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Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics

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Fournière, Mathilde, Latire, Thomas, Souak, Djouhar, Feuilloley, Marc G. J., Bedoux, Gilles·2020·Microorganisms
DOI 10.3390/microorganisms8111752PMC PMC7695133
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Abstract

Dermatological and cosmetics fields have recently started to focus on the human skin microbiome and microbiota, since the skin microbiota is involved in the health and dysbiosis of the skin ecosystem. Amongst the skin microorganisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, both commensal bacteria, appear as skin microbiota sentinels. These sentinels have a key role in the skin ecosystem since they protect and prevent microbiota disequilibrium by fighting pathogens and participate in skin homeostasis through the production of beneficial bacterial metabolites. These bacteria adapt to changing skin microenvironments and can shift to being opportunistic pathogens, forming biofilms, and thus are involved in common skin dysbiosis, such as acne or atopic dermatitis. The current evaluation methods for cosmetic active ingredient development are discussed targeting these two sentinels with their assets and limits. After identification of these objectives, research of the active cosmetic ingredients and products that maintain and promote these commensal metabolisms, or reduce their pathogenic forms, are now the new challenges of the skincare industry in correlation with the constant development of adapted evaluation methods.

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  • In the skin, four defense levels can be identified: physical, chemical, and immune barriers inherent to the tissue, plus the skin microbiota, which provides an additional barrier.

    “In the skin, four defense levels can be identified: besides the physical, chemical, and immune barriers that are inherent to the tissue, the skin microbiota (i.e., the numerous microorganisms living on the skin surface) provides an additional barrier.”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Introduction describes the stratum corneum as a physical barrier and says skin microorganisms help maintain the skin barrier and immune system while limiting pathogen growth. Section 2.1 also describes antimicrobial substances produced by commensal bacteria. The paper does not identify four distinct defense levels or describe a separate chemical barrier inherent to the tissue; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The skin consists of four morphologically and functionally related barriers-physical, chemical, immune, and microbiotic-that form an interactive network whose disruption may lead to infection, inflammation, allergy, or cancer.

    “As already recalled, the skin has been described as consisting of four morphologically and functionally related barriers: the physical, chemical, immune, and microbiotic barriers that form an interactive network whose disruption may lead to infection, inflammation, allergy, or even cancer [4,5].”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Introduction describes a physical barrier and says skin microorganisms help maintain the skin barrier and immune system. Section 2.2 links barrier disturbance and microbiota imbalance with inflammatory skin disease, but says the causal relationship remains unclear. The paper does not describe the claimed four-barrier framework or link its disruption to allergy or cancer; page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The skin microbiota, or dermobiota, comprises bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and mites on the skin surface and forms a complex ecosystem that keeps pathogenic bacteria under control and releases activating/modulating substances for epidermal and immune cells, favoring maintenance of whole barrier functions.

    “the skin microbiota, or dermobiota (i.e., the bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and mites present on the skin surface) forms a complex ecosystem that keeps pathogenic bacteria under control and releases activating/modulating substances for the epidermal and immune cells, thus favoring the maintenance of the whole barrier functions [4,5].”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [4]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Fournière, M., Latire, T., Souak, D., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Bedoux, G.
Affiliations
  • Université catholique de l'ouest (FR)
  • Université de Rouen Normandie (FR)
  • Université de Bretagne Occidentale (FR)
Corresponding author
Fournière, Mathilde
ORCID
Venue
Microorganisms
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-11-07
Volume
8
Issue
11
Pages
1752
ISSN
2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/microorganisms8111752
PMC
PMC7695133
OpenAlex
W3096857144
Cited by
227
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 31 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 1
FWCI
4.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Conseil départemental des Côtes d’Armor (CD22) [INR00089] and Guingamp Paimpol Agglomération (GPA) (INR00089)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
Keywords
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, skin microbiome, commensal bacteria, skin dysbiosis, biofilm, acne, atopic dermatitis, bacterial metabolites, skin homeostasis, cosmetics, cosmetic active ingredients, skin microenvironment, opportunistic pathogens

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