CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 278Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

In Situ Detection of Inflammatory Mediators in Post Mortem Human Brain Tissue after Traumatic Injury

Frugier, Tony, Morganti-Kossmann, Maria Cristina, O'Reilly, David, McLean, Catriona A.·2010·Journal of Neurotrauma
DOI 10.1089/neu.2009.1120
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Little is known about the molecular events following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans and to date there are no efficient therapies for the treatment of patients. In this study, the first of its kind in human tissue, a total of 21 post mortem trauma brain samples were analyzed. The inflammatory response within the brain tissue was explored by measuring the expression of various inflammatory cytokines at the mRNA and protein levels. These mediators were interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study shows for the first time in human brain tissue that 1) pro-inflammatory mediator protein levels are significantly increased in situ following acute brain injury while anti-inflammatory cytokines protein levels remain unchanged; 2) the cerebral inflammatory response begins within minutes of acute TBI, much earlier than previously thought; 3) IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta mRNA levels are significantly increased following injury; 4) the rise in cytokine protein level coincides with increased levels of their mRNAs suggesting that traumatic injury elicits an immediate cerebral inflammatory response. Altogether these data confirm and extend previous observations on the release of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of severe TBI patients. Finally, this study highlights the need to characterize the cell source of cytokines and elucidate their mode of action.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1089/neu.2009.1120

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Other studies indicate that neuroinflammation, b-amyloid deposition, and accumulation of TDP-43 and p-tau can arise following a single moderate-severe TBI, and there is emerging evidence that multiple types of neuropathology can be present following repetitive mild TBI.

    “There are other studies, however, indicating that different types of neuropathology, such as neuroinflammation (36), b-amyloid deposition (37), and accumulation of TDP-43 (38) and p-tau (37, 39, 40) can and do arise following a single moderate-severe TBI (41)(42)(43), and there is emerging evidence that multiple types of neuropathology can be present following repetitive mild TBI (43,44).”

    From Mild Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology in People With No Known Participation in Contact Sports or History of Repetitive Neurotrauma (2019) · cites this paper as [36]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Frugier, T., Morganti-Kossmann, M. C., O'Reilly, D., & McLean, C. A.
Affiliations
  • The Alfred Hospital (AU)
  • National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Corresponding author
Frugier, Tony
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Neurotrauma
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2010-03
Volume
27
Issue
3
Pages
497-507
ISSN
  • 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-9042
DOI
10.1089/neu.2009.1120
OpenAlex
W2084674974
Cited by
278
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
FWCI
4.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, inflammatory cytokines, postmortem brain, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, cytokine mRNA expression, human brain
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brain, Brain Injuries, Diagnosis, Encephalitis, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Interleukins, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Messenger, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review