Immune-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Repair: Autologous Macrophages and Beyond
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition of the central nervous system (CNS), often resulting in severe loss of tissue, functional impairment, and only limited repair. Studies over the last few years have shown that response to the insult and spontaneous attempts at repair are multiphasic processes, with varying and sometimes conflicting requirements. This knowledge has led to novel strategies of therapeutic intervention. Our view is that a pivotal role in repair, maintenance, healing, and cell renewal in the CNS, as in other tissues, is played by the immune system. The mode and timing of intervention must be carefully selected, however, as the capacity of the CNS to tolerate local repair mechanisms is limited. Studies have shown that the spontaneously evoked early innate response to CNS injury is characterized by invasion of neutrophils and is unfavorable for cell survival. This is followed by a response of the resident innate immune cells (microglia), which however cannot supply all the needs of the damaged tissue; moreover, once evoked, and for as long as the damage persists, the microglial response remains beyond the capacity of the CNS to tolerate it. Immune-based clinical intervention is most effective in improving functional and morphological recovery when delayed for a certain period. Effective intervention might be in the form of (1) local injection of "alternatively activated" macrophages, (2) systemic injection of dendritic cells specific to CNS antigens, or (…
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Localization of blood-derived macrophages to the margin of the injury site appears essential to functional recovery.
“Finally, localization of blood-derived macrophages to the margin of the site of injury appears to be essential to functional recovery [137].”
From Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine (2012) · cites this paper as [137]
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- Authors
- Schwartz, M., & Yoles, E.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Proneuron Biotechnologies, Kiryat Weizmann, Ness Ziona, Israel.
- ORCID
- Schwartz, Michal
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 360-370
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- OpenAlex
- W2001101139
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Keywords
- spinal cord injury, spinal cord repair, immunotherapy, M2 macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells, T cell vaccination, therapeutic window, functional recovery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Immunity, Immunotherapy, Macrophages, Nerve Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injuries, T-Lymphocytes
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