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Cited by 247Dermatology and Skin DiseasesSkin Protection and AgingGut microbiota and health

Challenges in exploring and manipulating the human skin microbiome

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Boxberger, Manon, Cenizo, Valérie, Cassir, Nadim, La Scola, Bernard·2021·Microbiome
DOI 10.1186/s40168-021-01062-5PMC PMC8166136
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Abstract

The skin is the exterior interface of the human body with the environment. Despite its harsh physical landscape, the skin is colonized by diverse commensal microbes. In this review, we discuss recent insights into skin microbial populations, including their composition and role in health and disease and their modulation by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, with a focus on the pathobiological basis of skin aging. We also describe the most recent tools for investigating the skin microbiota composition and microbe-skin relationships and perspectives regarding the challenges of skin microbiome manipulation.

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  • Some components of the skin microbiota secrete lipase enzymes that hydrolyze free fatty acids from sebum triglycerides, maintaining low skin pH, preserving the acid mantle, and stimulating production of β-defensin 2.

    “From the chemical barrier point of view, some components of the skin microbiota have an important role in secreting lipase enzymes that hydrolyze free fatty acids from the triglycerides present in sebum, maintaining in this way a low skin pH, preserving the acid mantle, but also stimulating the skin immunity in producing β-defensin 2 [123,126].”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [123]

    The ‘maintenance of skin homeostasis’ section says microbial lipases help break down the skin’s surface lipid film and that sebum and free fatty acids help regulate skin pH. The Introduction also links fatty acids to skin acidification. Neither passage specifies hydrolysis of sebum triglycerides, preservation of the acid mantle, or stimulation of β-defensin 2 production; the immune-system section discusses antimicrobial peptides only generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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  • 2D models are not suitable for emulating the relationship between skin and microbiota because they lack the stratum corneum, causing microorganisms to contact proliferating keratinocytes and fibroblasts (which does not happen in vivo), and because bacteria grow faster than human cells, preventing maintenance for more than 24 h.

    “Even the 2D models are not suitable for the development of systems capable of emulating the relationship between skin and microbiota. In fact, they lack the stratum corneum, and so the microorganisms would come in direct contact with proliferating keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which does not happen in vivo; moreover, these systems are disadvantaged by the faster growth rate of bacteria compared”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [123]

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  • The array of microorganisms colonizing the epidermal surface is fairly stable and depends on the skin site (biogeography), with changes in the relative abundance of bacterial taxa associated with moist-, dry-, and sebum-rich microenvironments.

    “The array of microorganisms colonizing the epidermal surface is fairly stable and depends on the skin site (the so-called “biogeography” factor), with changes in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa associated with moist-, dry- and sebum-rich microenvironments.”

    From Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? (2024) · cites this paper as [123]

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Authors
Boxberger, M., Cenizo, V., Cassir, N., & La Scola, B.
Affiliations
Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
ORCID
Venue
Microbiome
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-05-30
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
125-125
ISSN
2049-2618 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s40168-021-01062-5
PMC
PMC8166136
OpenAlex
W3165844644
Cited by
247
References
153
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 9
FWCI
6.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Microbiome (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (10-1AHU-03)
  • European Regional Development Fund (PRIMI)
  • M&L Laboratories (PVM :2018-200)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords
skin microbiome, commensal microorganisms, skin aging, skin diseases, microbiome manipulation, host-microbe interactions, external factors, intrinsic factor
MeSH terms
Humans, Skin, Microbiota

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