Dynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar: the Milky Way's pattern speed, stellar and dark matter mass distribution
Open accessAbstract
We construct a large set of dynamical models of the galactic bulge, bar and inner disc using the made-to-measure method. Our models are constrained to match the red clump giant density from a combination of the VVV, UKIDSS and 2MASS infrared surveys together with stellar kinematics in the bulge from the BRAVA and OGLE surveys, and in the entire bar region from the ARGOS Survey. We are able to recover the bar pattern speed and the stellar and dark matter mass distributions in the bar region, thus recovering the entire galactic effective potential. We find a bar pattern speed of 39.0 ± 3.5 km s− 1 kpc− 1, placing the bar corotation radius at 6.1 ± 0.5 kpc and making the Milky Way bar a typical fast rotator. We evaluate the stellar mass of the long bar and bulge structure to be Mbar/bulge = 1.88 ± 0.12 × 1010 M⊙, larger than the mass of disc in the bar region, Minner disc = 1.29 ± 0.12 × 1010 M⊙. The total dynamical mass in the bulge volume is 1.85 ± 0.05 × 1010 M⊙. Thanks to more extended kinematic data sets and recent measurement of the bulge initial mass function, our models have a low dark matter fraction in the bulge of 17 ± 2 per cent. We find a dark matter density profile which flattens to a shallow cusp or core in the bulge region. Finally, we find dynamical evidence for an extra central mass of ∼ 0.2 × 1010 M⊙, probably in a nuclear disc or discy pseudo-bulge.
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UNIFYING A BOXY BULGE AND PLANAR LONG BAR IN THE MILKY WAY
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Self-citationDékány, I., Minniti, D., Catelan, M., & Zoccali, H. (2013) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay (BRAVA). I. Sample Selection and a Rotation Curve
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Stellar density profile and mass of the Milky Way bulge from VVV data
Valenti, E., Zoccali, M., González, O. A., Minniti, D., Alonso-García, J., Marchetti, E., Hempel, M., Renzini, A., & Rejkuba, M. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527500 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
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Self-citationGas flow in barred potentials – III. Effects of varying the quadrupole
Sormani, M. C., Binney, J. J., & Magorrian, J. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2067 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Stream–orbit misalignment – I. The dangers of orbit-fitting
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Model-based pattern speed estimates for 38 barred galaxies
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Is the bulge of our Galaxy triaxial?
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Gas flow models in the Milky Way embedded bars
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BEFORE THE BAR: KINEMATIC DETECTION OF A SPHEROIDAL METAL-POOR BULGE COMPONENT
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Distribution functions for the Milky WayPreprint
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Self-citationGRAND DESIGN AND FLOCCULENT SPIRALS IN THESPITZERSURVEY OF STELLAR STRUCTURE IN GALAXIES (S4G)
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A boxy bulge in the Milky Way. Inversion of the stellar statistics equation with 2MASS data
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Self-citationThe long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey
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Can bars be destroyed by a central mass concentration? I SimulationsPreprint
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Light Profiles and Pattern Speeds for Bars in Early- and Late-Type Galaxies
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Why the Milky Way’s bulge is not only a bar formed from a cold thin disk
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Self-citationModels for the inner regions of the Galaxy. I
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Peanuts, brezels and bananas: food for thought on the orbital structure of the Galactic bulge
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Self-citationBar Strengths, Bar Lengths, and Corotation Radii, Derived Photometrically for 10 Barred Galaxies
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Axisymmetric galaxy models with central black holes, with an application to M32
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The pattern speed of the OH/IR stars in the Milky Way
Debattista, V. P., Gerhard, O., & Sevenster, M. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05500.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationReddening and metallicity maps of the Milky Way bulge from VVV and 2MASS
González, O. A., Rejkuba, M., Zoccali, M., Valenti, E., Minniti, D., Schultheis, M., Tobar, R. J., & Chen, B. (2011) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117601/pdf · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Before the Bar: Kinematic Detection of a Spheroidal Metal-poor Bulge Component
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Bars and Dark Matter Halo Cores
Sellwood, J. A. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/368285 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bissantz, N., Debattista, V. P., & Gerhard, O. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/382043 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationInfrared signatures of the inner spiral arms and bar
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Self-citationAPOGEE KINEMATICS. I. OVERVIEW OF THE KINEMATICS OF THE GALACTIC BULGE AS MAPPED BY APOGEE
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Self-citationA boxy bulge in the Milky Way. Inversion of the stellar statistics equation with 2MASS data
López-Corredoira, M., Cabrera-Lavers, A., & Gerhard, O. (2005) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053075/pdf · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationTailoring triaxialN-body models via a novel made-to-measure method
Dehnen, W. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14603.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Zoccali, M., González, O. A., Vásquez, S. O., Hill, V., Rejkuba, M., Valenti, E., Renzini, A., Rojas-Arriagada, Á., Martínez-Valpuesta, I., Babusiaux, C., et al. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1401.4878 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey
Cabrera-Lavers, A., Gonzalez-Fernandez, C., Garzon, F., Hammersley, P. L., & López-Corredoira, M. (2008) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810720/pdf · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bars and Dark Matter Halo Cores
Sellwood, J. A. (2002) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Incorrect rotation curve of the Milky Way
Chemin, L., Renaud, F., & Soubiran, C. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526040 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Instabilities of a family of oblate stellar spheroids
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KINEMATIC DETECTION OF THE GALACTIC NUCLEAR DISK
Schönrich, R. A., Aumer, M., & Sale, S. E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/812/2/l21 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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NEW INSIGHTS ON THE GALACTIC BULGE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION
Calamida, A., Sahu, K. C., Casertano, S., Anderson, J., Cassisi, S., Gennaro, M., Cignoni, M., Brown, T. M., Kains, N., Ferguson, H., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Stochasticity inN-body simulations of disc galaxies
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Rattenbury, N. J., Mao, S., Debattista, V. P., Sumi, T., Gerhard, O., & Lorenzi, F. D. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11851.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationMorganti, L., Gerhard, O., Coccato, L., Martínez-Valpuesta, I., & Arnaboldi, M. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt442 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationIncorrect rotation curve of the Milky Way
Chemin, L., Renaud, F., & Soubiran, C. (2015) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526040/pdf · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Das, P., Gerhard, O., Mendez, R. H., Teodorescu, A. M., & de Lorenzi, F. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18771.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationA bar in the inner halo of barred galaxies - I. Structure and kinematics of a representative model
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DETECTION OF A PSEUDOBULGE HIDDEN INSIDE THE “BOX-SHAPED BULGE” OF NGC 4565
Kormendy, J., & Barentine, J. C. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/l176 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Made-to-measure galaxy models - I. Methodology
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Made-to-measure galaxy models – III. Modelling with Milky Way observations
Long, R. J., Mao, S., Shen, J., & Wang, Y. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts285 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The stellar halo in the inner Milky Way: predicted shape and kinematics
Pérez-Villegas, Á., Portail, M., & Gerhard, O. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw189 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of A Pseudobulge Hidden inside the "Box-Shaped Bulge" of NGC 4565
Barentine, J. C. (2016) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · doi:10.15781/t2qb9v80c · Cited by 36 · see citing works
MAGNETICALLY CONFINED INTERSTELLAR HOT PLASMA IN THE NUCLEAR BULGE OF OUR GALAXY
Nishiyama, S., Yasui, K., Nagata, T., Yoshikawa, T., Uchiyama, H., Schödel, R., Hatano, H., Sato, S., Sugitani, K., Suenaga, T., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/769/2/l28 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Debattista, V. P., Ness, M., Earp, S. W. F., & Cole, D. R. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/812/1/l16 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDas, P., Gerhard, O., Mendez, R., Teodorescu, A., & de Lorenzi, F. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationRattenbury, N. J., Mao, S., Debattista, V. P., Sumi, T., Gerhard, O., & Lorenzi, F. D. (2007) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationRegularizing made-to-measure particle models of galaxies
Morganti, L., & Gerhard, O. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20733.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationM2M modelling of the Galactic disc via primal: fitting to Gaia error added data
Hunt, J. A. S., & Kawata, D. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1306 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
McMillan, P. J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2759 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Katz, D., Antoja, T., Romero-Gómez, M., Drimmel, R., Reylé, C., Seabroke, G. M., Soubiran, C., Babusiaux, C., Matteo, P. D., Figueras, F., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832865 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc
Eilers, A.-C., Hogg, D. W., Rix, H.-W., & Ness, M. K. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citationThe milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benítez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1017 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Also, for the same reason we do not model the complicated geometry of the stellar distribution at the centre of the MW, i.e. peanut bulge and bar (e.g. Portail et al. 2017), since it has only minor effects on the gravitational field at R > 5 kpc.”
BackgroundThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc
Eilers, A., Hogg, D., Rix, H., & Ness, M. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationPrimordial black holes as generators of cosmic structures
Carr, B. J., & Silk, J. I. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1204 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Footprints of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy in the Gaia data set
Laporte, C. F. P., Minchev, I., Johnston, K. V., & Gómez, F. A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz583 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Anders, F., Khalatyan, A., Queiroz, A. B. A., Chiappini, C., Ardèvol, J., Casamiquela, L., Figueras, F., Jiménez-Arranz, Ó., Jordi, C., Monguió, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142369 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Bovy, J., Leung, H. W., Hunt, J. D., Mackereth, J. T., García-Hernández, D. A., & Roman–Lopes, A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2891 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Chemodynamical History of the Galactic Bulge
Barbuy, B., Chiappini, C., & Gerhard, O. (2018) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051826 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationBar, N., Blas, D., Blum, K., & Sibiryakov, S. M. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.083027 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Chemodynamical History of the Galactic Bulge
Barbuy, B., Chiappini, C., & Gerhard, O. (2018) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationLeung, H. W., & Bovy, J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2245 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Steinmetz, M., Guiglion, G., McMillan, P. J., Matijevič, G., Enke, H., Kordopatis, G., Zwitter, T., Valentini, M., Chiappini, C., Casagrande, L., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ab8 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationGaia Data Release 2: Mapping the Milky Way disc kinematics
Romero-Gómez, M., Figueras, F., Jordi, C., Luri, X., Fabricius, C., Masana, E., Portell, J., Clotet, M., Roca, J. T., Garzón, A., et al. (2018) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · Cited by 160 · see citing works
A dark matter profile to model diverse feedback-induced core sizes of ΛCDM haloes
Lazar, A., Bullock, J. S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Chan, T. K., Hopkins, P. F., Graus, A. S., Wetzel, A. R., El-Badry, K., Wheeler, C., Straight, M. C., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2101 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Gaia Data Release 2. Mapping the Milky Way disc kinematics
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The pattern speed of the Milky Way bar from transverse velocities
Sanders, J. L., Smith, L. C., & Evans, N. W. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1827 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Drimmel, R., Romero-Gómez, M., Chemin, L., Ramos, P., Poggio, E., Ripepi, V., Andrae, R., Blomme, R., Cantat-Gaudin, T., Castro-Ginard, A., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243797 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The dark matter profile of the Milky Way inferred from its circular velocity curve
Ou, X., Eilers, A., Necib, L., & Frebel, A. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae034 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Revisiting the Tale of Hercules: How Stars Orbiting the Lagrange Points Visit the Sun
Pérez-Villegas, Á., Portail, M., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa6c26 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Fermi-LAT GeV excess as a tracer of stellar mass in the Galactic bulge
Bartels, R., Storm, E., Weniger, C., & Calore, F. (2018) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0531-z · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Novel constraints on the particle nature of dark matter from stellar streams
Banik, N., Bovy, J., Bertone, G., Erkal, D., & de Boer, T. J. L. (2021) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2021/10/043 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Deep Search for Decaying Dark Matter with XMM-Newton Blank-Sky Observations
Foster, J. W., Kongsore, M., Dessert, C., Park, Y., Rodd, N. L., Cranmer, K. S., & Safdi, B. R. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.051101 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Milky Way bar and bulge revealed by APOGEE and Gaia EDR3
Queiroz, A. B. A., Chiappini, C., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Khalatyan, A., Anders, F., Barbuy, B., Santiago, B. X., Steinmetz, M., Cunha, K., Schultheis, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039030 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A Testable Conspiracy: Simulating Baryonic Effects on Self-interacting Dark Matter Halos
Elbert, O. D., Bullock, J. S., Kaplinghat, M., Garrison-Kimmel, S., Graus, A. S., & Rocha, M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9710 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Rotation Curves in z ∼ 1–2 Star-forming Disks: Evidence for Cored Dark Matter Distributions
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Resonance sweeping by a decelerating Galactic bar
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The gravitational force field of the Galaxy measured from the kinematics of RR Lyrae in Gaia
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Self-citationParsa, M., Eckart, A., Shahzamanian, B., Karas, V., Zajaček, M., Zensus, J. A., & Straubmeier, C. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7bf0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Signatures of the resonances of a large Galactic bar in local velocity space
Monari, G., Famaey, B., Siebert, A., Wegg, C., & Gerhard, O. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834820 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationFluctuations in galactic bar parameters due to bar–spiral interaction
Hilmi, T., Minchev, I., Buck, T., Martig, M., Quillen, A. C., Monari, G., Famaey, B., de Jong, R. S., Laporte, C. F. P., Read, J. I., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1934 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulations of the Milky Way’s Central Molecular Zone – II. Star formation
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Sormani, M. C., & Barnes, A. T. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz046 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dynamical constraints on a dark matter spike at the Galactic centre from stellar orbits
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The Milky Way bar/bulge in proper motions: a 3D view from VIRAC and Gaia
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Tree-ring structure of Galactic bar resonance
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Evidence of a population of dark subhaloes from Gaia and Pan-STARRS observations of the GD-1 stream
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Stellar streams in the Gaia era
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Recognizing Axionic Dark Matter by Compton and de Broglie Scale Modulation of Pulsar Timing
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Tracing the Hercules stream with Gaia and LAMOST: new evidence for a fast bar in the Milky Way
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Effects of baryonic and dark matter substructure on the Pal 5 stream
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Strong constraints on thermal relic dark matter from Fermi-LAT observations of the Galactic Center
Abazajian, K. N., Horiuchi, S., Kaplinghat, M., Keeley, R. E., & Macías, O. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.102.043012 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ultralight dark matter in disk galaxies
Bar, N., Blum, K., Eby, J., & Sato, R. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.103020 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ibata, R., Malhan, K., Tenachi, W., Arentsen, A., Bellazzini, M., Bianchini, P., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., Diakogiannis, F. I., Errani, R., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad382d · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Haywood, M., Matteo, P. D., Lehnert, M. D., Snaith, O. N., Fragkoudi, F., & Александрович, Х. С. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731363 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A measurement of the distance to the Galactic centre using the kinematics of bar stars
Leung, H. W., Bovy, J., Mackereth, J. T., Hunt, J. D., Lane, R. R., & Wilson, J. C. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3529 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Identifying resonances of the Galactic bar in Gaia DR2: I. Clues from action space
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REBELS-25: discovery of a dynamically cold disc galaxy at z = 7.31
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Chemodynamical modelling of the galactic bulge and bar
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Self-citationThree mechanisms for bar thickening
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Self-citationBroken into Pieces: ATLAS and Aliqa Uma as One Single Stream
Li, T. S., Koposov, S. E., Erkal, D., Ji, A. P., Shipp, N., Pace, A. B., Hilmi, T., Kuehn, K., Lewis, G. F., Mackey, D., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abeb18 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Александрович, Х. С., Gerhard, O., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., Katz, D., Khrapov, S. S., Khoperskov, A. V., & Arnaboldi, M. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936645 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationMilky Way dynamics in light of Gaia
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Predictive model of BEC dark matter halos with a solitonic core and an isothermal atmosphere
Chavanis, P.-H. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.083022 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gas Dynamics in the Galaxy: Total Mass Distribution and the Bar Pattern Speed
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Self-citationPopSyCLE: A New Population Synthesis Code for Compact Object Microlensing Events
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Anatomy of Eddington-like inversion methods in the context of dark matter searches
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The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay for RR Lyrae Stars (BRAVA-RR) DR2: A Bimodal Bulge?
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The bar and spiral arms in the Milky Way: structure and kinematics
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Distribution and kinematics of atomic and molecular gas inside the solar circle
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The stellar mass distribution of the Milky Way’s bar: an analytical model
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Self-citationSormani, M. C., Treß, R. G., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Barnes, A. T., Battersby, C., Clark, P. C., Hatchfield, H. P., & Smith, R. J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2054 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Stars Behind Bars. I. The Milky Way's Central Stellar Populations
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Karukes, E., Benito, M. T. R., Fabio Iocco, A., Trotta, R., & Geringer-Sameth, A. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/09/046 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Age dating the Galactic bar with the nuclear stellar disc
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A new class of fossil fragments from the hierarchical assembly of the Galactic bulge
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Escapees from the bar resonances
Александрович, Х. С., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., Gómez, A., & Snaith, O. N. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937188 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sanders, J. L., Kawata, D., Matsunaga, N., Sormani, M. C., Smith, L. C., Minniti, D., & Gerhard, O. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae711 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring the Stellar Age Distribution of the Milky Way Bulge Using APOGEE
Hasselquist, S., Zasowski, G., Feuillet, D. K., Schultheis, M., Nataf, D. M., Anguiano, B., Beaton, R. L., Beers, T. C., Cohen, R. E., Cunha, K., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaeee · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Novel constraints on fermionic dark matter from galactic observables I: The Milky Way
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Dynamical evidence of a dark solitonic core of 109M⊙ in the milky way
Martino, I. D., Broadhurst, T. J., Tye, S.-H. H., Chiueh, T., & Schive, H.-Y. (2020) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2020.100503 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Exploring the Galactic Warp through Asymmetries in the Kinematics of the Galactic Disk
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Transverse kinematics of the Galactic bar-bulge from VVV and Gaia
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Variations in the Width, Density, and Direction of the Palomar 5 Tidal Tails
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Revisiting MOA 2013-BLG-220L: A Solar-type Star with a Cold Super-Jupiter Companion
Vandorou, A., Bennett, D. P., Beaulieu, J., Alard, C., Blackman, J. W., Cole, A. A., Bhattacharya, A., Bond, I. A., Koshimoto, N., & Marquette, J. B. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba2d3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Blaña, M., Gerhard, O., Wegg, C., Portail, M., Opitsch, M., Saglia, R. P., Fabricius, M., Erwin, P., & Bender, R. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2311 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Lucey, M., Pearson, S., Hunt, J. D., Hawkins, K., Ness, M., Petersen, M. S., Price-Whelan, A. M., & Weinberg, M. D. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad406 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationNitschai, M. S., Cappellari, M., & Neumayer, N. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1128 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Globular clusters in the inner Galaxy classified from dynamical orbital criteria
Pérez-Villegas, Á., Barbuy, B., Kerber, L. O., Ortolani, S., Souza, S. O., & Bica, E. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3162 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Global torques and stochasticity as the drivers of massive black hole pairing in the young Universe
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Abundances of disk and bulge giants from high-resolution optical spectra
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Distribution and kinematics of atomic and molecular gas inside the solar circle
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Александрович, Х. С., & Gerhard, O. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141836 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Novel constraints on fermionic dark matter from galactic observables I: The Milky Way
Argüelles, C. R., Krut, A., Rueda, J. A., & RUFFINI, R. J. (2018) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Testing kinematic distances under a realistic Galactic potential
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Self-citationOn the orbits that generate the X-shape in the Milky Way bulge
Abbott, C. G., Valluri, M., Shen, J., & Debattista, V. P. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1262 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Multiple ultralight axionic wave dark matter and astronomical structures
Luu, H. N., Tye, S.-H. H., & Broadhurst, T. J. (2020) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2020.100636 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The COMBS Survey - II. Distinguishing the metal-poor bulge from the halo interlopers
Lucey, M., Hawkins, K., Ness, M., Debattista, V. P., Luna, A., Asplund, M., Bensby, T., Casagrande, L., Feltzing, S., Freeman, K. C., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamically Driven Inflow onto the Galactic Center and its Effect upon Molecular Clouds
Hatchfield, H. P., Sormani, M. C., Treß, R. G., Battersby, C., Smith, R. J., Glover, S. C. O., & Klessen, R. S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1e89
Eckner, C., Hou, X., Serpico, P. D., Winter, M., Zaharijaš, G., Martin, P., Mauro, M. D., Mirabal, N., Petrovic, J., Prodanovic, T., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac029 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wang, H., López-Corredoira, M., Huang, Y., Carlin, J. L., Chen, B., Wang, C., Chang, J., Zhang, H.-W., Xiang, M.-S., Yuan, H.-B., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3113 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hunting for heavy winos in the Galactic Center
Rinchiuso, L., Rodd, N. L., Moult, I., Moulin, E., Baumgart, M., Timothy Cohen, A., Slatyer, T. R., Stewart, I. W., & Vaidya, V. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.123014 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Portail, M., Gerhard, O., Wegg, C., & Ness, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Portail, Matthieu
- Gerhard, Ortwin
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-11-03
- Volume
- 465
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1621-1644
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2555440354
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 16.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Galactic bulge, galactic bars, bar pattern speed, red clump giants, stellar kinematics, effective potential, nuclear discs
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