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6471
- OpenAlex
- W2149961863
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 222
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 10
- FWCI
- 16.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- local dark matter density, Milky Way dark matter halo, baryonic surface density, rotation curves, halo flattening, Gaia, halo merger history
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